基于Chebyshev正交分解的曲线运动轨迹SAR的Chirp Scaling算法

针对具有三维速度和加速度的曲线运动轨迹合成孔径雷达（SAR），传统的斜距模型无法精确描述其运动特性，曲线历程增加了距离走动现象和方位向时间的高次项，使二维耦合现象更为复杂。本文提出了一种考虑载体平台三维速度和加速度的Chirp Scaling算法以解决曲线运动轨迹SAR成像问题。首先根据运动方程建立斜距表达式，然后对其进行Chebyshev近似，并构造其等效双曲方程形式的斜距模型，推导了具有空变性的距离徙动函数，Chirp Scaling因子以及适用于曲线轨迹的Chirp Scaling成像算法。仿真结果证实了此扩展的等效斜距模型和Chirp Scaling算法在大合成孔径时间下的有效性，并给出了三维加速度的边界值。     

An extended chirp scaling algorithm for spaceborne sliding spotlight synthetic aperture radar imaging

A system impulse response with low sidelobes is critical in synthetic aperture radar（SAR） images because sidelobes contribute to noise and interfere with nearby scatterers. However,the conventional tricks of sidelobe suppression are unable to be exactly applied to the case of spaceborne sliding spotlight SAR due to great azimuth shifts in both time and frequency domains. In this paper, an extended chirp scaling algorithm is presented for spaceborne sliding spotlight SAR data imaging. The proposed algorithm firstly uses the spectral analysis（SPECAN） technique to avoid the azimuth spectrum folding effect and then employs the chirp scaling（CS） algorithm to achieve data focusing, i.e., the so-called two-step approach. To suppress the sidelobe level, an efficient strategy for the azimuth spectral weighting which only involves matrix multiplications and short fast Fourier transformations（FFTs） is proposed, which is a post-process executed on the focused SAR image and particularly simple to be implemented. The SAR image processed by the proposed extended CS algorithm is very precise and perfectly phase-preserving. In the end, computer simulation results verify the analysis and confirm the validity of the proposed algorithm.     

3-D E-CSAR imaging of a T-72 tank and synthesis of its SAR reconstructions

The results of three-dimensional (3-D) imaging of a T-72 tank using its angular azimuthal (turntable) and linear elevation synthetic aperture data at X band are presented. This is achieved using an accurate and computationally efficient wavefront (Fourier-based) reconstruction algorithm for elevation and circular (E-CSAR) data. The E-CSAR 3-D images are then used to synthesize 2-D spotlight and stripmap slant plane synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images of the target at a desired range and squint angle. For this purpose, a procedure is introduced that incorporates the spatially varying azimuthal and elevation Doppler signatures of individual reflectors on the target as well as the mean range, azimuth, and elevation of the flight path. Results using the E-CSAR images of the T-72 tank are provided.     

基于二维逆滤波的机载SAR 自聚焦算法

在聚束合成孔径雷达(SAR)自聚焦处理时,残留距离徙动(RRCM)必须在自聚焦处理之前完全去除,否则 将会严重降低自聚焦的性能。本文提出了一种基于二维逆滤波的自聚焦算法,该算法在补偿相位误差的同时也补 偿掉距离和方位的二维耦合相位,消除了RRCM对自聚焦的影响,提高了逆滤波自聚焦算法的性能。最后通过实 测数据处理验证了本文提出的二维逆滤波自聚焦算法的有效性。     

Advanced high-order nonlinear chirp scaling algorithm for high-resolution wide-swath spaceborne SAR

Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is a well-established and powerful imaging technology that can provide high-resolution images of the Earth’s surface on a global scale. For future SAR systems, one of the key capabilities is to acquire images with both high-resolution and wide-swath. In parallel to the evolution of SAR sensors, more precise range models, and effective imaging algorithms are required. Due to the significant azimuth-variance of the echo signal in High-Resolution Wide-Swath (HRWS) SAR, two challenges have been faced in conventional imaging algorithms. The first challenge is constructing a precise range model of the whole scene and the second one is to develop an effective imaging algorithm since existing ones fail to process high-resolution and wide azimuth swath SAR data effectively. In this paper, an Advanced High-order Nonlinear Chirp Scaling (A-HNLCS) algorithm for HRWS SAR is proposed. First, a novel Second-Order Equivalent Squint Range Model (SOESRM) is developed to describe the range history of the whole scene, by introducing a quadratic curve to fit the deviation of the azimuth FM rate. Second, a corresponding algorithm is derived, where the azimuth-variance of the echo signal is solved by azimuth equalizing processing and accurate focusing is achieved through a high-order nonlinear chirp scaling algorithm. As a result, the whole scene can be accurately focused through one single imaging processing. Simulations are provided to validate the proposed range model and imaging algorithm.     

基于数值计算的机载SAR空变运动补偿算法

针对机载合成孔径雷达(SAR)高分辨率宽测绘带(HRWS)成像问题,在分析结合两步运动误差补偿的距离徙动算法基础上,提出一种基于数值计算的空变运动误差补偿算法。通过对粗聚焦图像进行分块,在子块的两维波数域进行空变运动补偿,补偿的相位包括方位相位误差、距离相位误差以及方位和距离的耦合相位,因此该算法在复杂航迹、高分辨和宽测绘带情况下仍具有较好的鲁棒性。最后对SAR仿真数据和实测数据进行处理,并与结合两步运动误差补偿的距离徙动算法进行比较,处理结果表明该算法能够更好地补偿空变运动误差。     

结合视线方向运动补偿的滑动聚束SAR子孔径成像算法

滑动聚束合成孔径雷达(SAR)是一种新兴的成像模式,既可以提高方位向分辨率又能够扩展成像范围。其数据处理时需要考虑两个关键问题:一是系统脉冲重复频率(PRF)不足,方位向信号发生混叠;二是合成孔径长度的增加使运动误差的影响更为突出,运动补偿(MOCO)精度要求提高。基于子孔径技术,提出了一种改进的高分辨率成像算法。划分子孔径克服了PRF不足的问题;子孔径数据处理采用结合视线(LOS)方向运动补偿的Omega-K算法,实现更高精度的运动补偿,提高了聚焦质量。最终的方位向分辨率达到0.1 m,具有实际工程应用价值。点目标仿真和实测数据处理验证了算法的有效性。     

Extended PGA for range migration algorithms

The phase gradient autofocus (PGA) algorithm is extended to work for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) spotlight images processed with range migration (w-k) algorithms. Several pre-processing steps are proposed for aligning the range-compressed phase-history data needed for successful autofocusing of the data. The proposed algorithm gave good results for both data with large point targets and data without point targets.     

基于SAR图像匹配结果可信度评价的INS/SAR自适应Kalman滤波算法

在惯性导航系统（INS）/合成孔径雷达（SAR）组合导航系统中,SAR图像易受斑点噪声的影响,图像匹配的精度对整个导航系统精度的影响十分明显,能够准确地分析SAR图像匹配过程中的误差特性,利用有效的图像匹配信息辅助INS进行组合定位尤为重要。针对上述问题,在加权Hausdorff距离匹配算法的基础上,对影响SAR图像匹配精度的因素进行了分析,提出了一种基于模糊推理的匹配结果可信度评价准则,经过可信度筛选,将有效的匹配信息与INS进行组合;对合理范围内的匹配误差变化引起量测噪声统计特性发生变化,进而导致Kalman滤波精度下降的问题,研究采用改进的Sage-Husa自适应滤波算法对量测噪声方差阵进行动态调整,使其更加接近系统的当前状态。搭建仿真验证平台对所提算法进行了验证,结果表明,该算法能够在合理的匹配误差范围内,有效地筛选出可信的图像匹配结果,相比常规Kalman滤波算法,显著地提升了INS/SAR组合导航系统水平方向的定位精度。     

一种基于改进WLBF频谱的异构双基地前视SAR成像算法

异构平台组成的双基地前视合成孔径雷达（SAR）配置灵活,可实现多种构型下的前视成像,具有潜在的应用价值。然而特殊的几何构型使得其回波信号具有新的特性,给频谱模型的推导及成像算法的设计带来不便。针对这一问题,提出了一种基于改进WLBF （Weighted Loffeld's Bistatic Formula）频谱的双基地前视SAR成像算法。首先,引入时域去走动和切比雪夫降阶法,减小了传统频谱模型中相位历程的加权分割误差和二阶展开误差,在此基础上推导了回波信号的改进WLBF频谱表达式。然后,使用切比雪夫多项式将改进WLBF频谱展开并设计了双基地前视SAR成像算法。最后,对频谱模型和成像算法进行了仿真分析。结果表明所提改进WLBF频谱模型与传统频谱模型相比具有较高的精确度,设计的成像算法可满足异构双基地大前视系统的成像要求。     

Phase gradient autofocus-a robust tool for high resolution SARphase correction

The phase gradient autofocus (PGA) technique for phase error correction of spotlight mode synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery is examined carefully in the context of four fundamental signal processing steps that constitute the algorithm. We demonstrate that excellent results over a wide variety of scene content, and phase error function structure are obtained if and only if all of these steps are included in the processing. Finally, we show that the computational demands of the fun PGA algorithm do not represent a large fraction of the total image formation problem, when mid to large size images are involved     

一种新颖的超高分辨率SAR频率域反投影成像算法

超高分辨率条件下,机载合成孔径雷达（SAR）发射信号带宽大,合成孔径时间比较长,对成像处理算法的精度和效率要求较高。现有近似频率域处理和时间域滤波反投影（FBP）算法聚焦SAR数据时均存在诸多问题。基于微局部分析方法,提出了一种新颖的频率域滤波反投影（FD-FBP）成像处理方案。首先,利用Keystone变换简化了数据距离多普勒（RD）域徙动表达式。然后,在RD域进行反投影操作,对参考位置处反投影数据进行移位、相位补偿和FFT等操作即可以得到图像,从而在保证算法精确性的前提下有效降低了运算效率,实现了频率域方法的高效率和时间域方法的精确性特点的结合。最后,点目标仿真和实测数据处理以及与FBP等算法的对比验证了该方法的有效性。     

Estimating the Doppler centroid of SAR data

After reviewing frequency-domain techniques for estimating the Doppler centroid of synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) data, the author describes a time-domain method and highlights its advantages. In particular, a nonlinear time-domain algorithm called the sign-Doppler estimator (SDE) is shown to have attractive properties. An evaluation based on an existing SEASAT processor is reported. The time-domain algorithms are shown to be extremely efficient with respect to requirements on calculations and memory, and hence they are well suited to real-time systems where the Doppler estimation is based on raw SAR data. For offline processors where the Doppler estimation is performed on processed data, which removes the problem of partial coverage of bright targets, the ΔE estimator and the CDE (correlation Doppler estimator) algorithm give similar performance. However, for nonhomogeneous scenes it is found that the nonlinear SDE algorithm, which estimates the Doppler-shift on the basis of data signs alone, gives superior performance     

双基地聚束SAR运动误差分析

将三维坐标系引入运动误差分析,建立了对任意匀速直线航迹双基地聚束SAR运动误差统一、清晰的分析方法;在此三维坐标系下,推导出各种运动误差引起的相位误差的计算公式。推导基于一般的双基地聚束SAR回波模型,可适用于任意匀速直线航迹的双基地聚束SAR,并且将通常的单基地SAR的运动误差分析作为一种特例也涵盖在内。给出了位置误差、速度误差和加速度误差所造成的相位误差计算公式。从推导结果得出结论:位于不同平台的同一误差,引起的相位误差是不同的;在小场景假设下,双基地聚束SAR的运动误差是空不变的,与目标位置无关。计算机仿真验证了误差分析的正确性。     

High-resolution SAR imaging with angular diversity

We propose to use the APES (amplitude and phase estimation) approach for the spectral estimation of gapped data and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging with angular diversity. A relaxation-based algorithm, referred to as GAPES (Gapped-data APES), is proposed, which includes estimating the spectrum via APES and filling in the gaps via a least squares (LS) fitting. For SAR imaging with angular diversity data fusion, we perform one-dimensional (1-D) windowed fast Fourier transforms (FFTs) in range, use the GAPES algorithm to interpolate the gaps in the aperture for each range, apply 1-D inverse FFTs (IFFTs) and dewindow in range, and finally apply the two-dimensional (2-D) APES algorithm to the interpolated matrix to obtain the 2-D SAR image. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm     

一种孔径和频率二维稀疏的步进频SAR成像方法

 步进频率信号(SFWs)在不增加雷达系统瞬时带宽的情况下能够获得高的距离向分辨率的同时,也存在着抗干扰能力较差及其等效重复频率较低的问题,并且在方位向积累时间内由于雷达载机工作状态的变化,会导致方位向的数据录取不完整。针对上述问题,提出一种孔径和频率二维稀疏的步进频合成孔径雷达(SAR)成像方法。首先,分析了稀疏步进频率信号(SSFWs)的SAR成像模型,然后基于压缩感知理论完成距离向成像处理。其次,针对稀疏孔径的回波数据,通过构造成像算子和压缩感知重建模型的方法实现其距离徙动校正和方位压缩处理,进而获得二维成像结果。相比于传统的步进频率信号SAR成像,利用所提方法能够在少量的频率资源和雷达回波数据情况下实现准确的SAR成像。最后,通过对仿真和实测的步进频率雷达数据进行成像处理,验证了所提方法的有效性和可行性。     

高信噪比、高分辨宽测绘带成像

针对传统高分辨和宽测绘带以及高信噪比和宽测绘带之间的矛盾,提出一种基于脉内扫描面阵合成孔径雷达(SAR)系统的二维空域联合处理算法实现高信噪比、高分辨宽测绘带成像。文中首先建立脉内扫描面阵SAR系统模型,该系统采用低脉冲重复频率(PRF)获得宽测绘带信息,同时利用脉内扫描方式获得高信噪比的回波信号。对于低PRF采样宽多普勒谱(对应方位高分辨)引起的多普勒模糊以及脉内扫描引起的距离模糊,提出一种二维空域联合处理算法解距离和多普勒模糊,并且详细地分析了地形高度变化对解模糊算法的影响。最后,通过仿真实验验证了本文算法的有效性。     

A Velocity Estimation Algorithm of Moving Targets using Single Antenna SAR

A new algorithm is proposed for velocity estimation of moving targets in single antenna synthetic aperture radar (SAR). Based on the fact that different velocity vectors cause different geometrical figures of the two-dimensional (2-D) signature in the range-Doppler (RD) domain, this algorithm estimates the azimuth and range velocities by a 2-D search such that the range cell migration correction (RCMC) and the second range compression (SRC) are correctly performed. It is shown that, using the proposed algorithm, the Doppler ambiguity problem can be avoided and satisfactory accurate velocity estimation can be obtained in high signal-to-clutter ratio (SCR) scenarios.     

聚束SAR扩展Chirp Scaling成像算法.

在合成孔径雷达（SAR Synthetic Aperture Radar)的成像算法中，Chrip Scaling成像算法具有计算效率高的优点，因此得到了较为广泛的应用。详细研究了子孔径扩展Chirp Scaling算法在高分辩率聚束模式SAR中的应用，包括子孔径划分和方位向处理问题，针对A.Moreira等1996年所提算法在处理聚束SAR数据时所产生的问题，给出了经过改进的适合于大斜视角处理的整个计算过程的完整表达式。在给出点目标仿真的同时，利用E-SAR实际数据对述方法进行了验证，结果对具体的兼容条带和聚束两种工作模式的SAR处理机设计具有一定的参考价值。     

复杂航迹和起伏地形条件下机载聚束SAR 空变运动补偿

 运动补偿是雷达平台机动飞行条件下合成孔径雷达(SAR)实现精确聚焦成像的前提,而如何精确实现运动误差的空变补偿(误差补偿随目标距离、方位和高度位置的变化而变化)目前还存在很大的挑战。本文提出了一种新的三阶运动补偿方法,能够有效解决复杂雷达航迹和地形起伏条件下运动误差的空变补偿问题。该方法首先以场景中心为参考进行空不变运动补偿,然后以多个子场景中心为参考进行空变运动补偿,最后再利用极坐标格式算法(PFA)统一补偿每个像素的空变误差。仿真数据处理结果验证了本文方法的有效性。