TC4钛合金去应力退火后的氧化分析及处理措施

某型号钛合金涡轮泵在焊后去应力退火中,由于炉内真空度未达到工作压强标准,导致在真空退火后零件表面产生氧化现象。对涡轮泵的氧化程度进行了分析,并提出了解决措施。经线扫描分析表明,TC4钛合金材料在真空度较差的去应力退火中,氧化现象发生在材料表层10μm深度左右,氧化层可通过酸洗工艺去除,且酸洗对零件外形尺寸无影响。即使在满足工作标准的真空下进行去应力退火,也会有少量非金属元素扩散到材料内部,但对其力学性能无严重影响。     

H62银钎焊前后的清洗工艺

Ｈ６２银钎焊前的清洗工艺，主要是对常用的三种酸洗配方以腐蚀尺寸、氧化层去除的外观为指标，以不影响焊接质量为前提，初步确定一种酸洗配方，在此基础上，用正交试验法确定焊前酸洗最佳配方、再从实际生产考虑，试验确定各组份含量变比及酸洗时间的适当范围，最后确定焊前清洗工艺、并进行了验证。焊后清洗工艺叙述了对五种酸洗配方、２０种酸洗规范以焊缝外观、单面腐蚀尺寸、抗湿热性为指标，经试验确定较佳的酸洗配方及规定，并确定焊后清洗工艺。试验结果表明该工艺对零件腐蚀尺寸小，外观质量好，焊接强度高，焊缝抗湿热性好。     

酸洗工艺对铸钢S-04和S-08氢脆倾向性影响

通过酸洗后试件含氢量测定和试样氢脆延迟破坏试验,对S-04和S-08两种低铬不锈钢材料在不同化学酸洗工艺参数下产生的氢脆性影响进行了研究.研究表明2种低铬不锈钢材料可以采用化学酸洗法去除氧化皮,且随着酸洗时间的延长、酸洗液温度和浓度的升高,材料含氢量会增加,但不会产生脆性断裂.另外,还确定了适合S-04和S-08这2种材料表面酸洗的工艺规范,并对盐酸-硫酸混合溶液对基体材料的腐蚀性进行了研究.研究表明该酸洗液浸蚀能力较强,必须添加缓蚀剂来减轻对金属基体的腐蚀.     

克服铜合金零件点焊时镀银层脱落的工艺方法

以锌白铜材料为基体的继电器支架零件表面电镀10μm银层,经点焊后,焊点周围镀银层起皱、起泡或脱落,通过对缺陷产生的原因的分析,在电镀工艺上将氰化镀铜时间由5min缩短至1min,电流密度由0.5A/dm~2减少到0.3A/dm~2以减少渗氢量,氰化镀银前又增加了预镀银工序,提高镀银层与基体金属的结合力,又从生产实际出发改进镀银层结合力的检验方法,完全消除了点焊后银层脱落的缺陷。     

7A04铝合金壳体阳极氧化表面黑斑成因分析

7A04壳体零件表面阳极氧化处理后,模锻表面存在黑斑现象。本文采用S-3700N扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱分析仪(EDS)等对表面黑斑进行成因分析。结果表明:模锻表面粗糙,存在大量凹坑,模锻过程中的润滑剂或氧化皮等外来物残留于凹坑处,影响阳极氧化膜层的生成而形成表面黑斑;黑斑底部阳极氧化膜层均连续,厚度比正常区域薄,仍可以起到一定的防护作用。在系统分析基础上,提出通过严格控制表面质量和模锻工艺,可以避免此类问题的产生。     

钛及其合金上直接电镀工艺研究

工业纯钛及钛合金上直接电镀的难点在于其对氧、氮等气体的亲和力很强,其表面极易形成一层致密而且稳定的氧化膜,且其在大多数介质中的钝化电位比铬、不锈钢等金属更负。为此研究了钛合金镀前的浸蚀工艺和活化工艺,研究了浸蚀液和活化液的组成及其对镀层结合力和粗糙度的影响。用XPS和XRD测定结果表明,经活化处理后钛基表面形成TiH_2活性膜,这种膜可以防止活性钛基再氧化并有利于提高镀层结合力。测试证明:采用本工艺所得镀层经常规、加热、冷热交变等试验,均无鼓泡、剥落等现象,表面粗糙度保持原有等级。     

实施航天镀覆标准中有关问题的处理

针对镀覆中存在的问题 ,结合有关镀覆标准 ,提出镀前工艺、机械加工中的铝件点蚀的处理方法 ,分析了锻铝强化相状态对阳极氧化膜质量的影响 ,建议采用镀锌钝化、镀锌体系与代镉镀层和防止氢脆的措施 ,以提高产品质量。     

氟化处理工艺对TiAl合金氧化层组织的影响

文章研究了氟离子注入和NH₄F溶液处理对TiAl合金高温氧化层组织结构的影响规律。结果表明:TiAl合金高温氧化层的组织和致密度受氟化处理工艺和参数的影响很大;经过表面氟化处理的TiAl合金高温氧化抗力高于原始合金;随着表面氟含量增加,氧化层的钛元素含量增加,致密度下降,研究表明存在一个最佳的表面氟浓度。     

TiAl基合金表面低真空制备SiO_2涂层的工艺研究

为解决Ti Al基合金在750℃以上的抗高温氧化性能不足的问题,提出了采用溶胶凝胶法在其表面进行低真空制备SiO_2涂层的工艺方法。本文研究了涂膜次数对涂层表面形貌的影响,并对涂层厚度,涂层结合力,热处理后Ti Al基体抗高温氧化性等方面进行了研究,从而确定了低真空制备SiO_2涂层的可行性工艺方案。涂膜次数三层时,在Ti Al表面可以获得良好附着力和致密性高的SiO_2薄膜;在800℃高温氧化测试中,未涂膜试样氧化8h后增重2.333mg/cm2,三层涂膜试样氧化504h氧化增重仅为0.2143mg/cm2且表面没有出现剥落现象,大大提高了基体的抗高温氧化性能。     

镀银层黑斑的生成及克服措施

黄铜或锌白铜零件的镀银层,经热风吹干或180℃烘干15分钟后,或不经热风吹干或高温烘干而存放2～3天后,镀层表面会冒出黑色斑点,造成损失。经电子探针X射线显微分析并判断,黑斑的产生是由于黄铜、锌白铜的偏析富锌区在镀前三酸光亮退蚀过程中会析出不溶于水的单质硫,单质硫粘附在基体表面,镀后与银反应,形成黑色Ag2s所致。但是,不含硫酸的光亮腐蚀溶液酸洗出的零件表面不光亮,为此,通过实验选出合理的硫酸含量,使其既能起到对零件抛光及延长溶液寿命的作用,又不会导致零件表面有游离硫产生。同时,为稳定硝酸在溶液中的浓度,在每班生产操作前要补充适量硝酸。     

S-03钢渗氮面点蚀机理与钝化工艺优化

针对S-03钢(022Cr12Ni10MoTi)渗氮后表面出现点腐蚀现象,进行深入机理分析,发现渗氮后表面生成CrN,造成渗氮表面贫Cr,不能形成致密完整的钝化膜,导致材料耐蚀性能降低,易发生点蚀。并对原有磷酸体系钝化工艺进行改进优化,提出了复合钝化工艺。利用循环极化、电化学阻抗谱(EIS)等技术手段,研究了复合钝化后S-03钢渗氮表面的腐蚀行为,并与未钝化和磷酸体系钝化进行对比。结果表明,经复合钝化处理的S-03钢渗氮表面点蚀电位E b最高,腐蚀速率最小,且钝化膜修复能力最强。说明复合钝化工艺能在S-03渗氮表面形成x Cr 2 O 3·y CrOOH稳定的非晶态氧化膜,增强了表面抗点蚀能力,其耐蚀性能要远高于磷酸体系钝化和未钝化表面。同时复合钝化工艺可有效提高S-03钢渗氮表面钝化膜厚度,增强钝化膜修复能力。     

碱性无氰镀锌工艺研究

介绍了用氢氧化钠代替氰化钠进行无氰镀锌的工艺方法、工艺过程和工艺规范,研究了添加剂浓度、氧化锌浓度、NaOH/ZnO比率和电流密度对锌镀层的沉积速率、外观、抗腐蚀性、氢脆性的影响,得到了无氰镀锌电镀液最佳配方和无氰镀锌的工艺规范。采用该规范电镀的产品通过了200 h的氢脆拉伸试验。     

三硅醇苯基POSS复合聚酰亚胺薄膜的制备与抗原子氧侵蚀性能研究

低地球轨道上运行的航天器表面材料尤其是聚合物材料极易受到原子氧侵蚀。以三硅醇苯基笼型聚倍半硅氧烷（TSP-POSS）为填料,以PMDA-ODA型聚酰亚胺（PI）为基体,通过机械共混法制备一系列复合薄膜,系统研究TSP-POSS的引入对复合薄膜耐热性能、光学性能以及抗原子氧侵蚀性能的影响。结果表明:TSP-POSS与PMDA-ODA型聚酰胺酸（PAA）具有良好的相容性,复合溶液均匀,储存稳定性优良;PAA/TSP-POSS复合溶液热酰亚胺化后形成的PI/TSP-POSS复合薄膜在TSP-POSS含量（质量分数）低于25%时可保持良好的均匀性;TSP-POSS的加入可在一定程度上提高复合薄膜的光学透明性,且对复合薄膜耐热性能的影响较小;引入TSP-POSS可以显著提高PMDA-ODA薄膜的抗原子氧性能,经受累积注量达4.02×1020 atoms/cm2的原子氧侵蚀后,TSP-POSS含量为25%的复合薄膜的原子氧剥蚀率为2.2×10-25 cm3/atom,仅为不含TSP-POSS薄膜的7.33%。     

Biogeochemistry of hypersaline springs supporting a mid-continent marine ecosystem: an analogue for martian springs?

Hypersaline springs that host unique mid-continent marine ecosystems were examined in central Manitoba, Canada. The springs originate from a reflux of glacial meltwater that intrudes into underlying bedrock and dissolved buried salt beds. Two spring types were distinguished based both on flow rate and geochemistry. High flow springs (greater than 10 L/s) hosted extensive marine microbial mats, which were dominated by algae but also included diverse microbes. These varied somewhat between springs as indicated by changes in profiles of fatty acid methyl esters. Culture studies confirmed the presence of sulfate-reducing bacteria in sediments at the high flow sites. In contrast, low flow springs were affected by solar evaporation, increasing salinity, and temperature. These low flow springs behaved more like closed nutrient-limited systems and did not support microbial mats. Direct comparison of the high and low flow springs revealed interesting implications for the potential to record biosignatures in the rock record. High flow springs have abundant, well-developed microbial mats, which desiccate and are cemented along the edges of the spring pools; however, the high mass flux overwhelms any geochemical signature of microbial activity. In contrast, the nutrient-limited low flow sites develop strong geochemical signatures of sulfate reduction, even in the absence of microbial mats, due to less dilution with the lower flows. Geochemical and physical evidence for life did not correlate with the abundance of microbial life but, rather, with the extent to which the biological system formed a closed ecosystem.     

Formate as an energy source for microbial metabolism in chemosynthetic zones of hydrothermal ecosystems

Formate, a simple organic acid known to support chemotrophic hyperthermophiles, is found in hot springs of varying temperature and pH. However, it is not yet known how metabolic strategies that use formate could contribute to primary productivity in hydrothermal ecosystems. In an effort to provide a quantitative framework for assessing the role of formate metabolism, concentration data for dissolved formate and many other solutes in samples from Yellowstone hot springs were used, together with data for coexisting gas compositions, to evaluate the overall Gibbs energy for many reactions involving formate oxidation or reduction. The result is the first rigorous thermodynamic assessment of reactions involving formate oxidation to bicarbonate and reduction to methane coupled with various forms of iron, nitrogen, sulfur, hydrogen, and oxygen for hydrothermal ecosystems. We conclude that there are a limited number of reactions that can yield energy through formate reduction, in contrast to numerous formate oxidation reactions that can yield abundant energy for chemosynthetic microorganisms. Because the energy yields are so high, these results challenge the notion that hydrogen is the primary energy source of chemosynthetic microbes in hydrothermal ecosystems.     

临近空间高超声速飞行器测控通信的需求及策略分析

对运行在临近空间的高超声速飞行器,由于其速度快、加速度大、距离跨度大等特点,对其试验及运行过程中的遥测遥控通信问题是一个关键难题。从临近空间的概念、特点出发,结合高超声速飞行器飞行状态、环境,分析了对试验过程中测控通信技术的需求,给出了分析结论及初步应对策略,可对有关高超声速飞行器的测控系统设计提供参考输入。     

溶胶-凝胶法二氧化硅增透膜的制备与研究

利用正硅酸乙酯为前驱体,乙醇为溶剂,采用溶胶-凝胶法在玻璃基片上制备二氧化硅增透膜,并结合正交试验设计的方法,分析了试验的最佳原料配比以及影响二氧化硅增透膜性能的主要因素。用紫外-可见光分光光度计测定了二氧化硅增透膜的透光率。实验研究结果显示:以盐酸为催化剂在普通玻璃上制备的增透膜,可使透光率平均提高约3%;膜层结构为非晶态;正硅酸乙酯和水的含量是主要影响因素。     

Initial performance assessment of hybrid inflatable structures

Inflatable technology for space applications is under continual development and advances in high strength fibers and rigidizable materials have pushed the limitations of these structures. This has lead to their application in deploying large-aperture antennas, reflectors and solar sails. However, many significant advantages can be achieved by combining inflatable structures with structural stiffeners such as tape springs. These advantages include control of the deployment path of the structure while it is inflating (a past weakness of inflatable structure designs), an increased stiffness of the structure once deployed and a reduction in the required inflation volume. Such structures have been previously constructed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory focusing on large scale booms. However, due to the high efficiency of these designs they are also appealing to small satellite systems.This article outlines ongoing research work performed at the University of Southampton into the field of small satellite hybrid inflatable structures. Inflatable booms have been constructed and combined with tape spring reinforcements to create simple hybrid structures. These structures have been subjected to bending tests and compared directly to an equivalent inflatable tube without tape spring reinforcement. This enables the stiffness benefits to be determined with respect to the added mass of the tape springs. The paper presents these results, which leads to an initial performance assessment of these structures.