某高空飞艇光学吊舱热状态及飞行策略研究

使用光学遥感设备开展地球大气层临边观测是研究中高层大气目标特性变化规律的重要手段之一.光学遥感设备的热状态对其光学精度及系统信噪比控制至关重要,能够直接影响观测数据质量乃至观测任务的实现.针对中高层大气OH自由基超分辨空间外差光谱仪在高空飞艇平台探测的热状态需求,分析了光谱仪吊舱的热环境,给出了光学吊舱的热平衡控制方程,并对上升/下降段和平飞段先后开展了热状态计算,得到光学吊舱在不同状态下的温度变化规律、光电部件的温度场等计算结果.结果表明热控方案能够满足光谱仪的热状态需求.根据热状态分析计算结果,制定了飞行前后及飞行过程中光学吊舱的热控策略.本文分析方法和飞行策略可为同类飞行设备热控状态设计及研究提供数据参考.      

农林飞机近地作业飞行的纵向稳定特性

分析了农林飞机近地作业飞行的纵向气动力特性,讨论了存在地面效应时的纵向静稳定性准则及主要气动导数对静稳定性的影响;根据地效区内飞机的五阶小扰动运动线化方程,计算了农林飞机近地作业飞行的模态特性,并运用特征矢量研究了各模态中起主要作用的运动变量;利用Routh判据对农林飞机近地作业飞行的纵向动稳定性进行了分析,通过简化推导了存在地面效应时保证飞机动稳定性其重心的位置要求.研究结果表明,农林飞机近地作业飞行时地面效应对其纵向气动特性及稳定性的影响不可忽略.      

Regeneration of organs and tissues in lower vertebrates during and after space flight.

In this paper most important data obtained in studies on the effect of space flight conditions on regeneration in the adult newt are summarized. We demonstrate a phenomenon of synchronization of limb and lens regeneration and increase in its rate during and after space flight. We also describe a peculiarities of cell proliferation in lens, limb and tail regenerates and of the process of minced muscle regeneration.     

The biological clock of Neurospora in a microgravity environment.

The circadian rhythm of conidiation in Neurospora crassa is thought to be an endogenously derived circadian oscillation; however, several investigators have suggested that circadian rhythms may, instead, be driven by some geophysical time cue(s). An experiment was conducted on space shuttle flight STS-9 in order to test this hypothesis; during the first 7-8 cycles in space, there were several minor alterations observed in the conidiation rhythm, including an increase in the period of the oscillation, an increase in the variability of the growth rate and a diminished rhythm amplitude, which eventually damped out in 25% of the flight tubes. On day seven of flight, the tubes were exposed to light while their growth fronts were marked. Some aspect of the marking process reinstated a robust rhythm in all the tubes which continued throughout the remainder of the flight. These results from the last 86 hours of flight demonstrated that the rhythm can persist in space. Since the aberrant rhythmicity occurred prior to the marking procedure, but not after, it was hypothesized that the damping on STS-9 may have resulted from the hypergravity pulse of launch. To test this hypothesis, we conducted investigations into the effects of altered gravitational forces on conidiation. Exposure to hypergravity (via centrifugation), simulated microgravity (via the use of a clinostat) and altered orientations (via alterations in the vector of a 1 g force) were used to examine the effects of gravity upon the circadian rhythm of conidiation.     

Balloon-borne,high-altitude gravimetry

Gravity measurements from a high-altitude balloon can verify global and upward-continued gravity models. A gravimeter suspended beneath a balloon is in a dynamic, and largely unpredictable, environment sensing accelerations due to gravity and balloon motions. Independent measurements of balloon motions using inertial navigation data combined with ground tracking data will allow for separation of balloon-induced accelerations from gravitational accelerations. Analysis of these data must estimate: 1) vertical gravimeter accelerations due to motion and gravity, 2) horizontal velocity to estimate the Eötvös effect, and 3) gravimeter position for comparison with gravity models. The first engineering test flight occurred on 11 October 1983, during the seasonal wind reversal and was very successful. Flight duration was approximately seven hours, with two hours of data collected at each of 30 km and 26 km altitudes. The results include gravity estimates, design criteria for future flights and feasibility analysis for vertical gravity profiles during ascent and descent.     

Lunar ground penetrating radar: Minimizing potential data artifacts caused by signal interaction with a rover body

Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is the leading geophysical candidate technology for future lunar missions aimed at mapping shallow stratigraphy (<5 m). The instrument’s exploration depth and resolution capabilities in lunar materials, as well as its small size and lightweight components, make it a very attractive option from both a scientific and engineering perspective. However, the interaction between a GPR signal and the rover body is poorly understood and must be investigated prior to a space mission. In doing so, engineering and survey design strategies should be developed to enhance GPR performance in the context of the scientific question being asked. This paper explores the effects of a rover (simulated with a vertical metal plate) on GPR results for a range of heights above the surface and antenna configurations at two sites: (i) a standard GPR testing site with targets of known position, size, and material properties, and; (ii) a frozen lake for surface reflectivity experiments. Our results demonstrate that the GPR antenna configuration is a key variable dictating instrument design, with the XX polarization considered optimal for minimizing data artifact generation. These findings could thus be used to help guide design requirements for an eventual flight instrument.     

FY-3D卫星高光谱温室气体监测仪热控设计及在轨验证

FY-3D卫星高光谱温室气体监测结构布局紧凑,在较小尺寸空间内布置有8个镜头组件、12台电子设备和3台电机。内热源数量众多,光学镜头控温精度要求高,热控功耗及散热面资源紧张,使热控系统设计难度较大。基于热管理、辐射间接热控、辐射冷却及结构热控协同优化设计等多种思路对监测仪热控系统进行设计,有效解决热控难题。入轨后监测仪历经了多个工况模式切换,在轨温度数据表明,所有工况模式下各部组件温度都满足指标要求,且光学镜头温度稳定度较高,在正常工作模式下,干涉仪关键件最大温度波动在±0.15℃以内,其他光学镜头组件最大温度波动在±0.45℃以内,且无论整轨待机模式还是正常工作模式,基于热管理的2组电子设备散热系统都无需消耗热控功耗,实现了多热源复杂机制下高精度控温及节能热设计。      

高分辨率立体测绘相机系统热控设计及验证

高分辨率立体测绘相机的光学系统及探测器的温度稳定性影响测绘相机的测绘精度。针对透射式光学系统,采用多级外热流抑制技术,使星相机透镜的温度稳定性提高了6倍;针对反射式光学系统,采用间接辐射式控温等热控技术,使主镜、次镜的温度稳定性达到±0.3℃;针对大功率电荷耦合元件（CCD）,采用基于环路热管（LHP）的节能型控温技术,在满足温度指标的前提下使环路热管驱动功率的周期平均值由60 W降低至33.8 W,同时节省约40%的主冷凝器面积及质量;针对CMOS,采用两级温度波动抑制技术,使其温度稳定性达到±0.3℃。研究了地面热试验的方法,报告了测绘相机系统关键部组件在极端空间环境下的在轨数据,全面验证了热控设计方法的正确性。     

Neuroplasticity changes during space flight.

Neuroplasticity refers to the ability of neurons to alter some functional property in response to alterations in input. Most of the inputs received by the brain and thus the neurons are coming from the overall sensory system. The lack of gravity during space flight or even the reduction of gravity during the planned Mars missions are and will change these inputs. The often observed "loop swimming" of some aquatic species is under discussion to be based on sensory input changes as well as the observed motion sickness of astronauts and cosmonauts. Several reports are published regarding these changes being based on alterations of general neurophysiological parameters. In this paper a summing-up of recent results obtained in the last years during space flight missions will be presented. Beside data obtained from astronauts and cosmonauts, main focus of this paper will be on animal model system data.     

非仿射参数依赖LPV模型的变体飞行器H∞控制

变体飞行器可以在不同的飞行环境及飞行任务下自适应地进行结构变形,从而确保飞行过程中具有最优的气动性能。以一类翼展可变的飞行器模型为对象,研究了一种针对非仿射参数依赖结构的线性变参数(LPV)系统的控制问题。在Jacobian线性化基础上,将变体过程中的非线性模型精确拟合为以翼展变形率为时变参数的LPV系统。与大多数LPV控制不同的是,此系统为多项式参数依赖结构,不具有仿射参数依赖形式。利用线性分式表示(LFR)将具有非仿射参数依赖结构的LPV模型转换为等价的线性时不变(LTI)系统。为保证变体过程的稳定,针对此LFR形式的变体模型,在满足二次Lyapunov稳定的线性矩阵不等式(LMI)条件基础上,设计了一类基于状态反馈的H∞控制器。仿真结果表明,上述控制器在外部存在干扰的情况下,能够保证变体过程的全局稳定性。因此基于LFR转换的控制器设计方法不再局限于仿射参数依赖形式,对于广泛LPV系统具有普遍适用性。     

太阳高纬探测器的借力飞行轨道设计

行星借力飞行技术可以节省深空探测任务的能量消耗.针对借助内行星引力向太阳高纬度发射探测器这一科学任务,分别以金星和地球为借力星体,运用圆锥曲线拼接法,通过求解兰伯特问题绘制能量等高线图,搜索多天体交会发射机会,设计探测器与借力体轨道周期之比为1∶ 1或2∶ 3的多次借力行星际轨道,获得相对黄道面成大倾角的目标轨道.分析表明,采用多天体交会借力相比单天体借力可大大降低发射能量;3次借用金星或者地球的引力可以使探测器轨道相对黄道面的倾角达到30°左右;3次地球借力轨道性能为最优,需要的地球发射能量更低,而且飞行器进入目标轨道之前的转移时间较短.      

光学稳像技术在空间通信及航空、航天中应用的探讨

论述了光学稳像的一般概念，并给出了分析稳像问题的普遍公式，解决了空间通信及航空、航天相机的稳瞄及图像稳定问题．实际算例表明，光学稳像技术可普遍应用到空间技术中，可为稳像光学系统的设计提供重要的理论基础。     

Evaluation of optimal configuration of hybrid Life Support System for Space.

Any comprehensive evaluation of Life Support Systems (LSS) for space applications has to be conducted taking into account not only mass of LSS components but also all relevant equipment and storage: spare parts, additional mass of space ship walls, power supply and heat rejection systems. In this paper different combinations of hybrid LSS (HLSS) components were evaluated. Three variants of power supply were under consideration--solar arrays, direct solar light transmission to plants, and nuclear power. The software based on simplex approach was used for optimizing LSS configuration with respect to its mass. It was shown that there are several LSS configuration, which are optimal for different time intervals. Optimal configurations of physical-chemical (P/C), biological and hybrid LSS for three types of power supply are presented.     

Study of adaptation to altered gravity through systems analysis of motor control.

Maintenance of posture and production of functional, coordinated movement demand integration of sensory feedback with spinal and supra-spinal circuitry to produce adaptive motor control in altered gravity (G). To investigate neuroplastic processes leading to optimal performance in altered G we have studied motor control in adult rats using a battery of motor function tests following chronic exposure to various treatments (hyper-G, hindlimb suspension, chemical distruction of hair cells, space flight). These treatments differentially affect muscle fibers, vestibular receptors, and behavioral compensations and, in consequence, differentially disrupt air righting, swimming, posture and gait. The time-course of recovery from these disruptions varies depending on the function tested and the duration and type of treatment. These studies, with others (e.g., D'Amelio et al. in this volume), indicate that adaptation to altered gravity involves alterations in multiple sensory-motor systems that change at different rates. We propose that the use of parallel studies under different altered G conditions will most efficiently lead to an understanding of the modifications in central (neural) and peripheral (sensory and neuromuscular) systems that underlie sensory-motor adaptation in active, intact individuals.     

基于诱导航线的多无人机编队飞行控制方法

针对无人机编队飞行控制问题,提出了一种基于诱导航线的协同控制方法,僚机根据当前相对于期望位置的误差和长机的飞行状态生成诱导航线并进行跟踪;针对飞行过程中的突发障碍采用改变编队队形的方法进行规避;针对无人机之间可能出现的碰撞情况,根据无人机到达碰撞点的时间以及位置分别从高度以及航向两方面进行躲避,仿真结果表明:采用此方法无人机能够保持稳定的编队,并同时能够躲避飞行过程中的障碍以及避免飞机之间的碰撞。      

Accurate approximation of in-ecliptic trajectories for E-sail with constant pitch angle

Propellantless continuous-thrust propulsion systems, such as electric solar wind sails, may be successfully used for new space missions, especially those requiring high-energy orbit transfers. When the mass-to-thrust ratio is sufficiently large, the spacecraft trajectory is characterized by long flight times with a number of revolutions around the Sun. The corresponding mission analysis, especially when addressed within an optimal context, requires a significant amount of simulation effort. Analytical trajectories are therefore useful aids in a preliminary phase of mission design, even though exact solution are very difficult to obtain. The aim of this paper is to present an accurate, analytical, approximation of the spacecraft trajectory generated by an electric solar wind sail with a constant pitch angle, using the latest mathematical model of the thrust vector. Assuming a heliocentric circular parking orbit and a two-dimensional scenario, the simulation results show that the proposed equations are able to accurately describe the actual spacecraft trajectory for a long time interval when the propulsive acceleration magnitude is sufficiently small.     

面向深空探测任务的飞控仿真与支持系统研究

为确保深空探测航天器飞行控制准确无误,故障措施应对及时,在进行需求分析的基础上,提出一种飞控仿真与支持系统的总体框架,给出系统工作流程,并总结出高精度轨道和姿态仿真、故障模拟与注入等5个方面的技术特点,最后通过对比仿真结果和在轨飞行结果验证了该系统的有效性并提出了展望．     

Reduced lymphocyte activation in space: role of cell-substratum interactions.

We investigated the effect of substratum adhesiveness on stimulated lymphocyte blastogenesis by reducing and blocking cell adhesion with poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (poly-HEMA) in a simple on-ground system. Cells grown on medium-thick and thick poly-HEMA films were rounded in shape and displayed no signs of spreading. By contrast, on tissue culture plastic and very thin poly-HEMA films, they showed clear signs of spreading. The mitogenic response of lymphocytes grown on thick poly-HEMA films was reduced by up to 68% of the control (tissue culture plastic). Interferon-gamma production was near zero when the cells were grown on the least adhesive substratum. On uncoated plastic, activated lymphocytes subjected to high gravity (20g) exhibited an increased proliferation rate (40%) compared with 1g. By contrast, on poly-HEMA, high gravity did not improve lymphocyte responsiveness. These results show that activated lymphocytes need to anchor and spread prior to achieving an optimal proliferation response. We conclude that decreased lymphocyte adhesion could contribute to the depressed in vitro lymphocyte responsiveness found in the microgravity conditions of space flight.