An optimal selection of probability distribution functions for unsupervised land cover classification of PALSAR-2 data

Different types of classification techniques are available in the literature for the classification of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data into various land cover classes. Various SAR images are available for land cover classification such as ALOS PALSAR (PALSAR-1, PALSAR-2), RADARSAT and ENVISAT. In this paper, we have attempted to explore probability distribution function (pdf) based land cover classification using PALSAR-2 data. Over 20 different statistical distribution functions are analyzed for different classes based on statistical parameters. Probability distribution functions are selected based on Chi-squared goodness of fit test for each individual class. A decision tree based classifier is developed for classification based on the selected pdf functions and its statistical parameters. The proposed classification approach has an accuracy of 83.93%.     

Non-linear methods in remotely sensed multispectral data classification

The aim of this research is to develop an effective approach being able to deal with the stochastic nature of remote sensing data. In order to achieve this objective it is necessary to structure the methodological knowledge in the area of data mining and reveal the most suitable methods for the prediction and decision support based on large amounts of multispectral data. The idea is to establish a framework by decomposing the task into functionality objectives and to allow the end-user to experiment with a set of classification methods and select the best methods for specific applications. As a first step, we compare our results from Bayesian classification based on non-parametric probability density estimates of the data to the results obtained from other classification methods. Tree scenarios are considered, making use of a small benchmark dataset, a larger dataset from Corine land cover project for Bulgaria and analyzing different features and feature selection methods. We show that the theoretically optimal Bayesian classification can also achieve optimal classification in practice and provides a realistic interpretation of the world where land cover classes intergrade gradually.     

Fractal signatures for multiscale processing of hyperspectral image data

A multiscale approach to hyperspectral image data analysis using fractal signatures was proposed and implemented in the Interactive Data Language (IDL). For 2-D hyperspectral curves, fractal signature measures the changes in curve length with changing scale. Using NASA’s Earth Observing-1 (EO-1) Hyperion image from a study area near Denton, Texas, USA, the capabilities of fractal signatures in discriminating different land cover types were presented in three different ways: (1) fractal signature curves, (2) distances between fractal signatures, and (3) fractal signature images. The asymmetry in length measurement was found to be effective in handling hyperspectral curves obtained from Hyperion radiance data. The contribution of fractal signature images was shown through comparison of image classification results. The results from the Hyperion radiance data suggest that fractal signatures at certain scales can reveal important differences in land cover types.     

Assessment of the impact of dimensionality reduction methods on information classes and classifiers for hyperspectral image classification by multiple classifier system

Identification of the appropriate combination of classifier and dimensionality reduction method has been a recurring task for various hyperspectral image classification scenarios. Image classification by multiple classifier system has been evolving as a promising method for enhancing accuracy and reliability of image classification. Because of the diversity in generalization capabilities of various dimensionality reduction methods, the classifier optimal to the problem and hence the accuracy of image classification varies considerably. The impact of including multiple dimensionality reduction methods in the MCS architecture for the supervised classification of a hyperspectral image for land cover classification has been assessed in this study. Multi-source airborne hyperspectral images acquired over five different sites covering a range of land cover categories have been classified by a multiple classifier system and compared against the classification results obtained from support vector machines (SVM). The MCS offers acceptable classification results across the images or sites when there are multiple dimensionality reduction methods in addition to different classifiers. Apart from offering acceptable classification results, the MCS indicates about 5% increase in the overall accuracy when compared to the SVM classifier across the hyperspectral images and sites. Results indicate the presence of dimensionality reduction method specific empirical preferences by land cover categories for certain classifiers thereby demanding the design of MCS to support adaptive selection of classifiers and dimensionality reduction methods for hyperspectral image classification.     

Advanced fractal approach for unsupervised classification of SAR images

Unsupervised classification of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images is the alternative approach when no or minimum apriori information about the image is available. Therefore, an attempt has been made to develop an unsupervised classification scheme for SAR images based on textural information in present paper. For extraction of textural features two properties are used viz. fractal dimension D and Moran’s I. Using these indices an algorithm is proposed for contextual classification of SAR images. The novelty of the algorithm is that it implements the textural information available in SAR image with the help of two texture measures viz. D and I. For estimation of D, the Two Dimensional Variation Method (2DVM) has been revised and implemented whose performance is compared with another method, i.e., Triangular Prism Surface Area Method (TPSAM). It is also necessary to check the classification accuracy for various window sizes and optimize the window size for best classification. This exercise has been carried out to know the effect of window size on classification accuracy. The algorithm is applied on four SAR images of Hardwar region, India and classification accuracy has been computed. A comparison of the proposed algorithm using both fractal dimension estimation methods with the K-Means algorithm is discussed. The maximum overall classification accuracy with K-Means comes to be 53.26% whereas overall classification accuracy with proposed algorithm is 66.16% for TPSAM and 61.26% for 2DVM.     

Development and testing of a statistical texture model for land cover classification of the Black Sea region with MODIS imagery

A statistical model is proposed for analysis of the texture of land cover types for global and regional land cover classification by using texture features extracted by multiresolution image analysis techniques. It consists of four novel indices representing second-order texture, which are calculated after wavelet decomposition of an image and after texture extraction by a new approach that makes use of a four-pixel texture unit. The model was applied to four satellite images of the Black Sea region, obtained by Terra/MODIS and Aqua/MODIS at different spatial resolution. In single texture classification experiments, we used 15 subimages (50 × 50 pixels) of the selected classes of land covers that are present in the satellite images studied. These subimages were subjected to one-level and two-level decompositions by using orthonormal spline and Gabor-like spline wavelets. The texture indices were calculated and used as feature vectors in the supervised classification system with neural networks. The testing of the model was based on the use of two kinds of widely accepted statistical texture quantities: five texture features determined by the co-occurrence matrix (angular second moment, contrast, correlation, inverse difference moment, entropy), and four statistical texture features determined after the wavelet transformation (mean, standard deviation, energy, entropy). The supervised neural network classification was performed and the discrimination ability of the proposed texture indices was found comparable with that for the sets of five GLCM texture features and four wavelet-based texture features. The results obtained from the neural network classifier showed that the proposed texture model yielded an accuracy of 92.86% on average after orthonormal wavelet decomposition and 100% after Gabor-like wavelet decomposition for texture classification of the examined land cover types on satellite images.     

基于非等维状态的IMM混合估计方法

在目标跟踪领域,交互多模型（IMM）估计器具有良好的性能和较低的复杂度。IMM的成功归因于模式混合,其中各模型输出用于模型条件重初始化。针对IMM算法中存在的非等维状态混合估计问题进行了研究,在总结现有算法的基础上提出了一种最优的IMM混合估计方法。该方法通过将"切换"态的概念引入目标状态,根据当前滤波时刻的模型概率和新息,动态地调整混合策略以实现最优估计。最后,通过仿真实验验证了所提算法在不同模型混合场景中的表现要优于现有的算法。      

基于相干度优化的极化顺轨干涉SAR慢小目标CFAR检测

为改善干涉合成孔径雷达（SAR）系统对慢动小目标的检测性能,研究了全极化顺轨干涉SAR（AT-POLINSAR）实现慢动目标恒虚警（CFAR）检测的方法。首先,通过对单基线AT-POLINSAR的系统设计,明确了其在现有技术条件下的可实现性,并对其信号形式与极化干涉回波进行了建模分析。然后,针对AT-POLINSAR 6维极化干涉矢量提出了以背景杂波平均相干度为优化准则的极化降维新方法,构建了一种统计分布类型与单极化干涉数据相同的次优极化标量干涉回波,从而使目前单极化顺轨干涉SAR（AT-INSAR）慢动目标CFAR检测方法可直接扩展至全极化情形。最后,通过检测实验对次优极化与单极化的慢动目标检测性能进行了对比分析。结果表明,次优极化方法能充分利用全极化信息提高INSAR对慢小目标的检测概率。      

小波分析理论及其在雷达信号处理中的应用

依据所处理信号类型的不同,对小波变换与短时傅立叶变换进行了比较,说明小波变换适用于非平稳信号和奇异信号的处理.简要介绍了连续小波变换、离散小波变换和小波包理论的基本内容,讨论了小波变换实际应用中的采样和快速算法等几个关键问题.结合矢量量化技术,给出了一种用小波变换对星载SAR(Synthetic Aperture Radar)原始数据进行压缩的方法,结果表明,与传统的方法相比,由该方法压缩后的原始数据生成的SAR图像具有更大的信噪比.同时对小波变换用于雷达目标识别和SAR图像分类的性能进行了初步分析.      

Land use/land cover classification using time series Landsat 8 images in a heavily urbanized area

It is of great significance to timely, accurately, and effectively monitor land use/cover in city regions for the reasonable development and utilization of urban land resources. The remotely sensed dynamic monitoring of Land use/land cover (LULC) in rapidly developing city regions has increasingly depended on remote-sensing data at high temporal and spatial resolutions. However, due to the influence of revisiting periods and weather, it is difficult to acquire enough time-series images with high quality at both high temporal and spatial resolution from the same sensor. In this paper we used the temporal-spatial fusion model ESTARFM (Enhanced Spatial and Temporal Adaptive Reflectance Fusion Model) to blend Landsat8 and MODIS data and obtain time-series Landsat8 images. Then, land cover information is extracted using an object-based classification method. In this study, the proposed method is validated by a case study of the Changsha City. The results show that the overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient were 94.38% and 0.88, respectively, and the user/producer accuracies of vegetation types were all over 85%. Our approach provides an accurate and efficient technical method for the effective extraction of land use/cover information in the highly heterogeneous regions.     

基于混合稀疏表示的二维压缩感知SAR成像

压缩感知(CS)理论在合成孔径雷达(SAR)成像中应用广泛。针对包含城市、河流等区域的非稀疏场景压缩感知SAR成像,提出基于近似观测模型的混合稀疏表示(MSR)压缩感知SAR成像方法。该方法将复杂的SAR图像分解成点、线、面,并将线、面分别通过离散余弦变换和曲波变换转换到稀疏域,使压缩感知的稀疏性条件得以满足,通过求解基于近似观测模型的二维压缩感知优化问题重建非稀疏场景的SAR图像。所提方法能够实现降采样率条件下对包含城市、河流等非稀疏场景区域的成像,仿真场景和实测场景成像结果表明了所提方法的有效性。     

SAR图像舰船识别的三维空间逆投影与匹配技术

提出一种合成孔径雷达（SAR,Synthetic Aperture Radar）图像舰船识别新技术.首先通过将SAR图像逆投影至三维（3-D,Three-Dimensional）目标空间,提取目标空间3-D逆投影散射图 （BPSI,Back Projection Scattering Image）来表征观测舰船目标的强散射源三维分布;然后采用物理光学法预测各候选舰船目标的3-D热点散射图（HSPI,Hot Scattering Point Image）,进而匹配3-D BPSI与3-D HSPI来识别舰船.为了提高计算效率,采用一种两级分层匹配策略：第1步利用几何特征进行预筛选;少数被选取的候选目标参与第2步的分类判决,同时设计一种便于实现的“模糊”匹配准则,克服了“点对点”准则对计算误差等非理想因素敏感的问题.仿真和实测舰船SAR图像的实验结果,显示了3-D散射特征在目标区分能力和可视化效果方面的优势,证明了该方法的有效性.     

中国国画艺术美感特征分析与分类

图像艺术美感自动分类是近年的热门研究领域,国画作为中国传统艺术文化的重要体现,其美感也极具研究价值。在5类美感标注的国画数据库基础上,进行了国画艺术美感自动分类研究和相关特征分析。经过特征提取和筛选,得到适用于美感分类的33个图像特征,并基于特征重要性建立了物理特征与艺术美感、美术技法之间的映射关系。同时使用该特征集在多种分类器上进行艺术美感自动识别,验证了国画艺术美感自动分类的可行性。结果表明,国画艺术美感分类的主要相关美术元素按重要性排序为:颜色、笔触、亮度和线条。      

FocusGEO望远镜观测地球同步轨道目标的光度特性分类

基于FocusGEO望远镜2017年12月至2019年6月的测光观测数据,开展台站上空地球同步轨道(GEO)目标光度曲线的分类研究.通过对GEO卫星光度曲线特征的统计分析,建立了一种全新的GEO卫星分类系统,确定了各类GEO卫星光度曲线的占比,分析了光度特征类别与卫星平台的相关性.本研究将197颗GEO卫星的光度曲线分...     

面向综合环境监测的星载SAR技术发展

针对中国微波遥感对地观测在信息维度、反演精度、观测效率和体系架构等方面存在的问题,基于国家重点研发计划“星载新体制SAR综合环境监测技术”的研究内容与成果,探讨了面向综合环境监测的若干未来星载SAR技术发展。在超大幅宽成像方面,提出分段渐变重频时序设计方案和基于最优线性无偏估计的低过采样变重频数据处理算法,实现了跨盲区大幅宽星载SAR成像;在宽幅星载SAR高灵敏度成像方面,提出中频数字波束合成高效星上实时处理架构和加权因子快速生成算法,采用16通道机载飞行试验数据验证,图像信噪比提升约112dB;在多极化星载SAR成像方面,分别提出一种简缩极化分解算法及混合全极化方位模糊抑制方法,在P/L波段机载飞行试验中得到验证;在高精度干涉SAR技术方面,提出基于改进相位补偿方案的层析SAR处理方法,利用P波段全极化层析SAR数据验证,获得优于0.9m的森林高度反演精度;在综合环境监测星座架构设计方面,针对广域地表高程、地表形变、海浪谱能量、洋流速度和生物量应用,完成品质因数达100的高分宽幅SAR卫星方案,其观测效能和观测维度较目前在轨SAR卫星有大幅提升。     

基于非下采样轮廓波变换的红外和SAR图像融合算法

针对现有红外和合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像的融合算法融合质量差、边缘轮廓不清晰、效率低下、可视性差,目标检测效率低等问题,提出一种基于非下采样轮廓波变换的融合算法。首先采用非下采样轮廓波变换对预处理的红外和SAR图像进行分解,获得各自低频和带通方向图像,接着根据红外和SAR图像的特征选取其含重要目标信息的频带进行低频图像和带通方向图像融合。为了检验本文所提出算法性能的优越性,采用两组红外和SAR图像进行融合实验,与其他图像融合算法进行对比,并对融合图像进行目标检测,证明了该融合算法能有效提高多源图像目标检测率。     

Hierarchical object oriented classification using very high resolution imagery and LIDAR data over urban areas

Urban land cover information extraction is a hot topic within urban studies. Heterogeneous spectra of high resolution imagery—caused by the inner complexity of urban areas—make it difficult. In this paper a hierarchical object oriented classification method over an urban area is presented. Combining QuickBird imagery and light detection and ranging (LIDAR) data, nine kinds of land cover objects were extracted. The Spectral Shape Index (SSI) method is used to distinguish water and shadow from black body mask, with 100% classification accuracy for water and 95.56% for shadow. Vegetation was extracted by using a Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) image at first, and then a more accurate classification result of shrub and grassland is obtained by integrating the height information from LIDAR data. The classification accuracy of shrub was improved from 85.25% to 92.09% and from 82.86% to 97.06% for grassland. More granularity of this classification can be obtained by using this method. High buildings and low buildings can, for example, be distinguished from the original building class. Road class can also be further classified into roads and crossroads. The comparison of the classification accuracy between this method and the traditional pixel-based method indicates that the total accuracy is improved from 69.12% to 89.40%.     

3-D position estimation of isolated target and optimal trajectory choice in parasitic synthetic aperture radar

Bistatic SAR (BSAR) systems have recently been the subject of several studies, but little attention has been given to the potential of the location of targets. In the paper, the performance of the estimation of 3-D position of a target (TPE) in parasitic SAR is obtained analytically and illustrated by computer simulation using ambiguity function analysis, and the maximum likelihood estimate (MLE) approach. It was shown that by using a multi look parasitic BSAR all three coordinates of an isolated point target (IPT) could be evaluated. Analytical closed form equations that characterize the measurement accuracy were derived. In the final these equations will be used to demonstrate various cases of more practical, including optimal trajectories choice under any geometry configuration case, moreover, the conclusion is verified via Matlab.     

Manifold structure preservative for hyperspectral target detection

A nonparametric method termed as manifold structure preservative (MSP) is proposed in this paper for hyperspectral target detection. MSP transforms the feature space of data to maximize the separation between target and background signals. Moreover, it minimizes the reconstruction error of targets and preserves the topological structure of data in the projected feature space. MSP does not need to consider any distribution for target and background data. So, it can achieve accurate results in real scenarios due to avoiding unreliable assumptions. The proposed MSP detector is compared to several popular detectors and the experiments on a synthetic data and two real hyperspectral images indicate the superior ability of it in target detection.