北斗三号系统广域差分服务精度评估

为了保证北斗系统广域差分服务的平稳过渡，北斗三号系统（BDS-3）通过GEO卫星B1I/B3I信号播发北斗二号协议广域差分改正信息，包括等效钟差改正数与格网点电离层信息。分析了增加BDS-3卫星后，等效钟差改正数和格网点电离层信息的特征，并对BDS-2和BDS-3的用户差分距离误差（UDRE）进行了对比。联合BDS-2和BDS-3实测数据，对BDS-3广域差分服务定位精度进行了评估。分析结果表明:BDS-2卫星广播星历空间信号用户等效距离误差（UERE）约为1 m，经过等效钟差改正数后，用户差分距离误差约为0.3 m；BDS-3卫星广播星历空间信号用户等效距离误差约为0.4 m，经过等效钟差改正数后，用户差分距离误差约为0.2 m。等效钟差改正数可以修正广播电文更新带来的空间信号阶跃误差，显著提升卫星空间信号精度。与基本导航系统播发的Klobuchar 8模型，广域差分系统所播发的格网点电离层信息可将电离层误差修正精度提高约18%。与单独BDS-2卫星相比，BDS-2/BDS-3卫星联合条件下，基本导航的单频用户和双频用户定位精度可分别提升26%和41%；广域差分服务的单频用户定位精度为2.4 m，双频用户定位精度为1.7 m，单频用户和双频用户定位精度分别提升13%和41%。      

Satellite availability and positioning performance of uncombined precise point positioning using BeiDou-2 and BeiDou-3 multi-frequency signals

To realize the smooth transition from regional BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS-2) to the global one (BDS-3), the integration of BDS-2 and BDS-3 is important for providing continuous, stable and reliable positioning, navigation and timing (PNT) services for global users. This work used 154 globally distributed multi-GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) experiment stations spanning 30 days to analyze the satellite availability and positioning performance of uncombined precise point positioning (UC-PPP) under current BDS-2 and BDS-3 constellations. We focused on three issues: the influence of BDS-3 receiver tracking abilities, the positioning performance among different areas, and the benefit of multi-frequency observations. The results show that the elliptical zone caused by poor BDS-2 satellite visibility is disappeared when the evenly distributed BDS-3 medium earth orbit satellites are introduced. When BDS-3 are integrated with BDS-2, the area with the Position Dilution of Precision (PDOP) less than 2 can be expanded to 75° S-75° N and 30° E-150° W. The positioning performance of BDS-3 and BDS-2/BDS-3 UC-PPP are seriously affected by the receiver tracking abilities of BDS-3 signals. When the maximum pseudo-random noise sequences (PRNs) of BDS-3 satellites tracked by stations are within 30 or 37, the positioning accuracy of static UC-PPP can be improved by 22.94% or 8.27% due to the integration of BDS-2 and BDS-3. Besides, the most improvement of BDS-2 and BDS-3 integration is achieved in Asia-Pacific regions, especially for the kinematic UC-PPP or the poor receiver tracking abilities of BDS-3. Similar to the multi-frequency BDS-2 UC-PPP, the benefit of multi-frequency signals for BDS-3 or BDS-2/BDS-3 UC-PPP is also non-vital. The three-dimensional positioning accuracy of BDS-2/BDS-3 multi-frequency UC-PPP in static mode and kinematic mode are 2.24 cm and 5.39 cm, while the corresponding convergence time are 49.62 min and 73.80 min, respectively. Compared with BDS-2, both the positioning accuracy and the convergence time of BDS-2/BDS-3 joint UC-PPP are improved by approximately over 50%, which indicates that BDS-3 has a great potential to provide high-quality PNT services as other global navigation satellite systems.     

基于卫星监视几何精度因子的UDRE值估计方法

星基增强导航系统(SBAS,Satellite Based Augmentation System)通过向用户提供用户差分距离误差(UDRE,User Differential Range Error),来保证广播星历和星钟改正数的精度并增强用户的完好性性能.给出了一种用于主控站的UDRE计算方法,提出了卫星监视几何精度因子(SSDOP,Satellite Surveillance Dilution of Precision)的概念.基于UDRE和SS-DOP的表达式,通过数学推导发现UDRE受到SSDOP和限制因子的影响,而限制因子可以用其统计平均值0.7438来替代,建立了由SSDOP估计UDRE的表达式.仿真结果表明:利用SS-DOP估计出的UDRE值,其误差不超过0.8 m,能够反映出当前卫星UDRE的特性,可以作为用户在无法接收完好性信息时快速推算UDRE的一种可行手段.     

Design of BDS-3 integrity monitoring and preliminary analysis of its performance

With the improvement in the service accuracy and expansion of the application scope of satellite navigation systems, users now have high demands for system integrity that are directly related to navigation safety. As a crucial index to measure the reliability of satellite navigation systems, integrity is the ability of the system to send an alarm when an abnormity occurs. The new-generation Beidou Navigation Satellite System (BDS-3) prioritized the upgrading of system integrity as an important objective in system construction. Because the system provides both basic navigation and satellite-based augmentation system (SBAS) services by the operational control system, BDS-3 adopts an integrated integrity monitoring and processing strategy that applies satellite autonomous integrity monitoring and ground-based integrity monitoring for both the basic navigation service and SBAS navigation service. BDS-3 also uses an improved and refined integrity parameter system to provide slow, fast and real-time integrity parameters for basic navigation, and provide SBAS-provided integrity information messages in accordance with Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics (RTCA) specification and dual frequency, multi-constellation (DFMC) specification to support the SBAS signal frequency, single constellation operation and DFMC operation respectively. The performance of BDS-3 system integrity monitoring is preliminarily verified during on-orbit testing in different states, including normal operation, satellite clock failure and satellite ephemeris failure. The results show that satellite autonomous integrity monitoring, ground-based integrity monitoring and satellite-based augmentation all correctly work within the system. Satellite autonomous integrity monitoring can detect satellite clock failure but not satellite orbit failure. However, ground-based integrity monitoring can detect both. Moreover, the satellite-based augmentation integrity system monitors the differential range error after satellite ephemeris and clock error corrections based on user requirements. Compared to the near minute-level time-to-alert capability of ground-based integrity monitoring, satellite autonomous integrity monitoring reduces the system alert time to less than 4 s. With a combined satellite-ground monitoring strategy and the implementation of different monitoring technologies, the BDS-3 integrity of service has been considerably improved.     

关于北斗卫星导航系统的被动式定位算法比较研究

我国北斗卫星导航系统空间卫星共有2或3颗,无法单独满足被动导航定位的要求．针对这种卫星稀少的情况提出了3种被动式定位算法: 2星定位算法、 3星3参数定位算法和3星4参数定位算法, 这些算法分别采用气压测高方法增加观测数据和采用数学模型描述接收机钟差的方法减少定位方程求解的未知数;探讨了北斗卫星导航系统备份星的可用性和对导航定位精度的贡献;还提出了准差分修正技术,提高了定位精度．实验证明, 3种算法都取得了100m以内的定位结果,可以满足一般用户定位需求．     

Preliminary analysis of the quality and positioning performance of BDS-3 global interoperable signal B1C&B2a

BeiDou-3 Navigation Satellite System (BDS-3) satellites are equipped with the new generation GNSS signals B1C and B2a, which support the interoperability with GPS and Galileo systems. In this study, the pseudo-range multipath error and carrier phase observation noise of the BDS-3 B1C and B2a signals were evaluated based on zero baseline measurements from the day of year (DOY) 113 to 116, 2020. Further, the precision and performance of the single point positioning (SPP) and precise point positioning (PPP) are assessed at 9 stations. This assessment manifests that the standard deviations (STDs) of the pseudo-range multipath error are about 0.09 ~ 0.22 m, while STDs of the carrier phase observation noise are about 0.075 mm. For the single-frequency SPP, its positioning precision is about 2.03 ~ 4.85 m and 3.29 ~ 10.73 m at the 99.99% confidence level in horizontal and vertical directions, respectively, while the dual-frequency SPP precision is about 1.92 ~ 8.02 m and 4.81 ~ 12.77 m in horizontal and vertical directions, respectively. For the daily static PPP, the convergence time is about 20 ~ 30 min, while the daily positioning precision can reach 1.38 ~ 4.42 cm and -1.31 ~ 4.34 cm in horizontal and vertical directions, respectively. In general, the quality and the SPP and PPP performance of the BDS-3 B1C&B2a signals are comparable to the GPS and Galileo.     

Analysis of BDS-3 distributed autonomous navigation based on BeiDou system simulation platform

Satellite autonomous navigation is an important function of the BeiDou-3 navigation System (BDS-3). Satellite autonomous navigation means that the navigation satellite uses long-term forecast ephemeris and Inter-Satellite Link (ISL) measurements to determinate its own spatial position and time reference without the support of the ground Operation and Control System (OCS) for a long time to ensure that the navigation system can normally maintain the time and space reference. This paper aims to analyze the feasibility of distributed autonomous navigation algorithms. For the first time, a ground parallel autonomous navigation test system (GPANTS) is built. The performance of distributed autonomous navigation is then analyzed using the two-way ISL ranging of BDS-3 satellites. First, the BDS simulation platform and the GPANTS are introduced. Then, the basic principles of distributed satellite autonomous orbit determination and time synchronization based on ISL measurements are summarized. Preliminary evaluation of the performance of the BDS-3 constellation autonomous navigation service under ideal conditions through simulation data. Then the performance of autonomous navigation for 22 BeiDou-3 satellites using ISL measurements is evaluated. The results show that when satellites operate autonomously for 50 days without the support of any ground station, the User Range Error (URE) of autonomous orbit determination is better than 3 m, and the time synchronization accuracy is better than 4 ns.     

Time synchronization of new-generation BDS satellites using inter-satellite link measurements

Autonomous satellite navigation is based on the ability of a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), such as Beidou, to estimate orbits and clock parameters onboard satellites using Inter-Satellite Link (ISL) measurements instead of tracking data from a ground monitoring network. This paper focuses on the time synchronization of new-generation Beidou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) satellites equipped with an ISL payload. Two modes of Ka-band ISL measurements, Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) mode and the continuous link mode, were used onboard these BDS satellites. Using a mathematical formulation for each measurement mode along with a derivation of the satellite clock offsets, geometric ranges from the dual one-way measurements were introduced. Then, pseudoranges and clock offsets were evaluated for the new-generation BDS satellites. The evaluation shows that the ranging accuracies of TDMA ISL and the continuous link are approximately 4?cm and 1?cm (root mean square, RMS), respectively. Both lead to ISL clock offset residuals of less than 0.3?ns (RMS). For further validation, time synchronization between these satellites to a ground control station keeping the systematic time in BDT was conducted using L-band Two-way Satellite Time Frequency Transfer (TWSTFT). System errors in the ISL measurements were calibrated by comparing the derived clock offsets with the TWSTFT. The standard deviations of the estimated ISL system errors are less than 0.3?ns, and the calibrated ISL clock parameters are consistent with that of the L-band TWSTFT. For the regional BDS network, the addition of ISL measurements for medium orbit (MEO) BDS satellites increased the clock tracking coverage by more than 40% for each orbital revolution. As a result, the clock predicting error for the satellite M1S was improved from 3.59 to 0.86?ns (RMS), and the predicting error of the satellite M2S was improved from 1.94 to 0.57?ns (RMS), which is a significant improvement by a factor of 3–4.     

BeiDou-3 orbit and clock quality of the IGS Multi-GNSS Pilot Project

Within the Multi-GNSS Pilot Project (MGEX) of the International GNSS Service (IGS), precise orbit and clock products for the BeiDou-3 global navigation satellite system (BDS-3) are routinely generated by a total of five analysis centers. The processing standards and specific properties of the individual products are reviewed and the BDS-3 orbit and clock product performance is assessed through direct inter-comparison, satellite laser ranging (SLR) residuals, clock stability analysis, and precise point positioning solutions. The orbit consistency evaluated by the signal-in-space range error is on the level of 4–8 cm for the medium Earth orbit satellites whereas SLR residuals have RMS values between 3 and 9 cm. The clock analysis reveals sytematic effects related to the elevation of the Sun above the orbital plane for all ACs pointing to deficiencies in solar radiation pressure modeling. Nevertheless, precise point positioning with the BDS-3 MGEX orbit and clock products results in 3D RMS values between 7 and 8 mm.     

Orbit determination of BDS-3 satellite based on regional ground tracking station and inter-satellite link observations

The BeiDou global navigation satellite system (BDS-3) has established the Ka-band inter-satellite link (ISL) to realize a two-way ranging function between satellites, which provides a new observation technology for the orbit determination of BDS-3 satellites. Therefore, this study presents a BDS satellite orbit determination model based on ground tracking station (GTS) observations and ISL ranging observations firstly to analyze the impact of the ISL ranging observations on the orbit determination of BDS-3 satellites. Subsequently, considering the data fusion processing, the variance component estimation (VCE) algorithm is applied to the parameter estimation process of the satellite orbit determination. Finally, using the measured data from China’s regional GTS observations and BDS-3 ISL ranging observations, the effects of ISL ranging observations on the orbit determination accuracy of BDS-3 satellites are analyzed. Moreover, the impact of the VCE algorithm on the fusion data processing is evaluated from the aspects of orbit determination accuracy, Ka-band hardware delay parameter stability, and ISL ranging observation residuals. The results show that for China’s regional GTSs, the addition of BDS-3 ISL ranging observations can significantly improve the orbit determination accuracy of BDS-3 satellites. The observed orbit determination accuracy of satellite radial component is improved from 48 cm to 4.1 cm. In addition, when the initial weight ratio between GTS observations and ISL ranging observations is not appropriate, the various indicators which include orbit determination accuracy, ISL hardware delay, and ISL observation residuals were observed to have improved after the adjustment of the VCE algorithm. These results validate the effectiveness of the VCE algorithm for the fusion data processing of the GTS observations and ISL ranging observations.     

Analysis of GNSS clock prediction performance with different interrupt intervals and application to real-time kinematic precise point positioning

Continuous and timely real-time satellite orbit and clock products are mandatory for real-time precise point positioning (RT-PPP). Real-time high-precision satellite orbit and clock products should be predicted within a short time in case of communication delay or connection breakdown in practical applications. For prediction, historical data describing the characteristics of the real-time orbit and clock can be used as the basis for performing the prediction. When historical data are scarce, it is difficult for many existing models to perform precise predictions. In this paper, a linear regression model is used to predict clock products. Seven-day GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ) final clock products sampled at 30 s are used to analyze the characteristics of GNSS clocks. It is shown that the linear regression model can be used as the prediction model for the satellite clock products. In addition, the accuracy of the clock prediction for different satellites are analyzed using historical data with different periods (such as 2 and 10 epochs). Experimental results show that the accuracy of the clock with the linear regression prediction model using historical data with 10 epochs is 1.0 ns within 900 s. This is higher accuracy than that achieved using historical data of 2 epochs. Finally, the performance analysis for real-time kinematic precise point positioning (PPP) is provided using GFZ final clock prediction results and state space representation (SSR) clock prediction results when communication delay or connection breakdown occur. Experimental results show that the positioning accuracy without prediction is better than that with prediction in general, whether using the final clock product or the SSR clock product. For the final clock product, the positioning accuracy in the north (N), east (E), and up (U) directions is better than 10.0 cm with all visible GNSS satellites with prediction. In comparison, the 3D positioning accuracy of N, E, and U directions with visible GNSS satellites whose prediction accuracy is better than 0.1 ns using historical data of 10 epochs is improved from 15.0 cm to 7.0 cm. For the SSR clock product, the positioning accuracy of N, E, and U directions is better than 12.0 cm with visible GNSS satellites with prediction. In comparison, the 3D positioning accuracy of N, E, and U directions with visible GNSS satellites whose prediction accuracy is better than 0.1 ns using historical data of 10 epochs is improved from 12.0 cm to 9.0 cm.     

Initial accuracy and reliability of current BDS-3 precise positioning,velocity estimation,and time transfer (PVT)

The primary system of Chinese global BeiDou satellite system (BDS-3) was completed to provide global services on December 27, 2018; this was a key milestone in the development process for BDS in terms of its provision of global services. Therefore, this study analyzed the current performance of BDS-3, including its precise positioning, velocity estimation, and time transfer (PVT). The datasets were derived from international GNSS monitoring and assessment system (iGMAS) tracking networks and the two international time laboratories in collaboration with the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM). With respect to the positioning, the focus is on the real-time kinematic (RTK) positioning and precise point positioning (PPP) modes with static and kinematic scenarios. The results show that the mean available satellite number is 4.8 for current BDS-3 system at short baseline XIA1–XIA3. The RTK accuracy for three components is generally within cm level; the 3D mean accuracy is 8.9 mm for BDS-3 solutions. For the PPP scenarios, the convergence time is about 4 h for TP01 and BRCH stations in two scenarios. After the convergence, the horizontal positioning accuracy is better than cm level and the vertical accuracy nearly reaches the 1 dm level. With respect to kinematic scenarios, the accuracy stays at the cm level for horizontal components and dm level for the vertical component at two stations. In terms of velocity estimation, the horizontal accuracy stays at a sub-mm level, and the vertical accuracy is better than 2 mm/s in the BDS-3 scenario, even in the Arctic. In terms of time and frequency transfer, the noise level of BDS-3 time links can reach 0.096 ns for long-distances link NT01–TP02 and 0.016 ns for short-distance links TP01–TP02. Frequency stability reaches 5E–14 accuracy when the averaging time is within 10,000 s for NT01–TP02 and 1E–15 for TP01–TP02.     

BDS-2/BDS-3 uncalibrated phase delay estimation considering the intra-system bias

Intra-system biases (ISBs) between BDS-2 and BDS-3 are of critical importance when combining observations from the BDS-2 and BDS-3 systems, which is meaningful to fully take advantage of the BDS positioning capability. Meanwhile, ISBs should also be considered in the estimation of BDS uncalibrated phase delays (UPDs). In this research, we present a BDS-2/BDS-3 joint-processing scheme, as well as a method for estimating BDS UPDs. The characteristics of ISBs and the quality of BDS UPDs are analyzed based on 30-day data from 130 multi-GNSS experimental (MGEX) stations. Our results indicate that the ISBs are related to the type and version of the receiver. The ISBs can be regarded as constant across the course of a given day, and the mean standard deviation (STD) values of ISBs over one month for different types of receivers are generally within 0.2 m. Moreover, to assess the quality of UPD products, the residuals of the estimated UPDs and the utilization rates of the observation data are computed. The results show that the quality of BDS UPDs can be improved by correcting the satellite-induced pseudo-range variations, and by estimating the wide-lane (WL) UPD difference between BDS-2 and BDS-3. The average RMS values of the estimated residuals of WL UPD and narrow-lane (NL) UPD are 0.07 and 0.09 cycles, respectively; moreover, the utilization rate of the observation data of WL UPD and NL UPD can reach above 90 %. The performance of BDS precise point positioning (PPP) and PPP ambiguity resolution (PPP-AR) is analyzed in terms of positioning accuracy and convergence performance in both the static and kinematic modes. Compared with PPP ambiguity-float solutions, the positioning accuracy of PPP-AR is significantly improved, especially in the east direction. The impact of ISBs on PPP and PPP-AR is also analyzed, and the results indicate that ISBs can improve the convergence speed of float PPP, but can be disregarded in PPP-AR.     

Orbit determination of BeiDou navigation satellite system maneuvered satellites based on instantaneous velocity pulses parameters

The BeiDou navigation satellite system (BDS) comprises geostationary earth orbit (GEO) satellites as well as inclined geosynchronous orbit (IGSO) and medium earth orbit (MEO) satellites. Owing to their special orbital characteristics, GEO satellites require frequent orbital maneuvers to ensure that they operate in a specific orbital window. The availability of the entire system is affected during the maneuver period because service cannot be provided before the ephemeris is restored. In this study, based on the conventional dynamic orbit determination method for navigation satellites, multiple sets of instantaneous velocity pulses parameters which belong to one of pseudo-stochastic parameters were used to simulate the orbital maneuver process in the orbital maneuver arc and establish the observed and predicted orbits of the maneuvered and non-maneuvered satellites of BeiDou regional navigation satellite system (BDS-2) and BeiDou global navigation satellite system (BDS-3). Finally, the single point positioning (SPP) technology was used to verify the accuracy of the observed and predicted orbits. The orbit determination accuracy of maneuvered satellites can be greatly improved by using the orbit determination method proposed in this paper. The overlapping orbit determination accuracy of maneuvered GEO satellites of BDS-2 and BDS-3 can improve 2–3 orders of magnitude. Among them, the radial orbit determination accuracy of each maneuvered satellite is basically better than 1 m. simultaneously, the combined orbit determination of the maneuvered and non-maneuvered satellites does not have a great impact on the orbit determination accuracy of the non-maneuvered satellites. Compared with the multi GNSS products (indicated by GBM) from the German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ), the impact of adding the maneuvered satellites on the orbit determination accuracy of BDS-2 satellites is less than 9 %. Furthermore, the orbital recovery time and the service availability period are significantly improved. When the node of the predicted orbit is traversed approximately 3 h after the maneuver, the accuracy of the predicted orbit of the maneuvered satellite can reach that of the observed orbit. The SPP results for the BDS reached a normal level when the node of the predicted orbit was 2 h after the maneuver.     

北斗系统UERE及定位精度评估

用户测距误差（URE）与用户设备误差（UEE）是影响定位精度的主要因素.民航是北斗系统的高端用户,监测其对民航机场的覆盖性和服务性能十分必要.本文根据华东、华南、华北、西北地区4个民航机场观测站的北斗实测数据,分析了各机场卫星的可见性.根据URE的解算方法、电离层修正模型、对流层修正模型以及定位精度的评估方法,给出了对应的性能评估结果.研究发现:可见星数均在6～14颗,满足定位要求; 95%置信度下,电离层延迟优于7.50m,对流层延迟优于13.28m,地球静止轨道卫星（GEO）、倾斜地球同步轨道卫星（IGSO）、中圆轨道卫星（MEO）卫星的URE值分别优于2.36m,1.72m,2.59m,满足北斗规范的要求;95%置信度下,定位精度水平方向优于3.63m,垂直方向优于6.98m.结果表明北斗系统在民航机场监测站的覆盖性及服务性能良好.      

Comprehensive performance review of BDS-3 after one-year official operation

On July 31, 2020, the third generation BeiDou Global Satellite Navigation System (BDS-3) was officially put into service. Here we first reviewed the development history of BDS-3, and described the status of BDS-3 constellation, satellite signals, and ground tracking network. Then we expounded the 10 innovations in which BDS-3 differs from the other global satellite navigation systems. In addition, the latest service performance status of BDS-3 was displayed from a comprehensive perspective. The performance of BDS-3 was analyzed and evaluated from five aspects: constellation performance, observation data quality, spatial signal performance, PNT (Positioning, Navigation, and Timing) service performance, and precision positioning application. We used 14 indices to conduct comprehensive assessment of the BDS-3 service performance. Finally, the main direction of the next development of BDS was prospected.     

Quality variation of GPS satellite clocks on-orbit using IGS clock products

Over 60% clocks on board of the GPS satellites are working longer than their designed life. Therefore realizing their stabilities in a long time scales is essential to GPS navigation and positioning plus IGS time scale maintaining. IGS clock products from 2001 to 2010 are used to analyze the GPS satellite clock qualities such as frequency stabilities and clock noise level. We find out that for the clocks of Block IIA satellites the frequency stabilities and clock noise are 10 times worse than that of the Block IIR and IIR-M satellites. Moreover, the linear relationships between frequency stabilities and clock residuals have been deduced with an accuracy of better than 0.02 ns. Specially, it is noticed that the clock of the PRN27 is instable and the relationship between the frequency stability and residuals is at least a quadratic curve. Therefore, we suggested that GPS satellite clocks should be weighted by their quality levels in application, and the observations of the Block IIA should not be used for real-time positioning which required precision better than one meter.     

北斗首颗备份卫星性能初步分析

主要从卫星钟差预报、轨道测定精度、伪距波动情况等角度分析了I6卫星与北斗卫星导航系统（BDS）其他现役倾斜地球同步轨道（IGSO）卫星的异同,并从位置精度因子（PDOP）和格网可用性评估了I6卫星入网对BDS的贡献。利用星地双向时频传递设备观测的星地钟差数据,评估了I6卫星星载原子钟的预报性能,结果表明,I6卫星发播的卫星钟参数外推5h预报误差的均方根误差（RMS）为232ns,外推1h预报误差的RMS为073ns,与现役IGSO卫星钟差预报水平相当;对多星联合精密定轨结果分析表明,与北斗现役I3卫星相比,姿态控制方式优化后的I6卫星在地影期间的轨道精度并未发生明显衰减,克服了现有北斗二号卫星在地影期间轨道精度下降,从而影响北斗服务的连续性、可用性问题;利用大口径抛物面天线采集到的数据对I6卫星的伪距波动进行了分析,结果表明I6卫星单个观测弧段内其伪距波动峰峰差约为1m,与其他IGSO卫星一致;进行PDOP仿真计算,结果表明I6卫星的加入使得喀什地区的PDOP最大值由1282下降为726,PDOP大于6的时段所占百分比由2911%下降为1721%;对格网电离层产品实施解算,结果表明I6卫星的加入使得6个电离层格网点的可用度提升至95%以上。     

北斗D2导航电文解析和完好性性能分析

为评估北斗D2导航电文对系统空间信号完好性影响，对D2导航电文结构和内容进行研究。首先，通过基本导航信息的解析，给出了确定卫星位置和用户位置过程所需的信息和时间，并对受卫星星历和时钟影响的用户测距误差做了说明，介绍了电离层误差、对流层误差改正模型。然后，通过增强服务信息的解析，论述了完好性信息（RURA、UDRE）及格网电离层延迟的计算方法。最后给出了使用完好性信息、用户局部误差获取用户定位误差保护级的算法。     

A new stochastic model considering satellite clock interpolation errors in precise point positioning

Precise clock products are typically interpolated based on the sampling interval of the observational data when they are used for in precise point positioning. However, due to the occurrence of white noise in atomic clocks, a residual component of such noise will inevitable reside within the observations when clock errors are interpolated, and such noise will affect the resolution of the positioning results. In this paper, which is based on a twenty-one-week analysis of the atomic clock noise characteristics of numerous satellites, a new stochastic observation model that considers satellite clock interpolation errors is proposed. First, the systematic error of each satellite in the IGR clock product was extracted using a wavelet de-noising method to obtain the empirical characteristics of atomic clock noise within each clock product. Then, based on those empirical characteristics, a stochastic observation model was structured that considered the satellite clock interpolation errors. Subsequently, the IGR and IGS clock products at different time intervals were used for experimental validation. A verification using 179 stations worldwide from the IGS showed that, compared with the conventional model, the convergence times using the stochastic model proposed in this study were respectively shortened by 4.8% and 4.0% when the IGR and IGS 300-s-interval clock products were used and by 19.1% and 19.4% when the 900-s-interval clock products were used. Furthermore, the disturbances during the initial phase of the calculation were also effectively improved.