计算全马赫数下粘性流动的隐式算法

把预处理方法引入到求解三维粘性流动的Navier-Stokes方程隐式格式算法中,并应用这种方法对平板算例在层流和湍流两种不同流态下及四个不同Ma数下进行了数值模拟,计算结果与理论值及相关公式吻合,同时对比分析了有无预处理情况下的收敛性,证明了本文所采用的预处理隐式算法对于任意马赫数都是适合的,而且可以提高残差精度量级,加快收敛。     

跨声速层流翼型的混合反设计/优化设计方法

跨声速层流翼型设计须兼顾优良的超临界特性和自然层流特性,因而对设计方法提出了更高的要求。针对现有反设计方法和直接优化设计方法的不足,发展了一种适用于跨声速层流翼型的混合反设计/优化设计方法。该方法引入了基于经验的局部流场特征作为反设计目标,翼型性能指标作为直接优化设计目标,然后加权形成了混合反设计/优化设计总目标,并同时考虑了气动和几何约束。优化算法采用基于自适应并行加点技术的代理优化,流动数值模拟采用耦合基于线性稳定性理论的e^N转捩自动判定的雷诺平均Navier-Stokes（RANS）方程求解器。针对现代中短程民用客机需求,以NPU-LSC-72613翼型为基准,开展了层流翼型减阻的混合反设计/优化设计。分别将局部目标压力分布、总阻力作为反设计和直接优化设计目标,得到了较好的优化结果,验证了方法的有效性。经过2轮优化结果显示混合反设计/优化设计总目标显著下降。所设计翼型吸力面局部压力分布与目标压力分布基本一致,总阻力下降15.5%;吸力面和压力面层流范围均大于55%倍弦长,激波强度显著减弱,说明所设计翼型同时具有优良的超临界和层流特性。将所设计翼型配置到机翼上,通过三维数值模拟进行校验,结果显示所设计跨声速层流机翼升阻比提高了6.64%,在一定升力系数范围内,气动性能均有显著提高,验证了所设计跨声速层流翼型在机翼设计中的适用性。     

层流流动控制技术及应用

民机受到的摩阻占其总阻力很大比例,减少摩阻对改善民机性能和降低成本具有重要意义.层流摩阻远小于湍流摩阻,因此扩大层流区,甚至实现全层流流动是减阻的一个重要途径.为此,形成了包括自然层流流动、全层流流动和混合层流流动3种层流流动控制技术.本文从减阻分析,对3种层流流动控制技术的概念、方法、优缺点、可带来的效益,层流流动控...     

Double-decoupled inverse design of natural laminar flow nacelle under transonic conditions

The inverse design based on the pressure distribution is an essential approach to realize the improvement of Natural Laminar Flow(NLF) performance for nacelles. However, the direct definition of target pressure distribution at design point is challenging for the dilemma to consider the constraints of shock wave and laminar flow at the same time. In addition, the universality of method will be limited when the inverse design is strongly coupled with the solver. Thus, a double-decoupled methodolog...     

层流流动主/被动控制技术

摩擦阻力在民机总阻力中占很大比重,减少摩擦阻力对改善民机性能和实现绿色航空具有重要意义。层流摩擦阻力远小于湍流摩擦阻力,因此扩大层流区,甚至实现全层流流动,是减阻的一个重要途径。目前形成了自然层流流动、全层流流动和混合层流流动控制（HLFC）3种层流流动主动控制技术。本文基于减阻和流动不稳定分析,对3种控制技术的概念、方法、优缺点、可带来的效益和应用层流流动控制技术的飞机的设计方法及维护（包括预防昆虫和冰粒等污染的措施）等方面作了较为系统的阐述。概要地介绍了X21A、Jetstar、Boeing 757等飞机的HLFC飞行试验验证项目,结果表明了层流流动主动控制技术的有效性和困难性。本文也从原理到飞行试验较为系统地介绍了一种层流流动被动控制技术。     

后掠翼模型混合层流控制实验研究

利用前缘吸气和顺压梯度,在对称后掠机翼模型上,实现了混合层流控制。在连续式跨声速风洞中,研究了气流马赫数和雷诺数对转捩位置的影响,研究了前缘吸气流量及流量分配对层流控制效果的影响。实验过程中,利用壁面冷却方法,扩大了层流区和湍流区的壁面温度差,利用埋入式安装的热电偶测量了表面温度分布,确定了转捩位置和层流区范围。结果表明,前缘吸气具有良好的层流控制效果,可以使层流区范围显著扩大。前腔吸气流量对层流控制效果影响很大,后腔吸气流量影响较小。     

Experimental investigation on aero-heating of rudder shaft within laminar/turbulent hypersonic boundary layers

The aero-heating of the rudder shaft region of a hypersonic vehicle is very harsh, as the peak heat flux in this region can be even higher than that at the stagnation point. Therefore, studying the aero-heating of the rudder shaft is of great significance for designing the thermal protection system of the hypersonic vehicle. In the wind tunnel test of the aero-heating effect, we find that with the increase of the angle of attack of the lifting body model, the increasement of the heat flux of the rudder shaft is larger under laminar flow conditions than that under turbulent flow conditions. To understand this, we design a wind tunnel experiment to study the effect of laminar/turbulent hypersonic boundary layers on the heat flux of the rudder shaft under the same wind tunnel freestream conditions. The experiment is carried out in the ?2 m shock tunnel(FD-14 A) affiliated to the China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center(CARDC). The laminar boundary layer on the model is triggered to a turbulent one by using vortex generators, which are 2 mm-high diamonds. The aero-heating of the rudder shaft(with the rudder) and the protuberance(without the rudder) are studied in both hypersonic laminar and turbulent boundary layers under the same freestream condition. The nominal Mach numbers are 10 and 12, and the unit Reynolds numbers are2.4 × 10~6 m~(-1) and 2.1 × 10~6 m-1. The angle of attack of the model is 20°, and the deflection angle of the rudder and the protuberance is 10°. The heat flux on the model surface is measured by thin film heat flux sensors, and the heat flux distribution along the center line of the lifting body model suggests that forced transition is achieved in the upstream of the rudder. The test results of the rudder shaft and the protuberance show that the heat flux of the rudder shaft is lower in the turbulent flow than that in the laminar flow, but the heat flux of the protuberance is the other way around,i.e., lower in the laminar flow than in the turbulent flow. The wind tunnel test results is also validated by numerical simulations. Our analysis suggests that this phenomenon is due to the difference of boundary layer velocities caused by different thickness of boundary layer between laminar and turbulent flows, as well as the restricted flow within the rudder gap. When the turbulent boundary layer is more than three times thicker than that of the laminar boundary layer, the heat flux of the rudder shaft under the laminar flow condition is higher than that under the turbulent flow condition. Discovery of this phenomenon has great importance for guiding the design of the thermal protection system for the rudder shaft of hypersonic vehicles.     

HLFC后掠翼优化设计的若干问题

使用扩展自由变形参数化方法,基于径向基函数的动网格技术和改进的混合粒子群算法,考虑吸气的e^N转捩预测方法和雷诺平均Navier-Stokes求解器,搭建了针对混合层流流动控制（HLFC）后掠翼的优化设计平台,对HLFC后掠翼的气动外形设计、雷诺数影响、吸气分布设计等多个问题进行了研究,对比分析了在这些因素影响下HLFC后掠翼的阻力系数和层流区长度的差别,进而探索了相应的设计准则。研究表明,对于层流区较长和阻力系数较小的HLFC后掠翼来说,它们上表面的压力分布具有共同的特征：头部峰值较低,之后有一个小的逆压,接下来是一段较长的均匀稳定的顺压,这段顺压最后终结于一道激波。应用HLFC技术后,通过实现大面积的层流区,机翼的摩擦阻力和压差阻力均可显著地降低,降低的幅度远大于不考虑层流控制的设计结果。同时,HLFC机翼的设计应综合考虑摩擦阻力、压差阻力、激波强度和配平阻力（低头力矩）,层流区最长不一定意味着阻力最小。一般来说,雷诺数越高,越难维持层流,但应用混合层流控制技术后,即使在难以实现自然层流的高雷诺数下,HLFC机翼依然有较长的层流区。通过对吸气分布的设计进行研究,说明了非均匀吸气比均匀吸气要更有效率一些,能够节省吸气量。     

分形树状通道换热器内的流动换热特性

建立了分形树状通道换热器中层流流动与传热的三维稳态模型,采用流固耦合计算方法对入口水力直径为4mm的矩形截面树状通道内流动换热进行了数值模拟,重点研究了分叉效应对传热的强化机理和换热器受热面的温度分布。研究结果表明:分叉处形成的二次流能有效地强化换热;与传统的蛇形通道相比,分形树状通道换热器具有温度均匀性好、压降小的明显优势。在相同入口雷诺数时,分形树状通道换热器受热面的最大温差远小于蛇形通道换热器,另外,分形树状通道的层流流动压降较之蛇形流道可减小50%以上。同时,加工了分形树状通道换热器及蛇形通道换热器各一套,对数值模拟结果进行了实验验证。实验值与模拟值能较好地吻合,证明了所建流动换热三维数值模型正确可信。     

民机自然层流机翼研究进展

新世纪航空市场对能耗、噪音等限制性要求继续加强,新一代民用飞机需要在气动减阻方面取得重大突破,自然层流机翼技术成为研究热点.总结了层流技术类别,回顾了自然层流机翼的主要研究历程,介绍了当前正在开展的欧洲TELFONA计划和美国ERA计划中的自然层流机翼的研究进展,概述了自然层流机翼应用情况和自然层流短舱,分析了自然层流机翼的实际应用难题,展望了自然层流技术在新一代民用飞机中的应用.     

超临界自然层流机翼设计及基于TSP技术的边界层转捩风洞试验

为了实现绿色航空节能减排的目标,层流设计技术成为飞行器设计者的研究热点。对于跨声速客机而言,超临界自然层流机翼设计技术将显著减小飞行阻力,提升气动性能,减少燃油消耗和污染物排放。首先,基于高精度边界层转捩预测技术耦合翼型优化设计系统,实现超临界自然层流翼型设计;经过合理的翼型配置,形成超临界自然层流机翼。转捩数值模拟分析结果表明,超临界自然层流机翼的层流流动特性良好。然后,以比例为1：10.4的试验模型在荷兰高速低湍流度风洞进行边界层转捩风洞试验,使用温度敏感材料涂层（TSP）技术拍照获得机翼表面在不同马赫数、雷诺数和迎角工况下的层流-湍流分布。最后,通过超临界自然层流机翼边界层转捩试验结果,探讨了该类型机翼的转捩特性随来流参数的变化规律,总结了超临界自然层流机翼设计的关键因素。此外,该模型也可用来验证边界层转捩预测技术在超临界、高雷诺数工况下的预测精度。     

适用于混合网格的约束最小二乘重构方法

为强化边界条件对计算流体力学(CFD)计算中流场重构过程的影响,基于三维任意多面体混合网格,对一种约束最小二乘法进行了研究。通过对不同边界类型的透明化处理,统一了约束方程组的形式,从而简化了该方法的应用。为了充分吸收消去法和加权法各自求解约束方程组的优点,提出了混合采用两种方法的思路。针对层流平板研究了加权法中加权系数如何取值问题,数值实验表明加权系数取到5基本已经足够大。最后通过亚声速层流平板和跨声速湍流ONERA-M6算例对比了混合法、加权法与原始最小二乘法,计算结果表明:约束最小二乘法相比原始最小二乘法的流场重构更加准确,特别是对边界质量较差网格的计算优势更为突出;混合消去加权法相比单独采用加权法的计算结果也有所改善。     

转捩模式与转捩准则预测高超声速边界层流动

对原始的k-ω-γ转捩模式和"层流+转捩准则"模型进行了改进,在2种方法中分别增加了横流模态时间尺度和横流转捩准则用于预测横流失稳诱导转捩。通过对网格预处理可并行计算获得边界层外缘信息以及边界层内横流速度。采用不同雷诺数条件下的0°攻角尖锥以及HIFiRE-5外形对2种方法预测高超声速边界层转捩的性能进行了比较分析。研究结果表明,2种方法均能正确反映高超声速边界层转捩起始位置和转捩区长度随雷诺数的变化趋势,但不能捕捉转捩区热流峰值;"层流+转捩准则"模型计算得到的传热系数在全湍流区较k-ω-γ转捩模式偏高。对于同时存在流向不稳定和横流不稳定的HIFiRE-5外形,改进的k-ω-γ转捩模式和改进的"层流+转捩准则"模型相比于原始的模型均能更加准确地预测中心线两侧横流失稳诱导形成的转捩;对于中心线附近因速度剖面拐点引起的边界层转捩,"层流+转捩准则"模型由于与边界层厚度相关,预测得到的转捩位置较试验结果靠前,k-ω-γ转捩模式与试验结果吻合很好。     

喷注壁面楔状流层流边界层速度与温度相似解

建立了壁面有喷注的楔状流层流边界层冷却数学模型,求解经相似变换得到的描述无量纲流函数和无量纲温度的常微分方程,获得了楔状流层流边界层无量纲速度和温度的相似解,给出了考虑壁面喷注边界条件的形式简洁、物理意义明确的无量纲流函数拟合式;用Runge-Kutta法求解无量纲速度与温度的常微分方程,获得了壁面有喷注的楔状流层流边界层无量纲速度和温度随楔形角、吹风参数、冷却介质温度的变化规律.通过计算0°,18°和36°楔形角的楔状流层流边界冷却速度与温度分布得到以下结论:楔状流速度边界层和温度边界层厚度都随楔形角的增大而变小,随着吹风参数的增大而增大;当冷却介质温度越低、吹风参数越小、楔形角越大时,靠近壁面处楔状流层流边界层内温度梯度越大.      

不同雷诺数下翼型气动特性及层流分离现象演化

低雷诺数下空气黏性效应突出,翼型表面普遍存在层流分离现象,相比常规雷诺数情况气动特性显著恶化。采用带预处理的Roe方法求解非定常可压缩Navier-Stokes方程的数值模拟技术和低雷诺数低湍流度风洞油流显示试验技术,对FX63-137翼型不同雷诺数下气动特性和流动结构展开深入研究。通过风洞油流显示试验可以清晰获得低雷诺数层流分离流动的两道油流汇集线。数值模拟结果表明其分别为时均化主分离线和二次分离线,两种结果定性定量均吻合较好,证明了本文的研究方法有效可靠;雷诺数从500 000降至20 000,翼型气动特性和层流分离流动结构均发生显著的变化,伴随阻力系数剧增和升力系数剧降,时均化流动结构从附体至出现经典的长层流分离泡,并最终演化为后缘层流分离泡,相应的两种分离泡的非定常流动结构也存在显著差异;对于阻力系数和升力系数而言,存在不同的临界雷诺数,因为导致阻力系数剧增的机理在于经典长层流分离泡的产生使翼型压差阻力大增,而造成升力系数剧降的主要原因在于后缘层流分离泡使得等效翼型后部弯度减小;非定常结果显示正是由于翼型表面漩涡周期性的生成与脱落,才造成了低雷诺数下升力系数的周期性波动。翼型上表面主分离涡即将脱落时,流线在后缘附近再附,升力系数达到峰值;而当流体从下表面向上卷起二次分离涡时,尾部流线大尺度分离,升力系数降至谷值。     

氢气/氧气/稀释气混合气高温高压下层流燃烧速度的测量

利用定容燃烧弹和高速纹影摄像系统,研究了高温高压条件下,不同稀释气和稀释系数对氢气/氧气/稀释气混合气层流燃烧速度的影响,获得了当量比为0.6~4.0,初始压力为0.1~0.5MPa,稀释系数为4~8的氢气/氧气/稀释气混合气的层流燃烧速度,并对其进行了数值模拟。实验和模拟均发现,在当量比小于1.0和大于3.0的范围内,层流燃烧速度均随初始压力升高而降低。而在当量比为1.0~3.0范围内,层流燃烧速度随初始压力升高呈现非单调变化的规律。通过敏感性分析发现三体反应（R15）在氮气作为稀释气的时候是抑制反应,而在氩气和氦气作为稀释气时是促进反应,主要是由于各稀释气热物性不同引起的。在当量比为1.0~3.0范围内,层流燃烧速度随初始压力升高呈现的非单调变化主要是链分支反应R1和链终止反应R15相互竞争的结果。      

Transition prediction and sensitivity analysis for a natural laminar flow wing glove flight experiment

Natural laminar flow technology can significantly reduce aircraft aerodynamic drag and has excellent technical appeal for transport aircraft development with high aerodynamic efficiency. Accurately and efficiently predicting the laminar-to-turbulent transition and revealing the maintenance mechanism of laminar flow in a transport aircraft’s flight environment are significant for developing natural laminar flow wings. In this research, we carry out natural laminar flow flight experiments with different Reynolds numbers and angles of attack. The critical N-factor is calibrated as 9.0 using flight experimental data and linear stability theory from a statistical perspective, which makes sure that the relative error of transition location is within 5%. We then implement a simplified e^N transition prediction method with a similar accuracy compared with linear stability theory. We compute the sensitivity information for the simplified e^N method with an adjoint-based method, using the automatic differentiation technique (ADjoint). The impact of Reynolds numbers and pressure distributions on TS waves is analyzed using the sensitivity information. Through the sensitivity analysis, we find that: favorable pressure gradients not only suppress the development of TS waves but also decrease their sensitivity to Reynolds numbers; there exist three special regions which are very sensitive to the pressure distribution, and the sensitivity decreases as the local favorable pressure gradient increases. The proposed sensitivity analysis method enables robust natural laminar flow wings design.     

An investigation of surfactant and enzyme formulations for the alleviation of insect contamination on Hybrid Laminar Flow Control (HLFC) surfaces

Hybrid Laminar Flow Control (HLFC) is an active drag reduction technique that requires a small amount of air to be sucked through a porous skin surface, thus stabilising the boundary layer and permitting extended laminar flow along the wing surface. Contamination of the laminar flow surfaces by insects is a major concern for this technology. An overview of insect contamination and mitigating solutions is provided as background to research undertaken. The paper reports on an experimental investigation into the potential use of surfactants and enzymes as additives to contamination alleviation fluids. It was demonstrated that both approaches have merit. It is concluded that the use of fluorosurfactant containing solutions is preferable to enzyme borne solutions, partly due to the need to control the temperature of the enzyme solution.     

电离空气平衡边界层

本文绘出了电离空气层流和湍流边界层方程的一种相对简单又比较精确的解法,用本方法得到的电离空气驻点与非驻点层流及湍流热流与先前的实验与理论结果符合得很好。     

圆截面曲线管道内二次流动的Galerkin解

本文推导了曲线直角坐标系内的Ｎ－Ｓ方程。结果表明Ｇａｌｅｒｋｉｎ方法可以克服摄动法的小参数局限，得到了纯数值法无法求得的增 解析解。