电离层顶部电子含量对GNSS电离层层析的影响分析

卫星信号射线上的总电子含量(slant total electron content, STEC)是像素基全球卫星导航系统电离层层析(computerized ionospheric tomography, CIT)建模的必要数据来源，但电离层层析通常忽略1 000 km以上的顶部电子含量，为弄清这部分电子含量对层析结果的影响，利用NeQuick2模型计算站星视线上的STEC与其在电离层区域内的STEC比值来改正原始数据，并分别利用改正前后的STEC进行电离层层析。结果显示，电离层顶部电子含量占比约为10%，白天占比略大于黑夜，与测高仪站的数据相比，改正后的均方根值比改正前提高了20%以上；与Swarm卫星提供的电子剖面数据对比，改正后的层析结果精度较改正前提升了19.6%左右，且该方法受地磁扰动影响较为明显。总的来说，利用CIT进行小尺度电离层探测，可较直观地看出，顶部电子含量对层析结果的影响较大，需要采取相应手段予以剔除。     

基于DOA-BP神经网络的电离层TEC短期预测

影响全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）所需导航性能（RNP）的最大误差源之一是电离层延迟,该延迟与电离层总电子含量（TEC）成正比,因此TEC的准确预测直接影响到GNSS的RNP。探索性地使用2021年提出的澳洲野犬优化算法（DOA）优化反向传播（BP）神经网络,构建DOA-BP神经网络TEC短期预测模型,以欧洲定轨中心（CODE）提供的电离层TEC值作为数据集,训练、测试DOA-BP TEC短期预测模型,实现全球范围和中国区域不同电离层格网点处TEC值的高精度短期预测,并将预测结果分别与传统BP神经网络模型、麻雀搜索算法（SSA）优化的BP神经网络模型（SSA-BP）预测的TEC值进行对比分析,结果表明,相较传统BP模型,DOA-BP模型的TEC预测精度明显提高,且相比其他优化模型（如SSA-BP模型）,预测的TEC精度也占一定优势,能准确反映全球不同时空下电离层TEC的变化特征,可作为电离层TEC短期预测的一种新方法。     

USB测距电离层延迟误差分析

在微波统一测控系统中，地面对航天器的跟踪主要是通过无线电波传播来完成。电波在穿过电离层时，其传播速度和角度都要发生变化，从而影响外测精度。载波相位在电离层中以相速度传播，而调制信号以群速度传播。根据群速度和相速度的关系，对统一S波段测控系统（USB）测距测速数据进行分析处理，从而提出了测距的电离层延迟误差的分析方法。     

HOI延迟对LEO卫星简化动力学POD的影响

通常使用无电离层(IF)线性组合(LC)消除低地球轨道(LEO)卫星简化动力学精密定轨(POD)一阶电离层延迟误差,忽略了高阶电离层(HOI)延迟误差。随着LEO卫星POD技术的发展,计算不同轨道高度的HOI延迟并探索其变化已成为进一步提高POD精度的重要手段。首先,使用国际参考电离层-2016(IRI-2016)和国际地磁参考场第13代(IGRF-13)模型,计算电离层穿刺点(IPP)位置和地磁场强度。其次,使用平滑星载GNSS数据计算电离层斜路径总电子含量(STEC)。然后,分别计算GOCE、GRACE-A和SWARM-A/B卫星的二阶和三阶电离层延迟。最后,评估了HOI延迟对LEO卫星重叠轨道分析、卫星激光测距(SLR)检核和精密科学轨道(PSO)比较结果的影响。实验结果表明：HOI延迟对LEO卫星简化动力学POD的影响大约在毫米至厘米的数量级上;HOI延迟对LEO卫星简化动力学POD外符合精度的影响分别达到0.92,0.22,0.21和0.18 mm;随着LEO卫星轨道高度的增加,HOI延迟对LEO卫星简化动力学POD的影响减小。     

高超声速电离绕流的数值模拟

本文从三维N－S方程出发，采用稳式L－U分解算法和7组分15个反应的化学模型，数值模拟高超声速电离空气绕流。首先采用对称TVD格式、AUSMPW＋格式和Van Leer的矢通量分裂格式计算了高超声速球头绕流，并对它们的计算结果做了对比分析。然后用前两种格式，对RAM－C飞行试验模型三个再入高度（81km、71km、61km）的流场进行了数值模拟，计算的流场电子数密度值和试验测量数据符合较好。     

基于ADRC迭代学习控制的四旋翼无人机姿态控制

针对农用无人机超低空表型遥感和喷药精准悬停易受地效扰动问题，提出了一种自适应ADRC姿态控制器。首先设计了基于ADRC的姿态控制器，结合四旋翼无人机平台在0.9~1.1、1.1~1.3、1.4~1.6、2.0~2.4、2.5~2.9、3.3~3.6 m/s侧向水平风、0.9~1.1 m/s （11°）、1.1~1.3 m/s （13°）、1.4~1.6 m/s （18°）、1.8~2.0 m/s （18°）、2.1~2.5 m/s （18°）前俯向风和侧俯向风下进行干扰的预测和控制量的补偿实验。实验结果显示使用ADRC姿态控制器后无人机抗风性能有较大提升。然而在存在初始误差时，ADRC固定带宽无法满足要求，进一步设计了自适应ADRC姿态控制器（ILC-ADRC）。通过迭代学习控制在线优化自抗扰控制器带宽，实现了不同增益观测器的自适应整定。实验结合四旋翼无人机平台分别进行了机头实际方向与期望方向偏离55°、90°、180°，水平风速1.1~1.3、1.4~1.6、2.0~2.4、2.5~2.9 m/s下使用ADRC和ILC-ADRC的对比。实验结果显示采用ILC-ADRC姿态控制器，在150次控制周期内，偏航角误差均在-15°~15°之间，满足四旋翼无人机偏航角控制精度要求，同时调节时间分别缩短了40%，16.67%，12.5%，53.33%，10.34%，13.95%，27.27%，58.66%，11.86%。     

基于月球借力的低能DRO入轨策略

在地月空间的远距离逆行轨道（DRO）部署月球轨道站可显著降低月球开发成本,并可作为未来小行星探测和载人火星任务的跳板。月球轨道站的在轨建造和货物补给任务中,提高航天器入轨质量是重要问题。从地球至DRO的转移轨道可以采用弱稳定边界（WSB）转移轨道降低入轨脉冲,但是直接抵达WSB需要较高的火箭发射脉冲。研究了基于月球借力的弱稳定边界DRO入轨策略,首先通过“近月点庞加莱图”和“v无穷匹配”获得较好的轨道初值,接着采用“多步打靶”在星历下对转移轨道进行修正,上述方法有效提高了该类型转移轨道的计算效率。对于共振比2∶1的DRO轨道,总脉冲最优解的地球发射脉冲3.127 km/s（与直接抵达WSB相比降低60～70 m/s）,飞行总时间102.88 d,DRO入轨脉冲仅需66.1 m/s。     

有关飞行计划处理系统（FDPS）建设若干问题的探讨

飞行计划处理是指空中交通管制部门对飞行计划的输入、飞行计划的补充、飞行进程单的产生等进行处理。早期的飞行计划数据处理是基于空中交通管制员的手工操作和大脑记忆。随着计算机技术和数据库技术的发展，在空中交通管制领域中已逐步应用计算机技术和数据库技术对飞行计划的输入、飞行计划的补充、飞行动态的显示、飞行进程单和（或）电子数据显示（ED）信息的产生、与雷达数据处理系统（RDPS）的相关以及与这些数据有关的任何信息的处理。即使是多部雷达联网，雷达的探测范围总是有限的，在雷达能探测到飞机之前，管制员借助飞行计…     

基于BP神经网络的GNSS-R海面风速反演

针对GNSS-R进行海面风速反演过程中时频域相关物理量较多，数据耦合性强等问题，提出了基于反向传播（BP）神经网络反演海面风速的方法。建立反演过程中相关观测量与风速的对应关系，选取多观测量作为输入，对输入数据进行处理，设置神经元与激励函数，使用BP神经网络自适应调整拟合参数，将风速作为神经网络输出端的特征量提取。反演结果，风速≤ 20 m/s时，反演均方根误差RMSE=1.21 m/s，风速>20 m/s时反演均方根误差RMSE=2.54 m/s，反演结果优于使用时延相关曲线前沿斜率（LES）和时延多普勒相关功率均值（DDMA）方法得到的反演结果，且迭代次数较少，复杂度较低，证明该方法可以应用于GNSS-R海面风速反演。     

CNI相对导航中高度观测量的应用

通讯、导航、识别综合系统在时分多址通讯的基础上可实现无源测距,配备适宜的软件便可完成相对导航功能。许多研究表明,采用广义卡尔曼滤波器可以较好地估计出成员的相对位置。 实际运用时,成员在水平面上（xoy）分布很广（半径500km）,而在高度方向上则分布于狭小的区域内（20km左右）。这样的分布使得卡尔曼滤波器高度估计误差较大（几百米）。引入高度测量数据可减小高度估计误差,高度数据由机载膜盒式气压高度表提供。     

Polar ionospheric disturbance effects on NNSS satellite positioning

From the analysis of the United States Navy navigation satellite system (NNSS) positioning data of about 10000 passes, it is clearly found that polar ionospheric disturbance affects the positioning. The positioning error increases with increasing geomagnetic disturbance level (local K-index), and the pass number of position fixes decreases by one or two per day when the K-index is large. These effects may arise from the spatial gradients of electron density and/or the radio wave scattering due to well-developed ionospheric irregularities inherent to the disturbed auroral ionosphere     

Theoretical models of ionospheric storms

Summary Precipitations of soft particles at the polar region will enhance the electron density in the oval shaped region surrounding the pole and their effects are marked at winter night.Reduction in the electron density in the sunlit polar region and at the trough may be caused by polar atmospheric heating through two processes; one is the increased chemical reaction coefficients controlling the loss rate of electron density and the other is the decrease in atmospheric density ratio O/N₂ near the turbopause caused by enhanced mixing by atmospheric gravity waves or by convective motion of the upper atmosphere.Positive disturbances of the ionosphere appearing in the evening or around noon at mid-latitudes on the storm developing stage, may be caused by equatorward meridional wind arising from a pressure gradient in the upper atmosphere, though the effects of electric fields cannot be ruled out.The Dst part of ionospheric storms persisting over several days may be caused by changes in atmospheric composition arising from global convective motion of the upper atmosphere.Equatorial ionospheric storms are probably caused by changes in east-west electric fields in the equatorial ionosphere arising probably from disturbance electric currents flowing at the polar region.     

Second-Order Effects on VHF Geostationary Satellite Ranging and Range Correction Systems

If accurate first-order corrections for ionospheric delay are applied to VHF ranging signals, the second-order terms become dominant. Only with abnormally large values of ionospheric electron content do the second-order terms lead to serious errors, however. Since these terms can be estimated to within 10 percent, further correction can lead to very small position errors.     

Ionospheric and thermospheric responses during August 1972 storms — A review

Various reports of ionospheric responses during the August 1972 storm events are reviewed with respect to the phenomena in three major world sectors, N-S America, Afro-Europe, and Austro-Asia, in order to have a global picture. Emphasized highlights are (1) extensive investigation of the sudden increase of the total electron content estimated from Faraday-rotation measurements of satellite signals; (2) a dramatic upward surge above 300 km altitude, soon after a flare, measured by the Millstone Hill incoherent scatter radar; (3) electron density profiles, electric fields and conductivities, and neutral winds, at the time of the geomagnetic storm sudden commencement and during the succeeding storms, measured by the Chatanika incoherent scatter radar; and, (4) approximately 2.5-h oscillatory F2 density variations in Eastern Asia during the F2 storm main phase. To show temporal variations of the latitudinal distributions of storm-time F2 electron densities, in three longitudinal sectors separated about 60° longitude each, newly investigated results of the F2 hourly data at 35 stations in the Asia-Australia-Pacific sector are then exhibited. Finally, current theories or at least theoretical ideas of ionospheric storm mechanisms are briefly introduced, and a few remarks on the August events in the light of those theories are presented.     

A Review of Low Frequency Electromagnetic Wave Phenomena Related to Tropospheric-Ionospheric Coupling Mechanisms

Investigation of coupling mechanisms between the troposphere and the ionosphere requires a multidisciplinary approach involving several branches of atmospheric sciences, from meteorology, atmospheric chemistry, and fulminology to aeronomy, plasma physics, and space weather. In this work, we review low frequency electromagnetic wave observations in the Earth-ionosphere cavity from a troposphere-ionosphere coupling perspective. We discuss electromagnetic wave generation, propagation, and resonance phenomena, considering atmospheric, ionospheric and magnetospheric sources, from lightning and transient luminous events at low altitude to Alfvén waves and particle precipitation related to solar and magnetospheric processes. We review ionospheric processes as well as surface and space weather phenomena that drive the coupling between the troposphere and the ionosphere. Effects of aerosols, water vapor distribution, thermodynamic parameters, and cloud charge separation and electrification processes on atmospheric electricity and electromagnetic waves are reviewed. Regarding the role of the lower boundary of the cavity, we review transient surface phenomena, including seismic activity, earthquakes, volcanic processes and dust electrification. The role of surface perturbations and atmospheric gravity waves in ionospheric dynamics is also briefly addressed. We summarize analytical and numerical tools and techniques to model low frequency electromagnetic wave propagation and to solve inverse problems and outline in a final section a few challenging subjects that are important to advance our understanding of tropospheric-ionospheric coupling.     

Ion Acceleration and Outflow from Mars and Venus: An Overview

Solar wind forcing of Mars and Venus results in outflow and escape of ionospheric ions. Observations show that the replenishment of ionospheric ions starts in the dayside at low altitudes (??300?C800 km), ions moving at a low velocity (5?C10 km/s) in the direction of the external/ magnetosheath flow. At high altitudes, in the inner magnetosheath and in the central tail, ions may be accelerated up to keV energies. However, the dominating energization and outflow process, applicable for the inner magnetosphere of Mars and Venus, leads to outflow at energies ??5?C20 eV. The aim of this overview is to analyze ion acceleration processes associated with the outflow and escape of ionospheric ions from Mars and Venus. Qualitatively, ion acceleration may be divided in two categories:

1. Modest ion acceleration, leading to bulk outflow and/or return flow (circulation).
2. Acceleration to well over escape velocity, up into the keV range.

In the first category we find a processes denoted ??planetary wind??, the result of e.g. ambipolar diffusion, wave enhanced planetary wind, and mass-loaded ion pickup. In the second category we find ion pickup, current sheet acceleration, wave acceleration, and parallel electric fields, the latter above Martian crustal magnetic field regions. Both categories involve mass loading. Highly mass-loaded ion energization may lead to a low-velocity bulk flow??A consequence of energy and momentum conservation. It is therefore not self-evident what group, or what processes are connected with the low-energy outflow of ionospheric ions from Mars. Experimental and theoretical findings on ionospheric ion acceleration and outflow from Mars and Venus are discussed in this report.     

The Multi-Needle Langmuir Probe System on Board NorSat-1

On July 14th, 2017, the first Norwegian scientific satellite NorSat-1 was launched into a high-inclination (98^°), low-Earth orbit (600 km altitude) from Baikonur, Kazakhstan. As part of the payload package, NorSat-1 carries the multi-needle Langmuir probe (m-NLP) instrument which is capable of sampling the electron density at a rate up to 1 kHz, thus offering an unprecedented opportunity to continuously resolve ionospheric plasma density structures down to a few meters. Over the coming years, NorSat-1 will cross the equatorial and polar regions twice every 90 minutes, providing a wealth of data that will help to better understand the mechanisms that dissipate energy input from larger spatial scales by creating small-scale plasma density structures within the ionosphere. In this paper we describe the m-NLP system on board NorSat-1 and present some first results from the instrument commissioning phase. We show that the m-NLP instrument performs as expected and highlight its unique capabilities at resolving small-scale ionospheric plasma density structures.