探测器垂直击中月球的轨道设计

本文讨论了探测器从低高度圆形地球停泊轨道入轨点出发、在停泊轨道上滑行一段后、沿速度方向加速进入登月轨道、自由飞行击中月球的轨道设计．在着月的速度、角度、时间、区域、停泊轨道和能量限制等约束下,首先借助二体、双二体理论,不仅提供了轨道初值的近似值,而且说明了轨道的特性．然后利用广义限制性四体动力学模型,进行3点边值搜索,得到高精度的探测器轨道．     

全星历模型下拟Halo轨道设计

本文给出了全星历模型下适用于地月系统和日地系统的拟Halo轨道的设计方法。设计过程以限制三体模型下Halo轨道作为初值并以多点并行打靶法求解全星历模型下拟Halo轨道。采用多点并行打靶法中给出了一类新的可行约束条件,在数值仿真算例中,地月和日地系统L2点附近4圈目标拟Halo轨道均在分钟量级时间内收敛,表明了算法的有效性。     

给定条件下直接命中月球轨道计算方法

在给定飞行时间、着月时间、着月入射角及停泊轨道等约束条件下，建立飞月轨道数学模型；采用可变容差多面体算法及罚函数方法进行二点边值搜索，借助双二体理论近似确定迭代初始条件，得到满足要求直接命中月球的飞月轨道。     

基于轨道任务几何的"嫦娥五号"采样区选择

"嫦娥五号"(Chang'E-5,CE-5)任务飞行过程复杂、约束条件多,采样区域的选择与轨道设计密不可分.首次提出了基于轨道任务几何的采样区选择方法,以确保探测器任务时序安排紧凑、推进剂消耗少、发射窗口适应范围广、发射机会最多、并满足各个分系统要求.首先给出了工程实施代价最小的可行采样区范围,再综合考虑采样区的地形安...     

美工业空间设施计划概要

1.工业空间设施(ISF) ①由航天飞机发射并提供服务;②永久设置在近地轨道上;③有人照料自动操作;④模块化设计。2.空间设施的应用①制造设施,②装配平台,③试验台,④实验室,⑤电源,⑥存贮设备。3.设计开发途径①充分利用航天飞机的能力,②最大限度地利用经过鉴定的商用设备和技术,③为用户提供优先级别最高的资源,④通过一次发射实现完全工作状态,⑤采用模块化设计以便于在轨服务,⑥允许工作能力不断增     

载人登月应急返回轨道倾角优化设计

针对载人登月短期全球访问任务,月面上升过程存在上升舱与返回舱异面交会问题。以减小调面机动燃料消耗为目标,利用三垂线定理给出上升轨道与目标轨道的最小平面夹角（楔角）求解公式,考虑应急返回任务需求,以降低整个任务期间最坏的平面夹角为目标,给出全月面到达着陆轨道与上升轨道倾角求解方法。仿真结果表明,所提方法计算简单,精度高,可为载人登月任务设计和分析提供参考。     

再入动力学的性质及其在轨迹优化中的应用

考虑具有终端约束和过程约束的探月返回飞行器再入轨迹设计问题,通过将性能指标泛函定义为再入终端位置误差的平方和,再入轨迹设计问题转化为具有过程约束和状态方程约束的优化问题.首先仅考虑状态方程约束,利用最大值原理,得到该优化问题的必要条件,选取间接法中的共轭梯度算法求解最优控制量.进而针对轨迹约束问题,研究了再入过载和轨道飞行段飞行距离与航迹角以及倾侧角的关系,在此基础上,提出了采用调整初始倾侧角序列的方法实现过程约束.该算法克服了罚函数方法中需要调节参数较多的问题,并且物理意义明确,实现简单.最后,给出了Apollo再入轨迹优化的数值仿真算例,验证了所给出算法的有效性.     

月球极轨探测器轨道方案设计

首先介绍了一种当前技术较为先进的奔月转移轨道方案－定相环形轨移轨道，指出了其优缺点及可行的轨道修正方案，然后确定了对月观测型探测器轨道设计原则，并采用定相环形奔月转移轨道，从总体方案的角度给出了一个月球探测器轨道设计方案，提出了具体的设计与分析方法，最后以某月球探测器为例进行了计算，给出了设计结果。     

日本计划于1997年发射月球探测器-A

作为１９９７年８月发射月球探测器－Ａ计划的重要一步，日本宇宙与航空科学研究所（ＩＳＡＳ）将于１９９４年１２月初进行一次重要试验，即从悬停在海滩上空５００米高的一架直升机的专门发射架上将似铅笔形状的探测器打入沙土里。日本的月球探测器－Ａ将是美国阿波罗登月飞船于１９７２年离开月球后的第一个再次到达月球表面的登月探测器。日本的月球探测器－Ａ由绕月球飞行的轨道飞行器和３台测量月球地震活动的月震仪所组成。参加月球探测器－Ａ计划的ＩＳＡＳ工程师ＴａｋａｓｈｉＮａｋａｊｉｍａ在１９９４年１０月１１日的国际航空…     

基于多目标遗传算法的太阳高纬探测器轨道设计

针对太阳高纬度探测器轨道设计任务要求, 研究了基于多目标遗传算法的小推力借力飞行轨道设计方法. 基于圆锥曲线拼接假设, 将探测器轨道分为小推力日心转移轨道段和木星借力飞行轨道段两部分. 在日心转移轨道段, 选择燃料最省为优化目标, 采用标称轨道法设计小推力的推力控制率. 在借力飞行轨道段, 选择借力后日心轨道倾角为优化目标, 对借力飞行的关键参数进行分析. 采用多目标遗传算法对该多目标进行了优化. 结果表明, 多目标遗传算法可以有效地解决轨道设计中的多目标优化问题. 优化得到的小推力控制率不仅可以节省发射能量, 还可以保证借力飞行后探测器能够进入太阳高纬度探测轨道.      

In situ Lunar Orientation Measurement (ILOM): Simulation of observation

The measurement of the rotation of the Moon is one of the key techniques to get the information of the internal structure. For this purpose, we proposed a small telescope experiment on the surface of the Moon in which motion of stars are utilized for the estimation of the rotation parameter. This paper describes results of simulation of observation, in which star trajectories observed are decomposed to librations, polar motion, and the precession and the amplitude and phase of each component are estimated. The standard deviation of the parameter estimation becomes nearly 1 ms of arc, which will be better than the Lunar Laser Ranging observation. From the viewpoints of accuracy of observation, thermal condition, and electric power generation, the instrument should be placed where the much sunshine is achieved on the lunar polar region.     

月球表面元素含量的定量分析方法

综合了月球元素定量研究在探测手段和定量方法等方面取得的最新进展。在探测手段方面,介绍了美国最近发射的克莱门汀和月球勘探者探测器使用的多谱段成像仪、中子探测仪以及γ谱仪的主要性能,在定量方法方面,讨论Fe、Ti以及稀土元素等在定量方法上的进展。     

月面巡视探测器动力学建模

动力学模型是研究星球探测车运动的基础。以某月面巡视探测器原理样机为背景,建立了其动力学模型,并进行了数值仿真分析。在说明月壤机械特性的基础上,结合地面车辆力学的知识,分析了松散月壤上刚性车轮的受力,考虑了主动驱动和被动驱动的情形,利用数学拟合的方法得到了满足工程要求的简化模型。在一定假设条件下,以牛顿欧拉法建立了三自由度整车动力学模型,建模时同时考虑了驱动和转向的相互影响。最后,数值仿真结果定性地验证了月面巡视探测器动力学模型的正确性。     

Some qualitative manifestations of the physical libration of the Moon by observing stars from the lunar surface

Targets and problems of the future Japanese project ILOM (In situ Lunar Orientation Measurement), which is planned to be realized as one kind of observations of lunar rotation at the second stage of SELENE-2 mission, are briefly described in the article. Inverse problem of lunar physical libration is formulated and solved. Accuracy of libration angles depending on accuracy of measuring selenographic coordinates is estimated. It is shown that selenographic coordinates of polar stars are insensitive to longitudinal librations τ(t). Comparing coordinates calculated for two models of a rigid and deformable Moon is carried out and components sensitive to Love number k₂ and to anelastic time delay are revealed.     

An ion analyzer for the lunar surface with E-parallel–B

We present a novel instrument concept to measure the energy and mass spectra of ions incident on the lunar surface, based on the E-parallel–B or Thomson-parabola device used extensively as a diagnostic in the plasma fusion community. The Apollo-era Suprathermal Ion Detector Experiment (SIDE) was the first instrument package to perform in-situ measurements of ions incident on the lunar surface. The ions can originate from a variety of sources, including the solar wind, the Earth’s magnetotail, and photoionization of the thin lunar atmosphere. The species and energy distribution of ions arriving at the lunar surface depend in a complicated and poorly-understood fashion on the phase of the lunar day, the position of the Moon with respect to the Earth, and on the local plasma environment.     

The lunar dust pendulum

An analytic model for the motion of a positively charged lunar dust grain in the presence of a shadowed crater at a negative potential in vacuum is presented. It is shown that the dust grain executes oscillatory trajectories, and an expression is derived for the period of oscillation. Simulations used to verify the analytic expression also show that because the trajectories are unstable, dust grains are either ejected from the crater’s vicinity or deposited into the crater forming “dust ponds.” The model also applies to other airless bodies in the solar system, such as asteroids, and predicts that under certain conditions, particularly near lunar sunset, oscillating dust “canopies” or “swarms” will form over negatively charged craters.     

月尘环境效应及地面模拟技术

介绍了月球尘的特点及其对探月活动的影响。在分析月球尘环境及其对月面探测器污染、磨损、阻塞、静电效应的基础上,对月球尘环境模拟技术、月球尘扬尘及其运动学和动力学规律、月球尘效应防护及试验评价方法等研究方向和重点提出了一些初步看法。针对研究内容的需求,梳理出一台完整的月球尘地面模拟试验设备应具备真空、温度、太阳风、太阳紫外、月球尘、月面电场、月面磁场等环境因素。在此基础上,设计了一种月球尘地面模拟试验装置方案,并对月球尘环境效应试验方法进行了初步讨论。为月球探测后期任务条件保障建设及相关研究工作提供参考。     

Instrument study of the Lunar Dust eXplorer (LDX) for a lunar lander mission

One of the highest-priority issues for a future human or robotic lunar exploration is the lunar dust. This problem should be studied in depth in order to develop an environment model for a future lunar exploration. A future ESA lunar lander mission requires the measurement of dust transport phenomena above the lunar surface. Here, we describe an instrument design concept to measure slow and fast moving charged lunar dust which is based on the principle of charge induction. LDX has a low mass and measures the speed and trajectory of individual dust particles with sizes below one micrometer. Furthermore, LDX has an impact ionization target to monitor the interplanetary dust background. The sensor consists of three planes of segmented grid electrodes and each electrode is connected to an individual charge sensitive amplifier. Numerical signals were computed using the Coulomb software package. The LDX sensitive area is approximately 400 cm². Our simulations reveal trajectory uncertainties of better than 2° with an absolute position accuracy of better than 2 mm.     

Reports to COSPAR from the International Lunar Exploration Working Group (ILEWG)

In accordance with its charter, the International Lunar Exploration Working Group (ILEWG) reports to COSPAR, and a summary was given at the Beijing COSPAR 2006 Assembly on ILEWG activities conducted since the previous COSPAR 2004 assembly held in Paris. This included reports from the 6th and 7th ILEWG International Conference on Exploration and Utilization of the Moon, held respectively in Udaipur, India on 22–26 November 2004 (ICEUM6) and in Toronto, Canada on 18–23 September 2005 (ICEUM7). We give in this issue of Advances in Space Research the “lunar declarations” from these ICEUM conferences, as well as for the ICEUM8 conference held in Beijing immediately after the 2006 COSPAR Assembly. One year after the COSPAR Beijing assembly, the 9th ILEWG International Conference on Exploration and Utilization of the Moon (ICEUM9), was held in Sorrento, Italy on 18–23 September 2007. We report also in this issue the “Sorrento Lunar Declaration” in advance of the ILEWG formal report to be given at the COSPAR Assembly to be held in Montreal, Canada in July 2008.     

Project “The Moon – 2012+”: Spin-orbital evolution,geophysics and selenodesy of the Moon

The Russian scientific project “The Moon – 2012+” is directed at solving fundamental problems of celestial mechanics, selenodesy and geophysics of the Moon through the pursuance of theoretical research and computer simulations of the following fields.