日冕边界条件与太阳风共转相互作用

本文根据第二十太阳周太阳风数据的统计分析结果,用太阳风二维理想流体模型探讨近太阳区的不同边界条件太阳风与共转相互作用对1AU处太阳风各参数影响,得到共转相互作用不能引起太阳风速度和马赫数的反相扰动,推断在太阳风加速区温度扰动对太阳风的影响最大,而在太阳风传播区速度扰动对太阳风的影响最大.      

太阳探测:半个世纪“追风”史

正作为一种太空中发生的物理现象,探测器从太空中带来的新数据持续推动着太阳风研究的发展,而新的研究问题又不断为新的探测任务提出需求。从"水手2号"首次系统探测太阳风开始,人类对太阳风的探测已经走过了50多年的发展历程。本文将选择有代表性的太阳风探测器,为读者介绍人类对太阳风的探索历程。     

膨胀磁场和太阳风粒子相互作用三维数值模拟

采用三维模型,使用混合网格质点法HPIC(Hybrid Particle-in-Cell)对膨胀的磁场和太阳风相互作用过程进行数值模拟.研究了线圈产生的偶极子磁场在注入等离子体后和太阳风粒子的相互作用过程,并对以不同速度入射的等离子体引起的太阳风粒子的变化和磁场变化进行了比较.研究结果表明,偶极子磁场和太阳风作用时会产生弓形激波,此时磁压等于太阳风粒子的动压,当向线圈产生的偶极子磁场中注入高能等离子体时引起磁场膨胀,膨胀的磁场将会排斥太阳风粒子向外运动,从而引起弓形激波的变化,增大与太阳风相互作用的面积,并且粒子入射速度越大,磁场膨胀越明显,与太阳风相互作用愈强.      

基于机器学习相似度算法的Kp指数预报

基于机器学习中的相似度算法,建立了在历史太阳风数据中寻找与当前太阳风特征相近事例的推荐模型,用来预报地磁Kp指数.使用1998-2019年间随机选择的120个太阳风事例作为测试数据集,该模型能够推荐得到历史上与输入太阳风造成相似地磁影响的太阳风事例,最优事例的Kp指数与实际值的均方根误差为0.79,相关系数为0.93....     

天气尺度到气候尺度太阳风变速对中高纬大气环流的影响

通过对冬季太阳风短时(天气尺度)降速与北大西洋涛动和北极涛动等北半球中高纬度环流指数的时序重叠分析,结合对1963年以来48个冬季太阳风平均速度与北极涛动等指数的相关分析发现,从短时太阳风降速到向亚极光带沉降的辐射带高能电子通量显著下降,北极涛动也有迅速的响应,这预示着从太阳风到大气环流存在天气尺度的短时关系链,在这一时间尺度现有理论中仅有“空间粒子-大气电-云微物理”联系机制能较好地解释;太阳风速度与北极涛动的正相关信号在气候尺度上也有显著体现,太阳风可能通过高能电子沉降与北半球冬季中高纬度环流相联系,这表明太阳风通过大气电-云微物理过程驱动的过程是太阳活动影响气候变化的不可忽视的途径;开展太阳风起源、空间环境与大气(环流、电场)和地磁系统的联合观测及数值模拟是揭示日地天气与气候联系的重要研究内容之一.      

嫦娥一号卫星太阳风离子探测器离子流量反演太阳风参数与初步结果分析

嫦娥一号卫星(Chang'E-1)上搭载的两台太阳风离子探测器(SWID-A/B)是国际上首次在200 km极月轨道观测等离子体环境的探测仪器.SWID-A/B的科学目标是探测月球附近等离子体与月球的相互作用,获得月球附近的太阳风速度、密度和温度.太阳风离子探测器的观测数据是各能量成分离子流量的直接反映,包含了太阳风离子的速度、密度和温度信息.本文设计了一种利用离子流量数据反演太阳风速度、密度和温度的算法,并通过模拟太阳风离子注入探测器的过程,验证了算法的可行性.对月球附近太阳风离子基本特征的分析研究表明,在太阳活动低年,空间环境扰动水平相对较低时,行星际太阳风运动到月球附近后依然保持着相同的变化趋势;太阳风离子的速度和密度与在上游行星际空间时相近;太阳风离子的温度则比在上游行星际空间时高103 K.     

弓激波模型的对比

使用Cluster卫星的弓激波穿越数据,比较了Peredo弓激波模型、Merka弓激波模型、Chao弓激波模型和Lu弓激波模型在极端太阳风条件、偶极倾角较大和平静太阳风条件下的预测精度.结果表明:Peredo模型在极端太阳风条件和平静太阳风条件下的预测误差均较大;Merka模型在极端太阳风条件下的预测误差较大;Chao模型可以较为准确地描述平静太阳风条件下的弓激波位型,但不能准确描述偶极倾角较大时的弓激波位型;Lu模型可以同时准确描述极端太阳风条件和平静太阳风条件下的弓激波位型.      

嫦娥四号能量中性原子观测揭示太阳风与月面相互作用新特征

与地球不同,月球暴露在太阳风中.太阳风注入到月面,与月壤相互作用,部分太阳风质子以能量中性原子(Energetic Neutral Atom,ENA)的形式被月表散射.另外,月球局部地区的磁异常能阻挡太阳风到达月面,并形成微磁层,成为月面天然的保护屏障.然而以往相关的观测数据都来自轨道器,月面的真实情况无从知晓.嫦娥四...     

月球尾迹的二维MHD模拟

采用理想的二维单流体MHD方程,对太阳风通过月球时所形成的尾迹结构进行数值模拟,得到了太阳风尾迹的粒子分布及磁场分布.模拟结果表明,在月球背阳面的本影区,太阳风粒子密度急剧下降,行星际磁场增强.当行星际磁场与太阳风流动方向平行时,尾迹被拖得很长,而磁场与太阳风流动方向垂直时,尾迹较短.      

WSA太阳风经验模型及其应用

Wang-Sheely-Arge （WSA）模型是对准稳态太阳风的经验和物理相结合的描述,其利用观测的日面磁图作为输入,可以提前3到4天预测L1点处的太阳风速度和行星际磁场极性.WSA模型是在WS模型的基础上经过若干改进形成的实时预报模式,之后又借鉴Distance from the Coronal Hole Boundary （DCHB）模型的参数,进一步改进了太阳风速度关系式,形成了目前常见的形式.WSA经验模型由日冕磁场模型、太阳风速度关系式和一维运动学模型三部分组成.在实际应用过程中,基本步骤包括观测磁图预处理、日冕三维磁场反演、计算日冕磁场参数、计算太阳风的速度分布和将太阳风映射到1AU等环节.在发展过程中,WSA模型经历了一些细节上的调整变化,例如观测磁图数据的来源、日冕磁场模型的类型、经验速度关系中自由系数的取值等.许多研究对如何改善模型的预报效果进行了探索.      

Cosmic ray modulation with a Fisk-type heliospheric magnetic field and a latitude-dependent solar wind speed

The effect of a latitude-dependent solar wind speed on a Fisk heliospheric magnetic field [Fisk, L. A. Motion of the footpoints of heliospheric magnetic field lines at the Sun: implications for recurrent energetic particle events at high heliographic latitudes. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 15547–15553, 1996] was first discussed by Schwadron and Schwadron and McComas [Schwadron, N.A. An explanation for strongly underwound magnetic field in co-rotating rarefaction regions and its relationship to footpoint motion on the the sun. Geophys. Res. Lett. 29, 1–8, 2002. and Schwadron, N.A., McComas, D.J. Heliospheric “FALTS”: favored acceleration locations at the termination shock. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30, 41–1, 2003]. Burger and Sello [Burger, R.A., Sello, P.C. The effect on cosmic ray modulation of a Parker field modified by a latitudinal-dependent solar wind speed. Adv. Space Res. 35, 643–646, 2005] found a significant effect for a simplified 2D version of a latitude-dependent Fisk-type field while Miyake and Yanagita [Miyake, S., Yanagita, S. The effect of a modified Parker field on the modulation of the galactic cosmic rays. In: Proceedings of 30th International Cosmic Ray Conference. Merida, Mexico, vol. 1, 445–448, 2007] found a smaller effect. The current report improves on a previous attempt Hitge and Burger [Hitge, M., Burger, R.A. The effect of a latitude-dependent solar wind speed on cosmic-ray modulation in a Fisk-type heliospheric magnetic field. In: Proceedings of 30th International Cosmic Ray Conference. Merida, Mexico, vol. 1, pp. 449–450, 2007] where the global change in the solar wind speed and not the local speed gradient was emphasized. The sheared Fisk field of Schwadron and McComas [Schwadron, N.A., McComas, D.J. Heliospheric “FALTS”: Favored acceleration locations at the termination shock. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30, 41–1, 2003.) is similar to the current Schwadron–Parker hybrid field. Little difference is found between the effects of a Parker field and a Schwadron–Parker hybrid field on cosmic-ray modulation, in contrast to the results of Burger and Sello and Miyake and Yanagita [Burger, R.A., Sello, P.C. The effect on cosmic ray modulation of a Parker field modified by a latitudinal-dependent solar wind speed. Adv. Space Res. 35, 643–646, 2005 and Miyake, S., Yanagita, S. The effect of a modified Parker field on the modulation of the galactic cosmic rays. In: Proceedings of 30th International Cosmic Ray Conference. Merida, Mexico, vol. 1, pp. 445–448, 2007]. The two-dimensional approximation used by these authors is therefore inadequate to model the complexities of the actual three-dimensional field. We also show that a Fisk-type field with a latitude-dependent solar wind speed (Schwadron–Parker hybrid field) decreases both the relative amplitude of recurrent cosmic ray intensity variations and latitude gradients and yields similar constants of proportionality for these quantities as for the constant solar wind speed case.     

卫星研制中的接口数据管理

在卫星研制工作中可采用11种接口数据单加强设备的接口数据管理工作。它们是:机械特性,设备示意图,热特性,热特性示意图,电源功率,接口电特性,电气方块图,接插件表,接插件接点分配表,遥测表,遥控指令表。它们包含了可以全面反映设备接口特性的各项数据。使用它们可以进行严格的状态管理并保证接口数据协调工作的质量。文内介绍了这些数据单的具体内容以及使用中的问题。     

Temporal analysis of suspended solid in Tokyo Bay by Landsat data

The amount of suspended solid (S.S.) discharged from Tokyo metropolitan area is estimated by use of multi-temporal Landsat data from 1979 to 1980. The method to estimate S.S. was verified with sea truth data which was observed with Landsat passes covering Tokyo Bay. The radiometric information is normalized against seasonal change of sun illuminations and atmospheric conditions. Path radiance estimation methods were discussed, because its effects are very sensitive to the estimation of S.S. concentration by Landsat MSS data. Temporal changes of S.S. distribution was also interpreted.     

The optical bidirectional accelerometer

A new Optical Bidirectional Accelerometer (O.B.A.) is described in this paper.

This accelerometer gives in real time the acceleration level in two orthogonal axis.

The advantages of this instrument in microgravity environment during a parabolic flight experiment (e.g. in fluid mechanics) are explained. The capability of O.B.A. to detect variations of the gravity level is studied. Theoretical curves give the sensibility and accuracy of the accelerometer for different parameters.

We describe the prototype and the different tests realized on it. The experimental results of the ground investigations are compared with the theoretical curves described in the previous section. The second part of the tests has been realized during a ESA parabolic flight campaign with the NASA KC 135 aircraft and in collaboration with the Belgian Air Force on a Fouga Magister.     

Incoherent-scatter measurements of E-F valley and comparisons with theoretical and empirical models

High resolution electron density measurements from Arecibo incoherent scatter (i.s.) radar are used to make a detailed study of the E-F valley. Features of the important valley parameters like height, width and depth are examined. These features are then compared with the available theoretical and empirical models. The depth of the valley obtained from the empirical models agrees with i.s. measurements for near-noon periods, but disagrees with these measurements for pre-noon and post-noon periods. Further, the i.s. measurements indicate that E-F valley is rather small during daytime as compared to models which give larger width. During the night, the valley is quite wide and deep but the presence of sporadic-E (Es) contaminates the Ne-h profiles observed with the i.s. radar. As a result the valley parameters cannot be determined unambiguously during the night.     

Multi-spacecraft tracing of turbulent boundary layer

Multi-spacecraft tracing of the high latitude magnetopause (MP) and boundary layers and Interball-1 statistics indicate that:

1. (a) The turbulent boundary layer (TBL) is a persistent feature in the region of the cusp and ‘sash’, a noticeable part of the disturbances weakly depends on the interplanetary magnetic field By component; TBL is a major site for magnetosheath (MSH) plasma penetration inside the magnetosphere through percolation and local reconnection.

2. (b) The TBL disturbances are mainly inherent with the characteristic kinked double-slope spectra and, most probably, 3-wave cascading. The bi-spectral phase coupling indicates self-organization of the TBL as the entire region with features of the non-equilibrium multi-scale and multi-phase system in the near-critical state.

3. (c) We've found the different outer cusp topologies in summer/winter periods: the summer cusp throat is open for the decelerated MSH flows, the winter one is closed by the distant MP with a large-scale (several Re) diamagnetic ‘plasma ball’ inside the MP; the ‘ball’ is filled from MSH through patchy merging rather than large-scale reconnection.

4. (d) A mechanism for the energy release and mass inflow is the local TBL reconnection, which operates at the larger scales for the average anti-parallel fields and at the smaller scales for the nonlinear fluctuating fields; the latter is operative throughout the TBL. The remote from TBL anti-parallel reconnection seems to happen independently.

故障诊断专家系统

以运七飞机起落架为实例研究开发了通用故障诊断专家系统，对系统的需求分析和功能，知识的获取与表达、推理逻辑及系统模型建立等技术关键进行了论述，且用故障树分析、故障模式、影响分析及面向对象技术等方法作为解决关键的措施。     

轻型飞机总体性能参数多目标模糊优化设计

本文介绍了工程设计中的不确定性信息，着重讨论了轻型飞机在总体设计阶段中，对总体性能进行模糊优化设计的必要性，对蜜蜂１１号修改型飞机的总体性能参数建立了多目标模糊优化模型，并运用普遍型模糊规划的方法加以求解，优化的结果表明，蜜蜂号飞机优化后的总体性能有较大的改善，得到了更满意的飞机设计方案，本文的实践说明，如果能适当地运用模糊优化技术，会使工程设计与决策更现实，更合理。     

The closed equilibrated biological aquatic system: a 12 months test of an artificial aquatic ecosystem.

The Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System" (C.E.B.A.S.) is finally disposed for long-term multi-generation experiments with aquatic organisms in a space station. Therefore a minimum operation time of three months is required. It is verified in three versions of laboratory prototypes. The third one passed successfully a 12 months mid-term test in 1995/96 thus demonstrating its high biological stability. The third version of the C.E.B.A.S. consists of a 100 l animal tank, two plant cultivators with a volume of 15 l each with independent illuminations, a 3.0 l semibiological "mechanical" filter, a 3.0 l bacteria filter, a heating/cooling device and a dummy filter unit. The live-bearing teleost Xiphophorus helleri is the vertebrate and the pulmonate water snail Biomphalana glabrata the invertebrate experimental animal in the system. The rootless higher water plant Ceratophyllum demersum is the producer organism. Ammonia oxidizing bacteria and other microorganisms settle in the filters. A sample data acquisition is combined with temperature and plant illumination control. Besides of the space aspects the C.E.B.A.S. proved to be an extremely suitable tool to investigate the organism and subcomponent interactions in a well defined terrestrial aquatic closed ecosystem by providing physical, chemical and biological data which allow an approach to a comprehensive system analysis. Moreover the C.E.B.A.S. is the base for the development of innovative combined animal-plant aquaculture systems for human nutrition on earth which could be implemented into bioregenerative life support systems with a higher degree of complexity suitable for lunar or planetary bases.     

近红外光谱测定喷气燃料馏程的应用研究

以50个喷气燃料样品的近红外光谱数据和它们对应的化学测定数据为基础,对喷气燃料的馏程（初馏点,10%,20%,50%,90%）建立了校正模型。在所有的校正模型中,原始谱图经过二阶微分和偏最小二乘法（PLS）和完全交互验证法处理,校正模型的决定系数（R2）分别为0.808 7,0.796 5,0.693 6,0.649 9,0.740 4,校正集样本的标准偏差（SEC）分别为1.571,0.485,0.736,0.387,0.575。试验结果表明：该方法具有分析速度快、操作简单等特点。