Aerothermodynamic behaviour of a generic nosecap model including thermomechanical structural effects

For a generic nosecap model in hypersonic flow, coupled simulations for aerothermodynamic and structure have been performed. In a first step the characterisation of the thermochemically frozen flow around the model in the arc heated facility was done using nonequilibrium modelling, followed by thermally and thermomechanically coupled analyses of the 2D configuration. The physical effects of heat conduction inside the structure and thermomechanically driven deformations including the interactions could reproduce the experimental data. Studies for geometrical modifications of the nose region, 3D investigations and step-configurations at the generic model have been carried out. Finally, the unsteady temperature behaviour of the model being injected in an arc heated facility was simulated and showed good agreement with the temporal temperature behaviour during the experimental tests.     

聚集状态下凝相颗粒的收集与测量

发展了一种可以收集燃烧室中聚集状态颗粒的方法，研制了收集实验装置。数值计算表明，通过改变实验装置的收敛角和实验状态参数可以模拟真实发动机中的颗粒聚集状态。利用该实验装置开展了聚集颗粒收集实验，实验工况模拟了某高过载发动饥在横纵向过载均为40g时的颗粒聚集状态。对实验收集到的颗粒进行了电镜分析，发现大颗粒是由多个小颗粒聚合而成，说明聚集状态下颗粒间碰撞聚合的概率大大增加。对粒径分布进行了半定量的统计，与非聚集状态下的发动机燃烧室中的粒径分布作了比较，证明聚集状态下粒径要比非聚集状态下的大得多。     

吸气式高超声速技术研究进展

总结了中国空气动力研究与发展中心(CARDC)在吸气式高超声速技术在试验设备、超燃冲压发动机、数值模拟以及机体/推进一体化飞行器等方面的研究进展。介绍了三种类型的高焓设备:脉冲式燃烧加热风洞、连续式燃烧加热风洞和电弧风洞。通过多种尺度的超燃冲压发动机的直连式和自由射流式试验,获得了发动机的基本性能及其随油气比、喷孔位置等的变化规律。对比连续式和脉冲式风洞试验结果,得知工作时间大于100 ms的脉冲式燃烧设备是开展发动机基本性能研究的经济、高效试验手段。成功研制了三维大规模并行数值模拟软件平台AHL3D并广泛应用于发动机研究。在0.6 m风洞中,完成了1.5 m带动力飞行器试验,获得了发动机工作和不工作状态下的飞行器推阻及升力特性。     

Behaviour of hypersonic wind tunnels diffusers at low Reynolds numbers

This paper deals with the behaviour of hypersonic wind tunnels diffusers at low Reynolds numbers. The phenomena that occur in the diffusers at relatively low Reynolds numbers are particularly critical due to the interactions between shock waves and the large boundary layers present in the long throat, which can reduce the maximum recovery pressure and therefore the efficiency of the diffuser. The aim of the present paper is to correlate the results obtained by numerical simulations of the diffusers with the experimental results, obtained using a high enthalpy blow down arc jet facility. The numerical and experimental results are in agreement and show that, for the range of Reynolds number investigated, the diffuser efficiency is smaller compared to the values determined for similar diffusers operating at larger Reynolds numbers.     

航空发动机涡轮叶片包容试验及数值模拟

为了解断裂涡轮叶片与包容环的撞击过程,研究航空发动机的包容性能,提高飞机飞行安全。在高速旋转试验台上进行了飞断平板叶片与包容环的撞击试验,并采用基于撞击动力学理论的有限元数值计算方法模拟了撞击过程。结果表明,平板叶片撞击包容环产生两个撞击点,第二撞击点是较为危险的撞击点,撞击点处的径向凸起量随初始撞击动能的增大而线性增大,两撞击点间的距离随初撞击动能的增大而线性减小,数值模拟准确地反映了叶片与包容环的撞击过程。研究结果对航空发动机包容环结构的优化设计和包容能力的校核计算有一定的参考价值。      

高过载条件下绝热层烧蚀实验方法研究 (Ⅱ)收缩管聚集法

发展了一种能开展高过载条件下绝热层烧蚀研究的模拟实验方法——收缩管聚集法，研制了收缩管聚集高过载模拟烧蚀实验装置。对实验装置及固体火箭发动机过载条件下的三维两相内流场开展了对比数值模拟，结果表明这种实验装置产生的高浓度粒子流与40g纵横向过载条件下发动机内形成的高浓度粒子流状态很接近，说明这种实验方法是可以模拟高过载条件下绝热层烧蚀环境的。利用这套实验装置开展了高浓度粒子流冲刷条件下绝热层烧蚀实验，对6种绝热材料开展的烧蚀实验表明：所有试件表面均被冲蚀出一个凹坑，说明粒子冲刷对绝热层烧蚀影响很大。凹坑最大烧蚀部位与数值模拟得到的粒子浓度最大部位基本吻合。     

某高空台发动机进气流场试验分析

本文介绍了目前国内唯一能做涡轮喷气发动机高空模拟试验的试验设备的特点,着重对该高空台的进气流场进行分析、研究,得到一些有参考价值的结果,可供涡喷发动机设计者和试验人员参考。     

基于粒子模拟的舱内布局对霍尔推进器可靠性评估真空羽流的影响

对霍尔推进器地面测试过程中真空环境下的羽流流场进行模拟研究,通过直接蒙特卡洛(DSMC)方法进行多种布局方式下的系列数值模拟,重点研究地面测试设施中舱内的抽氙冷板、束流挡板在不同布局环境下对真空羽流流场的影响。数值模拟结果显示:抽氙冷板的布局位置对羽流流场影响较不明显,但应考虑舱内各处均布以防压力局部集聚过高形成阻力;束流挡板对返流粒子的抑制作用明显,对抽氙冷板等具有较好的防护功能,但也同时改变了羽流流场分布,甚至会影响到推进器的放电特性和性能表现。通过该数值模拟方法可以实现对舱内工艺设备的设计指导,对抽氙冷板、束流挡板等进行布局优化,继而为推进器地面测试提供更为有效的测试环境。     

均速管流量计流量系数数值校验方法研究

针对较大口径均速管流量计的流量系数获取、校验十分困难的问题,采用仿真和实验结合的方式对有效长度为300mm的均速管流量计的测量特性进行对比研究。利用标准k-ε双方程湍流模型,在直管段充分发展流下,计算该流量计端面是否粗糙处理情况下的输出差压及流量系数等测量特性,结果显示端面粗糙处理对流量计测量特性影响很小。采用数值仿真的方法对均速管流量计的流量系数进行了计算,并在实验室标准装置中对其特性进行实验验证。仿真和实验测得的流量计输出特性相似性较好,相对偏差可在±0.3%以内。该结果显示,对流量系数的数值仿真可为较大口径均速管流量计的校验提供新的思路和途径。     

涡喷发动机高空模拟试验推力测量问题

推力测量是高空模拟试验领域重要的研究课题.本文通过某高空台的推力测量,介绍其试验设备、测量方法及试验结果,重点讨论了该高空台的推力修正及测量精度问题.     

Tilt-Table Alignment for Inertial-Platform Maintenance without a Surveyed Site

A method for aligning the rotary tilt table for an inertial-platform maintenance facility without surveying the site is analyzed and evaluated. The method utilizes multiple measurements of the tilt-table azimuth alignment error with different inertial platforms to determine a best estimate of the alignment error. Error analysis indicates that useful facility performance can be obtained with only a small number of measurements. The tilt-tablealignment accuracy can be improved as more measurements of the alignment error are made during normal facility operation.     

Multifrequency Imaging of Radar Turntable Data

In recent years synthetic-aperture radars (SAR) have proven to be very useful two-dimensional imaging tools in various fields. Based on the synthetic-aperture concepts, different imaging modes are possibe with various operating characteristics. We describe a special case where circular-projection radar data are coherently processed to yield both azimuth and range resoultion. Experiments are performed using data obtained from the radar target scatter site (RAT SCAT) radar cross-section facility. Fairly good results are obtained which illustrate the versatility of coherent syntheticaperture processing of pulse-to-pulse high-range-resolution radar returns. A discrete multifrequency stepped and pulsed waveform is the basic transmitted signal from which range-Doppler images are generated. The RAT SCAT turntable facility allows interesting model targets to be illuminated from which radar images can then be computed. One such application of the processing is described.     

灯丝放电磁场约束型原子氧效应地面模拟试验设备

介绍了用于原子氧剥蚀效应研究的灯丝放电磁场约束型地面模拟设备 ( IFM)的构成及工作原理,简单阐述了装置的运行测量结果,分析了等离子体参数随试验条件的变化趋势。并用 IFM设备对 Kapton空间用材料进行了地面模拟试验,试验结果与国外空间飞行暴露试验结果相似     

航空科研院所设备维修管理模式的探索

本文阐述了航空科研院所设备维修的特点。在理论上对目前设备维修体系的不足进行了一定的分析和总结。提出了成立设备维修中心的流程再造，在维修与使用之间建立”供方”与”客户”的关系，形成设备维修的模拟市场，以达到配合航空科研院所体制改革的目的。     

超高速高焓流动研究进展

本文介绍了中国科学院高温气体动力学重点实验室在超高速高焓流动模拟技术和试验方法方面取得的研究进展.文章主要包括三部分研究内容:第一部分是关于发展先进的超高速试验模拟技术,包括爆轰驱动高焓激波风洞和爆轰驱动高焓膨胀管.高焓激波风洞产生的超高速气流速度的范围是3.5km/s～6.0km/s,高焓膨胀管能够模拟速度为6.5km/s～10km/s的超高速气流.第二部分介绍高焓激波风洞喷管流场诊断结果,用来检验喷管产生的超高速流场的流场品质及其与飞行条件的差异.第三部分是关于超高速流动的试验方法和数值技术研究,包括高焓流动中真实气体效应对飞行器俯仰力矩变化的影响;热化学反应流动中表面催化效应诱导的气动热变化规律;喷管流场的气流非平衡效应对试验结果可能产生的影响.     

某型飞机防喘系统机上检查设备的研制

叙述了根据防喘系统的工作原理自行研制某型飞机防喘系统机上检查设备的硬件系统结构和软件设计思想,并介绍该检查设备的功能、特点、检测原理及框图.通过该检查设备的应用,使我们进一步了解当前PLC的最新控制技术.该检查设备的最主要特点是便于扩展,通用性强,因此有较高的推广应用价值.     

大气压条件下高焓空气等离子体流场特性及应用

评估和鉴定高超声速飞行器防热材料使用性能,需要在能够模拟飞行气动热环境的高焓设备中进行大量地面试验。详细介绍了一种能够运行在大气压条件下的电感耦合等离子体设备,该设备能够产生多种气体（空气、氮气、二氧化碳、氩气）的等离子体射流,运行功率范围为27~85.5 kW,最大运行效率可达77.9%。通过对30 mm的亚声速喷管出口8 mm处空气等离子体流场参数高精度重构和发射光谱测试研究,获得了气体温度和光谱发射强度沿径向的分布,等离子体的焓值范围为8.54~22.2 MJ/kg,驻点热流最高可达721 W/cm²。选定2个试验状态对典型防热材料C/SiC进行烧蚀氧化考核试验,并通过与国内外同类设备比较,表明该大气压感应耦合等离子体设备达到国际先进水平,完全具备开展高超声速飞行器防热材料性能改进地面模拟试验的能力。     

Investigation of dual ignition for a detonation-driven shock tunnel in forward driving mode

A detonation-driven shock tunnel is useful as a ground test facility for hypersonic flow research. The forward detonation driving mode is usually used to achieve high-enthalpy flows due to its strong driving capability. Unfortunately, the strong detonation wave front results in diaphragm fragments that disturb the test flow and scratch the nozzle or test models. In this study, a dual ignition system was developed to burst a metal diaphragm without fragmentation in the forward driving mode. A series of experiments were conducted to validate the proposed technique. The influences of the delay time setting on the test conditions were investigated in detail. Numerical simulations were also conducted to obtain a better understanding of the wave processes in the shock tube. The results showed that the dual ignition system solved the diaphragm issues in the forward driving mode. The test time was shortened due to the additional ignition close to the primary diaphragm; the smaller the delay time, the shorter the effective test time. However, a small amount of time loss is considered worthwhile because the severe diaphragm problems have been solved.     

电阻加热器在超音速燃烧研究中的应用

超音速燃烧室试验设备需要加热空气达到所模拟的飞行状态的总焓,采用电阻加热器可以提供纯净的来流空气。西北工业大学建立了采用连续式电阻加热器的超音速燃烧室直连式试验平台。设备的初步调试结果显示：该电阻加热器最高可将流量0.73kg/s的来流空气加热至1000K,可以利用该平台进行低飞行马赫数的超音速燃烧室试验研究。本文利用该试验平台进行了超音速来流条件下的氢气燃烧试验研究,并在此基础上开展了氢气引燃煤油的点火试验研究。