Analysis of queuing behavior of automatic ESM systems

Radar electronic support measures (ESM) systems detect active emitters in a given area and determine their identities and bearings. The high arrival rate of radar pulses in dense emitter environments demands fast automatic processing of arriving pulses so that the ESM system can fulfill its functions properly in real time. Yet, the performance analysis of automatic ESM system in real life Is difficult since both pulse arrivals and widths can be specified only probabilistically. The success of queuing theory in many applications such as computer communication networks and flow-control has encouraged designers to utilize queuing theory in qualifying and judging the performance of automatic ESM systems in dense emitter environments. The queuing behavior of these systems is analytically evaluated under different service disciplines and elaborate computer simulations validate the results. The analysis involves statistical modeling of arrival and departure processes as well as distribution of service times. It permits estimating the blocking probability due to high arrival rates of intercepted radar pulses or due to limited speed of the deinterleaver processor. Queuing analysis is shown to be quite useful to quantitatively assess tradeoffs in ESM systems design     

智慧温室群远程监控系统通信设计

温室监控系统是对温室环境中温度、湿度、光照度等环境因子实施监测与调控的农业设施,可确保农作物获得最适宜的生长发育环境。针对现有温室监控系统在通信上存在距离受限、组网复杂、能耗高且基本仅能实现单个温室控制的问题,设计了一种基于LoRa和NB-IoT相结合的智慧温室群远程监控系统通信模式。该模式以STM32F103C8T6单片机为核心控制器件,采用ATK-LoRa SX1278和NB-IoT模块自组无线通信网实现数据的远程交互。测试结果表明：采用该通信模式可实现温室群中各温室间距离在2km范围内的数据采集、处理和传输,其通信距离远、功耗低,数据传输可靠性符合现代化农业物联网的需求。     

强流脉冲电子束烧蚀法沉积Li NbO3铁电薄膜

介绍用脉冲电子束烧蚀法在不同温度的单晶硅 (1 1 0 )衬底上沉积铌酸锂铁电薄膜 ,以及用脉冲电子束进行薄膜晶化处理的实验结果 ;使用扫描电子显微镜 (SEM)、X射线衍射 (XRD)、光电子能谱 (XPS)等方法 ,对薄膜的成份、晶体结构及表面形貌进行分析测试。采用表面轮廓仪测定 LN薄膜的膜厚分布均匀性等。文中探讨了靶材料烧蚀和沉积过程中出现的诸多现象。研究表明 ,这种薄膜制备方法有许多独特之处 ,随着该项技术的不断改进和发展 ,将为光电集成电路提供一种新工艺和新技术     

谈系统可靠性和可用性的几个实际问题

本文是以某工程通信系统建设实践为基础,通过试验、试用统计数据分析,对用国产电子设备组成的系统,就其系统可靠性和可用性方面存在的几个问题作了讨论。在系统可靠性方面,论述了采用分组冗余技术进行系统设计的必要性和合理性。对系统可用性,从广义上作了简述,并通过该工程建设,说明各种因素对系统可用性的影响及应注意的问题,可供同类系统工程参考。     

多导弹系统协同攻击机动目标分布式制导律

基于增强型比例导引律和分布式网络同步理论,设计了一类攻击机动目标的多导弹系统分布式协同制导律。该制导律由各导弹本地制导律和分布式协同导引策略两部分组成:本地制导律为增强型比例导引律,进一步利用代数图论和非线性系统一致性理论,得到基于邻接个体信息交互的分布式协同制导律,实现多导弹对目标的同时协同攻击;该分布式协同制导律仅需视距内各相邻导弹间互相传输各自的状态信息,算法具有较低的通信代价和较好的可扩展性。最后给出了相关数值仿真算例,仿真结果验证了算法的有效性。     

Single Sidelobe Canceller: Theory and Evaluation

A sidelobe canceller (SLC) can be efficiently employed to reduce the undesirable effects of jammers on a search radar system. In this paper a functional block circuit is described for a single-sidelobe canceller (SSLC) apt to a single Jammer suppression; a detailed analysis is also presented. It is shown that the theory of stochastic differential equations and the covariance analysis describing function (CADET) technique can be used to evaluate the SSLC performances when two Gaussian colored and mutually correlated input processes are considered. The statistical properties of the weight can be obtained. The last results, which are very important in the case of nonstationary jammers, cannot be obtained without this theory. System implications can be drawn from the abovementioned analysis when the input process consists of one jammer or two jammers and/or thermal noise.     

Flight Operations in the New Millennium

New approaches are being studied for real-time interaction, and related supporting processes, with spacecraft and instruments in deep space. Spacecraft are evolving, improving in many ways, and generally becoming more robust. Operations is changing also, and will be more automated in the future. However, there is a challenge. Deep space missions are not all alike. The operations phases of discovery and exploration are an extension of the research that creates the mission; they are the time of obtaining results. This examines the historical role of flight operations and its evolving processes to develop an understanding of the operational methods that will be effective in the future. It takes people, equipment, software, space, and connectivity for operations success. A balance has to be struck between improving technology, gaining knowledge, automation, and realistic expectations. Finally, the recommended methods to gain efficiency in operations are system-wide services and shared resources. These common processes will meet the challenge of varied missions.     

TDRSS Telecommunications Payload: An Overview

The telecommunications payload is described for the tracking and data relay satellite system (TDRSS). The salient design features of the electronic equipment, as well as the performance requirements that such equipment must satisfy to fulfill NASA and Western Union communication functions are presented. Operational characteristics associated with the single and multiple access channels used to relay information to and from users are also highlighted.     

高动态电动伺服机构1553B总线通信的设计与实现

目前1553B总线通信在航空航天领域应用广泛,电动伺服机构作为导弹控制系统的重要组成部分,大量采用1553B进行总线通信.高动态要求下电动伺服机构控制优先级一般高于1553B通信处理的优先级,主要介绍基于BU-61581S6总线接口协议芯片RT端软件接收数据的时序处理方法,保证高动态条件下提高1553B的通信速率和可靠性以及电动伺服机构的高动态响应.     

Adaptive digital beamforming for angle estimation in jamming

A radar digital beamforming (DBF) architecture and processing algorithm is described for nulling the signal from a mainlobe electronic jammer and multiple sidelobe electronic jammers while maintaining monopulse angle estimation accuracy on the target. The architecture consists of a sidelobe jamming (SLJ) cancelling adaptive array (AA) followed by a mainlobe jamming (MLJ) canceller. A mainlobe maintenance (MLM) technique or constrained adaptation during the sidelobe cancellation process is imposed so that the results of the SLJ cancellation process do not distort the subsequent mainlobe cancellation process. The SLJ signals and the MLJ signals are thus cancelled sequentially in separate processes. This technique was developed for improving radar processing in determining the angular location of a target, and specifically for improving the monopulse technique by maintaining the accuracy of the target echo monopulse ratio in the presence of electronic jamming by adaptive suppression of the jamming signals before forming the monopulse sum and difference beams     

An energy-based coupling degradation propagation model and its application to aviation actuation system

The degradation of components in complex mechatronic systems involves multiple physical processes which will cause coupling interactions among nodes in the system. The interaction of nodes may be carried out not only by physical connections but also by the environment which cannot be described by single network using the traditional methods. In order to give out a unified model to quantitatively describe the coupling degradation spreading by both physical connections and environment, a novel Energy-Flow-Field Network (EFFN) and a coupling degradation model based on EFFN are proposed in this paper. The EFFN is driven by energy flow and the state transition of spatially related nodes is triggered by the dissipation energy. An application is conducted on aviation actuation system in which the degradation spreading by fluid-thermal-solid interaction is considered. The degradation path and the most probable fault reason can be obtained by combining the state transition and energy output of nodes, which is consistent with the given scenario.     

PC机与多台单片机通信控制器的设计

针对一台PC机与多台MCS-51单片机构成的小型集散控制系统的特点,介绍了系统中通信控制器的设计方法.通信控制器以AT89S51单片机为核心,采用8251实现串口扩展,并通过基于RS-232C标准和RS-485标准的串行通信技术的应用,解决了小型集散控制系统的通信问题,减轻了PC机的通信负担.经过软硬件的设计和联机调试,测试结果表明,该控制器的应用不仅提高了集散控制系统数据传输的可靠性,而且提高了整个系统控制的实时性.此外,控制器具有结构简单的优点.     

关于风洞侧壁效应的原理

本文讨论了关于风洞侧壁效应原理的几种不同的理论解释,即尾涡模型,位移效应模型和前缘马蹄涡模型。从实验观察和基本原理两个方面对上述不同解释进行了考察。指出原有理论存在不同程度的缺陷和片面性。在此基础上对侧壁效应原理提出了较为全面的解释。     

Surrogate teleoperated vehicle (STV)

The design of the STV is described. The STV system consists of two parts: the remote platform (RP) and the mobility/RSTA Module (MOB/RSTA). The RP consists of the carrier base and the remote control electronics that provide an interface to all systems on the STV and the communication system. It is based on an off-the-shelf Polaris six-wheel-drive, Ackerman-steered all-terrain vehicle that can exceed 58 km/h. The current automatic drive train will be modified using a dual motor hybrid concept that incorporates an electric motor to provide slow speed mobility when an ultraquiet mode is required. All electronics are packed in waterproof enclosures that allow for easy changeout of electronic components for simple and rapid maintenance operations. The modular MOB/RSTA module consists of an elevating mast and a pan and tilt turret with a variety of sensors. The electronics for the control of all turret functions, including sensor interfaces, are totally self-contained within the turret     

Principles of Invariance in Radiative Transfer

We have reviewed the principle of invariance, its applications and its usefulness for obtaining the radiation field in semi-infinite and finite atmospheres. Various laws of scattering in dispersive media and the consequent radiation field are studied. The H-functions and X- and Y-functions in semi-infinite and finite media respectively are derived in a few cases. The Discrete Space Theory (DST) which is a general form of the Principle of Invariance is described. The method of addition of layers with general properties, is shown to describe all the properties of multiple scattering. A few examples of the application of DST such as polarization, line formation in expanding stellar atmospheres, etc., and a numerical analysis of DST are presented. Other developments in the theory of radiative transfer are briefly described. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Kinetic-Hydrodynamic Models of the Solar Wind Interaction with the Partially Ionized Supersonic Flow of the Local Interstellar Gas: Predictions and Interpretations of the Experimental Data

At present there is no doubt that the local interstellar medium (LISM) is mainly partially ionized hydrogen gas moving with a supersonic flow relative to the solar system. The bulk velocity of this flow is approximately equal ～26 km/s. Although the interaction of the solar wind with the charged component (below plasma component) of the LISM can be described in the framework of hydrodynamic approach, the interaction of H atoms with the plasma component can be correctly described only in the framework of kinetic theory because the mean free path of H atoms in the main process of the resonance charge exchange is comparable with a characteristic length of the problem considered. Results of self-consistent, kinetic-hydrodynamic models are considered in this review paper. First, such the model was constructed by Baranov and Malama (J. Geophys. Res. 98(A9):15,157–15,163, 1993). Up to now it is mainly developed by Moscow group taking into account new experimental data obtained onboard spacecraft studying outer regions of the solar system (Voyager 1 and 2, Pioneer 10 and 11, Hubble Space Telescope, Ulysses, SOHO and so on). Predictions and interpretations of experimental data obtained on the basis of these models are presented. Kinetic models for describing H atom motion were later suggested by Fahr et al. (Astron. Astrophys 298:587–600, 1995) and Lipatov et al. (J. Geophys. Res. 103(A9):20,631–20,642, 1998). However they were not self-consistent and did not incorporate sources to the plasma component. A self-consistent kinetic-hydrodynamic model suggested by Heerikhuisen et al. (J. Geophys. Res. 111:A06110, 2006, Astrophys. J. 655:L53–L56, 2007) was not tested on the results by Baranov and Malama (J. Geophys. Res. 111:A06110, 1993) although it was suggested much later. Besides authors did not describe in details their Monte Carlo method for a solution of the H atom Boltzmann equation and did not inform about an accuracy of this method. Therefore the results of Heerikhuisen et al. (J. Geophys. Res. 111:A06110, 2006) are in open to question and will not be considered in this review paper. That is why below we will mainly consider a progress of the Moscow group on heliospheric modelling endeavours in the kinetic-hydrodynamic approach. Criticism of the models that treat interstellar hydrogen in the heliosphere as several fluids is given. It is shown that the multi-fluid models give rise to unreal results especially for distributions of neutral component parameters. Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) modelling of the solar wind interaction with the LISM gas is also reviewed.     

Tools and techniques for estimating high intensity RF effects

Tools and techniques for estimating and measuring coupling and component disturbance for avionics and electronic controls are described. A finite-difference-time-domain (FD-TD) modeling code, TSAR, used to predict coupling is described. This code can quickly generate a mesh model to represent the test object. Some applications as well as the advantages and limitations of using such a code are described. Facilities and techniques for making low-power coupling measurements and for making direct injection test measurements of device disturbance are also described. Some scaling laws for coupling and device effects are presented. A method for extrapolating these low-power test results to high-power full-system effects are presented     

基于Agent理论的飞机敏感性评估方法

在以信息战为核心的现代战争中,各机种、多平台之间的信息交互成为影响战争结果的关键因素。因此进行飞机敏感性设计时,应当置于信息对抗的环境中并考虑信息交互过程。本文阐述了网络中心战的理论,建立了基于Agent理论的战场模型以及飞机对抗模型,通过对Agent对抗过程中的3个阶段（探测阶段、信息交互阶段、作战阶段）进行建模仿真,研究了预警机探测能力、飞机雷达散射截面（RCS）、信息传输时延和红外电子对抗能力等因素对飞机敏感性的影响,得到了雷达特征参数、飞机RCS与探测概率之间的关系,传输时延与先敌发射概率之间的关系,以及红外干扰弹的最优发射区间,为飞机的敏感性设计提供了一定的依据。     

EGSM 900MHz移动通信基站天线模块中互调失真的测量与控制

从理论和实践两方面阐述了EGSM 900MHz移动基站中天线模块产生的三阶和五阶互调失真对移动通讯质量的影响;详细叙述了在没有专用互调失真测试仪器的情况下,如何用通用的测量仪器、功率放大器和低互调失真的电缆构建高质量的测试系统,以满足移动通讯基站中天线模块互调失真的测量要求;最后,给出了设计和制造天线模块过程中控制互调失真的某些经验。     

Linear FM Signal Formats for Beacon and Communication Systems

This paper examines the capabilities of the class of linear FM spread-spectrum signals within the context of potential communications systems usage in order to establish some performance criteria and bounds that permit comparison with other spread-spectrum formats. A systematic basis is provided for parameter selection for this class of signals by examining the interaction a mong the frequency-modulation indices, time-bandwidth product, and cross-talk criteria that determine the number of effective linear FM signals (or channels) that can be used within the constraints of a bounded time-frequency region. A general expression is derived relating N, the number of useful signals, R2, a cross-talk parameter, ToWo, the mean time-bandwidth product, and ?max and ?min, the maximum and minimum FM rates of the signal set. Canonic signal processor structures are described for ensembles of linear FM signals that have either constant duration or constant bandwidth. It is then shown that the signal modulation format can be modified in accordance with classical paired-echo theory to expand the utility of this class of signals in both synchronous and nonsynchronous operations to yield the equivalent of time-division and code multiplexing. Possible applications for this signal format are discussed.