Calculation of Probability of Detection with Target Scintillation

This paper presents a computational method for the calculation of probability of detection using measured radar target cross-section data. The described method can also be used for probability of detection calculations when the radar target cross section follows a specified probability density function. Using the computational procedure of the paper, a number of curves are generated which can be used for probability of detection calculations with exponential and Gaussian radar target cross-section distributions. The results obtained using theoretical distributions are compared with the corresponding results using actual target cross-section measurements. The results of computer runs are compared to the corresponding values in the literature where available.     

Effects of two-way decorrelation on radar detection inscintillation

A 3 dB gain in average signal-to-noise ratio of a monostatic radar operating in scintillation has recently been established both theoretically and observationally. The statistics of two-way scintillation are derived here for the case where the uplink and downlink both experience Rayleigh fading and where there is arbitrary correlation between the scintillation on the two paths. These statistics are then used to compute radar detection curves. A surprising result is obtained. The probability of detection is only weakly dependent (for P _D in the range 0.1 to 0.9) on the degree of uplink-downlink correlation in the scintillation when the average (nonfading) signal-to-noise ratio is constant and when proper account is taken of the change in mean power between the monostatic and bistatic cases. Much larger differences are seen in the detection curves with scintillation compared with nonfading curves (for P_D equal to 0.7 this scintillation loss is about 7 dB). Thus the difference in detection performance of monostatic and bistatic radars is determined primarily by the difference in the radar cross section (RCS) of the target for the two cases     

Probability of Detecting Aircraft Targets

The statistics of aircraft radar cross section (RCS) are estimated by fitting members of the chi-square family of distributions to empirical distributions obtained from blocks of RCS data, each block of data corresponding to a particular aircraft azimuth aspect. The parameters of the fitted distributions vary with azimuth aspect angle, type of aircraft, and radar frequency. Detection probabilities based on the estimated statistics are calculated and compared with detection probabilities based on Rayleigh statistics. This comparison indicates that the average value of radar cross section has much more effect on probability of detection than the normalized variance of RCS, and in the usual situation tends to mask the effect of the normalized variance on probability of detection.     

航迹规划中雷达探测空间的生成

从飞机突防习行任务规划出发，综合考虑地球曲率、陆地（或海洋）的反射和杂波干扰、大气折射和吸收损耗等因素的影响，采用临界散射截面法生成了对空警戒雷达在不同地貌、发现概率下，对不同雷达散射截面的目标的探测空间。计算并分析了飞行高度、目标雷达散射截面、发现概率和地貌等因素对雷达探测空间的影响，以便选择低探测概率的飞行走廓，这对制定和实施安全突防飞行策略有实际意义。     

Receiver operating characteristics for the coherent UWB randomnoise radar

An ultrawideband (UWB) random-noise radar operating in the 1-2 GHz frequency band has been developed and held-tested at a 200 m range at the University of Nebraska. A unique heterodyne correlation technique based on a delayed transmitted waveform using a photonic delay line has been used to inject coherence within this system. The performance of this radar, assuming a point target, has been investigated from a statistical point of view by developing the theoretical basis for the system's receiver operating characteristics (ROC). Explicit analytical expressions for the joint probability density function (pdf) of the in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) components of the receiver output have been derived under the assumption that the input signals are partially correlated Gaussian processes. The pdf and the complementary cumulative distribution function (cdf) for the envelope of the receiver output are also derived. These expressions are used to relate the probability of detection (P_d) to the probability of false alarm (P_f ) for different numbers of integrated samples, and the results are analyzed     

UWB radar for human being detection

UWB radar for detection and positioning of human beings in complex environment has been developed and manufactured. Novelty of the radar lies in its large operational bandwidth (11.7GHz at -10dB level) combined with high time stability. Detection of respiratory movement of a person in laboratory conditions has been demonstrated. Based on experimental results human being radar return has been analysed in the frequency band from 1 GHz to 12 GHz. Novel principle of human being detection is considered and verified experimentally.     

UWB Radar for Human Being Detection

UWB radar for detection and positioning of human beings in a complex environment has been developed and manufactured. The novelty of the radar lies in its large operational bandwidth (11.7 GHz at -10 dB level) combined with high time stability. Detection of respiratory movement of a person in laboratory conditions has been demonstrated. Based on experimental results, human being radar return has been analysed in the frequency band from 1 GHz to 12 GHz. The novel principle of human being detection is considered and verified experimentally.     

Numerical simulation of RCS for carrier electronic warfare airplanes

This paper studies the radar cross section(RCS) of carrier electronic warfare airplanes.Under the typical naval operations section, the mathematical model of the radar wave’s pitch angle incidence range analysis is established. Based on the CATIA software, considering dynamic deflections of duck wing leading edge flaps, flaperons, horizontal tail, and rudder, as well as aircraft with air-to-air missile, anti-radiation missile, electronic jamming pod, and other weapons, the 3D models of carrier electronic warfare airplanes Model A and Model B with weapons were established. Based on the physical optics method and the equivalent electromagnetic flow method, by the use of the RCSAnsys software, the characteristics of carrier electronic warfare airplanes’ RCS under steady and dynamic flights were simulated under the UHF, X, and S radar bands. This paper researches the detection probability of aircraft by radars under the condition of electronic warfare, and completes the mathematical statistical analysis of the simulation results. The results show that: The Model A of carrier electronic warfare airplane is better than Model B on stealth performance and on discover probability by radar detection effectively.     

Distributions of Radar Angels

A foremost characteristic of large dot radar angels is the wide variation of basic parameter values which they exhibit. This variation is traceable to the nature of the underlying phenomena, i.e., birds and flocks of birds. In this paper, statistical distribution models for the mean radar cross section (RCS) and density of radar angels are obtained, based on a combination of radar and direct ornithological data. The radar cross-section distribution model has been derived from a dimensionless RCS versus wavelength model for individual birds, obtained from measured RCS data which have been scaled to a dimensionless form. This model is applied to ornithological data on populations of birds. The density distribution model is based on statistical reduction of migratory bird data obtained by Lowery's moon watching experiment, and observed seasonal and diurnal variations of radar angel activity. Both resulting distribution models are closely appproximated by the log-normal distribution. The model parameters for these distributions are given.     

雷达散射截面面积对发现概率的影响

在深入分析了影响飞机生存力的几种因素的基础上,通过理论推导,建立了雷达输入端信噪比与发现概率及雷达散射截面面积与信噪比之间的关系,计算了雷达散射截面面积对发现概率影响.并在Matlab的环境下进行了数学仿真,仿真结果表明:当信噪比落在区间[5.6,12.5]内,发现概率随着信噪比的降低而陡降.在没有完全掌握敌方预警雷达参数的情况下,通过假设定量的给出调整雷达散射截面面积的最佳范围.     

有限姿控能力的低RCS微小卫星姿态实时规划

 为提高在轨微小卫星使用效能及生存能力,提出一种受姿控能源消耗及驱动能力约束的低雷达散射截面（RCS）微小卫星姿态实时规划算法。算法应用曲面像素法、时域有限差分法及假设检验,在三维空间内对微小卫星的RCS及雷达探测水平进行建模,并结合雷达分布模型构建了相应的威胁评估函数及规划代价评估函数。同时,为提高算法的实时性能,采用了粒子群优化(PSO)算法以降低计算复杂度。仿真结果表明,在有限计算量的基础上,算法能够以较小规划代价有效降低卫星威胁方向的RCS及雷达探测概率,满足对微小卫星飞行姿态实时规划的需要。     

Optimized RF test range for educational purposes

Both the design and construction of a composite scale airframe and the equipment for an anechoic test range plus the in-house production of absorptive wall covering-all for engineering education-are briefly described. It is shown, that low cost home-made absorbing material with an attenuation of 30 dB or more can be designed. Waveguide and ground plane antennas for test purposes can be constructed from surplus materials. In this case the design and measurements of a 3 GHz antenna pair are shown. Finally, as a test object, a cheap yet effective scale model of a modern fighter aircraft is used for measurements of radar cross section and antenna installations. As a demonstration of the total system capabilities, the measurement of installed F-18 antennas is shown     

关于低RCS目标外形优化中目标函数的确定

在分析了低RCS目标外形优化中现有的两种目标函数的局限性的基础上,根据雷达检测概率与目标RCS分布之间的关系,提出了一种新的目标函数,即目标在威胁区域内其RCS大于规定的临界RCS的概率。算例表明本文所提出的目标函数比现有的目标函数更为有效,适用范围更广。为低RCS目标外形优化设计以及气动与隐身一体化设计提供了一个合理而有效的目标函数。     

超大尺寸共形吸波体雷达散射截面分析及验证

受结构复杂、超大尺寸、制作工艺等多种条件的限制,超大尺寸共形吸波体装机应用后的雷达散射截面研究开展较少,亟需从仿真及试验两个方面加强研究。本文从超大尺寸共形吸波体的双马来酰亚胺材质隐身翼面前缘制作工艺和基于仿真评估的结构设计出发,对共形吸波体的分层结构参数进行优化,对机翼前缘共形吸波体的装机雷达散射截面进行试验验证。结果表明：本文设计的超大尺寸共形吸波体垂直极化下在2~18GHz 取得-1.1~-22.4 dB 的雷达散射截面减缩效果,雷达散射截面的仿真评估误差可以控制在6.5 dB 以内,其中材料的电磁参数各向异性测试对仿真误差有决定性影响。     

Multipath and ground clutter analysis for a UWB noise radar

An ultrawideband (UWB) random-noise radar operating in the 1-2 GHz frequency band has been developed and field-tested up to a 200 m range at the Environmental Remote Sensing Laboratory (ERSL) of the University of Nebraska. A unique heterodyne correlation technique based on a delayed transmitted waveform using a photonic delay line has been used to inject coherence within this system. The performance of this radar in the presence of ground reflections is investigated analytically and experimentally, and the mitigating effects of UWB waveform on multipath-induced interference are analyzed. In addition, the ground clutter statistics, in a look-down mode, are theoretically established and experimentally verified. The performance of this radar in detecting clutter embedded targets with small radar cross section (RCS) is also experimentally examined.     

Calculation of probability of detection for log-normal targetfluctuations

An accurate, simple, and reliable method for the computation of the probability of detection for a target whose radar cross section is constant within a scan but fluctuates log-normally scan-to-scan is presented     

Evaluating a multiple-hypothesis multitarget tracking algorithm

The performance evaluation of multiple-hypothesis, multitarget tracking algorithm is presented. We are primarily interested in target-detection/track-initiation capabilities as measures of performance. Through Monte Carlo simulations, a multiple-hypothesis tracking algorithm was evaluated in terms of 1) probability of establishing a track from target returns and 2) false track density. A radar was chosen as the sensor, and a general multiple-hypothesis, multitarget tracking algorithm was used in the Monte Carlo simulations. The simulation results predict the probability of establishing a track from returns of a target as well as the false track density per scan volume per unit time. The effects of the target radar cross section and the radar power, measured through the mean signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) were studied, as were the effects of detection threshold and track quality threshold. Computational requirements were also investigated     

Application of frequency correlation function to radar target detection

Analysis of high-resolution 35 GHz synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery of terrain reveals that when point targets, such as vehicles, are viewed at angles close to grazing incidence, they are often difficult to distinguish from tree trunks because the radar cross section (RCS) intensities of the vehicles are comparable to the upper end of the RCS exhibited by tree trunks. To resolve the point target/tree trunk ambiguity problem, a detailed study was conducted to evaluate the use of new detection features based on the complex frequency correlation function (FCF). This paper presents an analytical examination of FCF and its physical meaning, the results of a numerical simulation study conducted to evaluate the performance of a detection algorithm that uses FCF, and the corroboration of theory with experimental observations conducted at 35 and 95 GHz. The FCF-based detection algorithm was found to correctly identify tree trunks as such in over 90% of the cases, while exhibiting a false alarm rate of only 3%.     

隐身飞机在大仰角时的生存力评估

介绍了生存力基本概念;给出了飞机发现概率的计算;在缺少某些雷达参数时,所提出的发现概率计算方法仍然适用。讨论了几种减缩RCS的实际可行的方法,并就隐身设计给出了指导性的意见。     

基于低可探测性的参考航迹规划

根据分层规划思想,确定参考航迹是进行航迹规划时首先要解决的问题。在充分考虑雷达探测的各种环境因素及飞行器RCS方位分布特性的基础上,将雷达对目标发现概率作为参考航迹的一个重要评价指标,基于自适应进化算法,采用新的遗传算子,最终生成综合考虑雷达威胁和飞行距离的参考航迹。结果表明,该航迹规划模型能根据对低可探测性和航程的不...