海上低空突防群目标跟踪的IMM-Bayesian实现

由于海上低空突防编队目标存在低检测和高机动的特点,采用传统跟踪算法对编队内目标逐个跟踪存在航迹连续性差、关联混乱等问题。针对上述问题,基于对编队群整体跟踪的思想,将交互式多模型(IMM)与Bayesian算法相结合,采用IMM-Bayesian算法完成典型机动场景下(拐弯、合并、分裂)海上低空编队群目标整体的跟踪,同时利用随机矩阵作为群的扩展状态完成对群形状信息的估计。其中,对海上低空突防编队群目标运动过程中出现的分裂与合并现象,在IMM-Bayesian算法的基础上采用最近邻分类的思想对其进行有效跟踪。仿真结果表明了算法的有效性。     

基于辅助粒子滤波的机动目标跟踪研究

针对机动目标跟踪巾扩展卡尔曼算法（EKF）收敛速度慢、跟踪精度低的问题,基于粒子滤波（PF）和辅助粒子滤波（APF）的基本思想,结合目标先验信息将速度约束条件加入到跟踪过程巾,对辅助粒子滤波算法进行了仿真分析,与扩展卡尔曼进行仿真对比,分析了跟踪性能和误差。仿真结果表明,对机动目标跟踪问题,辅助粒子滤波不仅解决了扩展卡尔曼线性化困难难题,与EKF相比还具有收敛速度快,跟踪精度高的优点。     

基于IMMKF算法的ADS-B监视应用目标跟踪

目标跟踪是机载广播式自动相关监视（ADS-B）应用的基础功能,对提升航空器周边的弱机动民航飞机目标跟踪性能具有重要意义。提出一种基于交互式多模型卡尔曼滤波（IMMKF）算法的ADS-B 监视应用目标跟踪方法。首先,针对弱机动背景下的民航飞机的飞行特点,建立包含匀速模型和标准协同转弯模型的运动模型集,并对模型进行线性化近似;然后,将模型预测和ADS-B 状态矢量量测数据作为IMMKF 算法中多个并行卡尔曼滤波器的输入,进行并行滤波;最后,计算得到目标状态矢量的估计和模型近似概率,并作为下一次迭代的输入。结果表明：相比于基于匀速模型的卡尔曼滤波目标跟踪方法,IMMKF 方法的位置跟踪误差降低了59%,速度跟踪误差降低了77%,显著提升了状态估计性能,具备较高的跟踪精度、稳健性与计算效率,在ADS-B 监视应用中具有实际应用价值与借鉴意义。     

在线学习的循环自适应机动目标跟踪算法

针对机动目标难以精确跟踪的问题,提出了一种可在线学习的循环Kalman神经网络跟踪算法。考虑到状态转移矩阵、量测噪声和过程噪声矩阵在机动目标跟踪中难以实时、离线估计,且在实际应用中对应数据集获取成本高,因此使用在线学习的神经网络对其进行实时估计。由于Kalman滤波算法本身是一种循环结构,将简单的全连接层网络与其嵌合,全连接层网络实时输出状态转移矩阵、量测和过程噪声矩阵估计,构成一种广义的循环Kalman神经网络,根据网络最终输出的位置估计进行端到端的在线学习,并且通过理论推导证明了其在线学习的可行性。将提出的循环Kalman神经网络同3种经典机动目标算法进行了仿真对比,结果表明：循环Kalman神经网络跟踪需要很少的先验信息,在最优区域内较之其他3种算法具有最高的跟踪精度和鲁棒性,并且具有效率高、训练成本低以及可扩展性强的特点。     

图象序列中机动目标的形心跟踪

从边检测边跟踪的角度探讨了图象序列中机动目标的形心跟踪问题,深入分析了强高斯噪声背景下目标形心估计的统计性质及用于形心估计的图象预处理方法。指出经典的图象二值化变换分割后作形心估计的方法面临着估计偏差和方差的矛盾,提出了用自适应交互三模型(ATIMM)跟踪图象序列中机动目标的方法,同时发现在了解目标形状的条件下,空间匹配滤波,二值变换点集聚类和 ATIMM三者的结合对图象序列中的机动目标具有最好的跟踪性能。     

基于角速度估计自适应的IMM目标跟踪算法

为了解决目标强机动时目标跟踪算法模型集不匹配的问题,提出了一种基于角速度估计的自适应交互式多模型算法。通过对角速度的估计,在目标的不同运动模式下选取最优模型集,角速度估计精度高时,通过角速度估计值构造模型集,减小模型间竞争;角速度估计精度低时,采用标准IMM算法的模型集,提高模型集的覆盖范围,从而提高跟踪精度。仿真结果表明该方法能够明显提升目标跟踪性能,对强机动目标的跟踪效果尤其显著。     

飞行小目标自适应双波门跟踪算法

波门跟踪是一种利用实际图像处理的区域范围的视觉跟踪算法。在飞行小目标信噪比较低的情况下,现有方法往往不能获得稳定的跟踪结果。针对小目标跟踪的特点,提出了一种自适应双波门的跟踪算法。该算法采用帧间差分算法检测小目标,通过质心标定修正当前帧目标的初始位置,并利用最小二乘估计预测算法实现目标范围的估计,从而实现自适应跟踪的目的。实验结果表明,即使在飞行小目标被短时遮挡情况下,利用本算法也能稳定地检测出它的位置,能根据目标的轮廓自适应地确定目标波门形状,并能有效解决目标跟踪偏移和短时丢失等问题。     

强跟踪滤波在高超声速滑翔目标跟踪中的应用

高超声速滑翔目标(HGT)机动模式复杂多样、轨迹形态灵活多变,增加了跟踪模型建模的不确定性,导致目标跟踪的精度低。为了提高跟踪精度,提出了一种基于强跟踪滤波的高超声速滑翔目标跟踪方法。首先,在地基雷达坐标系下建立目标运动模型和量测模型,利用维纳随机过程来表征运动模型中未知项的变化特性。其次,采用强跟踪无迹卡尔曼滤波(UKF)算法对目标运动状态进行估计,提高模型不确定性存在时滤波器的状态跟踪能力。最后,利用目标常用的基于标准轨迹的制导方法生成了一条可行飞行轨迹。仿真结果表明,该方法的跟踪精度高,强跟踪滤波能够有效降低模型不确定性存在时的状态估计误差。     

一种基于扩展模型的隐身目标检测前跟踪方法

现有的检测前跟踪算法对高分辨雷达隐身目标模型适应性不强,从而容易导致跟踪发散。针对该问题,把粒子滤波与检测前跟踪算法相结合应用于扩展隐身目标的检测跟踪,提出了一种隐身目标扩展模型检测前跟踪方法。首先,采用扩展模型对目标的扩展属性进行假设检验,从而判断目标是否为扩展目标;然后,把目标扩展长度引入状态向量,进行基于扩展模型的隐身目标检测前跟踪（Track-before-detect,TBD）,克服粒子滤波易发散的不足,实现对目标空间长度的估计。仿真结果表明,该算法能够准确判断目标的扩展属性并进行有效的检测跟踪。     

一种基于径向加速度的Singer-EKF机动目标跟踪算法

针对雷达均不能提供目标加速度信息,在目标机动时会出现跟踪精度差甚至跟踪发散的问题,提出一种基于径向加速度的Singer-EKF算法。该算法在信号处理阶段利用Radon-Ambiguity变换（RAT）估计出目标的径向加速度,并通过坐标转换将其引入量测向量中,然后采用基于Singer模型的扩展卡尔曼滤波（EKF）算法实现机动目标的跟踪。仿真验证了该方法的有效性,并与传统的不带径向加速度的扩展卡尔曼滤波（EKF）方法进行了比较,结果表明该方法在径向距离、位置、加速度和速度估计精度方面都有所提高。     

基于CPHD的双层粒子滤波目标跟踪算法

常规基于势概率假设密度滤波(Cardinalized Probability Hypothesis Density,CPHD)的粒子滤波(Particle Fil? ter,PF)跟踪算法应用于多目标跟踪时,容易遇到因粒子数量增加而带来的运算效率下降、目标数目估计不准的问题。文章基于常规粒子滤波 CPHD跟踪算法,通过部署双层粒子,提出基于势概率假设密度滤波的双层粒子滤波 (Two-Layer Particle Filter-CPHD,TLPF-CPHD)算法,以便提高目标数目及状态估计精度。仿真实验结果证明,相比于常规 PF-CPHD算法,新算法具有更好的目标数目和状态估计准确性。     

Formation tracking control for time-delayed multi-agent systems with second-order dynamics

In this paper, formation tracking control problems for second-order multi-agent systems (MASs) with time-varying delays are studied, specifically those where the position and velocity of followers are designed to form a time-varying formation while tracking those of the leader. A neigh-boring relative state information based formation tracking protocol with an unknown gain matrix and time-varying delays is presented. The formation tracking problems are then transformed into asymptotically stable problems. Based on the Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional approach, condi-tions sufficient for second-order MASs with time-varying delays to realize formation tracking are examined. An approach to obtain the unknown gain matrix is given and, since neighboring relative velocity information is difficult to measure in practical applications, a formation tracking protocol with time-varying delays using only neighboring relative position information is introduced. The proposed results can be used on target enclosing problems for MASs with second-order dynamics and time-varying delays. An application for target enclosing by multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is given to demonstrate the feasibility of theoretical results.     

面向再入目标跟踪的估计与辨识联合优化算法

准确的弹道系数辨识和精确的目标状态估计是再入目标高精度跟踪与高可靠识别的关键。一方面,状态估计的误差会造成模型参数(弹道系数)的辨识风险;另一方面,模型参数的辨识偏差又会导致模型失配从而降低目标状态的估计精度。因此,需要实现再入目标的状态估计和参数辨识的联合优化。针对再入目标弹道系数未知情形,提出了一种基于期望最大化(EM)框架并采用粒子滤波(PF)平滑器实现的PF-EM联合优化算法。在E步基于粒子平滑器得到目标状态的后验平滑估计,M步采用数值优化算法更新上一次迭代的弹道系数,通过E步和M步的不断迭代,以保证状态估计和弹道系数辨识的一致性。算法仿真对比表明:所提算法的状态估计和参数辨识精度均优于传统的状态增广算法。     

Maneuvering Target Tracking in Dense Clutter Based on Particle Filtering

An improved particle filtering(IPF) is presented to perform maneuvering target tracking in dense clutter.The proposed filter uses several efficient variance reduction methods to combat particle degeneracy,low mode prior probabilities and measure-ment-origin uncertainty.Within the framework of a hybrid state estimation,each particle samples a discrete mode from its poste-rior distribution and the continuous state variables are approximated by a multivariate Gaussian mixture that is updated by an unscented Ka...     

Application of Road Information in Ground Moving Target Tracking

A new algorithm is developed to achieve accurate state estimation in ground moving target tracking by means of using road information. It is an adaptive variable structure interacting multiple model estimator with dynamic models modification （DMM VS-IMM for short）. Firstly, road information is employed to modify the target dynamic models used by filter, including modification of state transition matrix and process noise. Secondly, road information is applied to update the model set of a VS-IMM estimator. Predicted state estimation and road information are used to locate the target in the road network on which the model set is updated and finally IMM filtering is implemented. As compared with traditional methods, the accuracy of state estimation is improved for target moving not only on a single road, but also through an intersection. Monte Carlo simulation demonstrates the efficiency and robustness of the proposed algorithm with moderate computational loads.     

Efficient particle filtering for road-constrained target tracking

The variable-structure multiple-model particle filtering approach for state estimation of road-constrained targets is addressed. The multiple models are designed to account for target maneuvers including "move-stop-move" and motion ambiguity at an intersection; the time-varying active model sets are adaptively selected based on target state and local terrain condition. The hybrid state space is partitioned into the mode subspace and the target subspace. The mode state is estimated based on random sampling; the target state as well as the relevant likelihood function associated with a mode sample sequence is approximated as Gaussian distribution, of which the conditional mean and covariance are deterministically computed using a nonlinear Kalman filter which accounts for road constraints in its update. The importance function for the sampling of the mode state approximates the optimal importance function under the same Gaussian assumption of the target state.     

基于冗余伪观测的自适应滤波算法

现有的二阶互差分(SOMD)算法能够给出与状态估计误差解耦的观测噪声协方差估计，但是需要满足冗余测量的条件，但这一条件往往难以满足。 针对这一问题，提出了一种利用状态预测值构造相邻2个时刻伪观测的方法，将原SOMD算法扩展到具有单测量的系统中。使用目标跟踪问题对该算法的有效性进行验证。仿真结果表明，当采样周期较小时，该算法能够忽略状态估计误差的影响并给出较准确的观测噪声方差，在精度和鲁棒性方面优于其他参考算法。     

Bernoulli particle flter with observer altitude for maritime radiation source tracking in the presence of measurement uncertainty

For maritime radiation source target tracking in particular electronic counter measures（ECM）environment,there exists two main problems which can deteriorate the tracking performance of traditional approaches.The frst problem is the poor observability of the radiation source.The second one is the measurement uncertainty which includes the uncertainty of the target appearing/disappearing and the detection uncertainty（false and missed detections）.A novel approach is proposed in this paper for tracking maritime radiation source in the presence of measurement uncertainty.To solve the poor observability of maritime radiation source target,using the radiation source motion restriction,the observer altitude information is incorporated into the bearings-only tracking（BOT）method to obtain the unique target localization.Then the two uncertainties in the ECM environment are modeled by the random fnite set（RFS）theory and the Bernoulli fltering method with the observer altitude is adopted to solve the tracking problem of maritime radiation source in such context.Simulation experiments verify the validity of the proposed approach for tracking maritime radiation source,and also demonstrate the superiority of the method compared with the traditional integrated probabilistic data association（IPDA）method.The tracking performance under different conditions,particularly those involving different duration of radiation source opening and switching-off,indicates that the method to solve our problem is robust and effective.