中纬突发E层特性的模拟分析

从基本的连续性方程出发,并结合运动方程,运用特征线方法求解,在合理的动力学假设条件下,模拟金属离子的汇聚,即Es层的形成.模拟的结果在一定程度上证实了风剪切理论的合理性.通过改变风场和电场模式的输入参量,使模拟的结果体现出不同当地时、不同季节的金属离子汇聚情况,讨论了模拟Es层峰值密度对风场和电场的周日和季节变化的响应,其结果与统计得到的Es层出现率的时间分布特征相似.     

武汉突发E层的季节变化及其与中层风的关系

通过对2018年武汉站（114.61°E,30.53°N）数字测高仪记录的数据统计分析,研究武汉地区突发E层的特征。研究发现：2018年武汉地区电离层突发E层的临界频率在夏季最高,在冬季有一个次增强现象,在春秋季较低;在正午前最大,在日落后出现小幅度提升,在日出前最低。利用指定动态全球大气气候扩展模型SD-WACCM-X模拟出2018年武汉上空90～140 km高度的平均风场,探讨突发E层与背景风之间的关系,揭示突发E层的形成机制。结果表明,半日潮汐分量可能诱导突发E层临界频率的半日变化,周日潮汐分量诱导突发E层临界频率的周日变化;突发E层的强度可能与纬向风场120 km高度处的风剪切有关。     

武汉上空中层和低热层大气潮汐的流星雷达观测

武汉流星雷达是2002年元月建成的我国第一部全天空流星雷达,本文对2002年2月19日到7月31日流星雷达观测的潮汐的讨论表明,武汉中层顶以周日潮汐为潮汐运动的主要分量,它的强度远大于半日潮汐,周日潮汐和半日潮汐的波源都在80km以下．周日潮汐分量在3、4月份最强,并且经向分量略强于纬向分量．两个分量的峰值在约95km处出现,分别达到44m／s和60m／s．半日潮的最大值24m／s出现在4月初约93km处．周日潮汐和半日潮汐的振幅和相位随时间呈现出拟周期变化的特征,这可能是潮汐与行星波非线形相互作用的结果．观测结果与GSWM模型的比较表明,GSWM模型在相位随高度变化趋势上与观测结果一致,但模型的周日潮相位比观测约超前1—2h,半日潮相位约滞后1—4h．在周日潮汐较强的月份,模型与观测有较大的差异,观测的幅度通常在95km附近有极大值,而模型并没有极大值．GSWM模型对半日潮的幅度的估计通常过小,观测的半日潮汐幅度有时甚至超过模型值的一倍以上．     

大气重力波引起的突发钠层的模拟研究

应用钠原子和中性大气分子的质量连续性方程来模拟突发钠层(SSL),垂直风场采用接近实际大气重力波的正弦行波模式,结果较好地反映了SSL的形成过程.SSL的形成时刻在5-15min之间并可持续到30min之后,形成高度大约在90-100km之间,峰宽为0.5-2km之间,这些都与实际观测SSL的特点相符.同时还进一步地研究了当重力波参数(主要指垂直波长和周期)、风速以及常态钠层半宽度发生变化时SSL的变化趋势.     

低纬(海南)地区电离层偶发E层的潮汐类周期研究

基于低纬(海南)台站(19.5°N,109.1°E)电离层测高仪在2004年观测到的偶发E层(Es)临界频率(f₀E_s)和虚高(h'E_s)数据,利用谱分析方法,给出了中国低纬地区Es层在全年和不同季节内的短周期变化特性.对全年数据谱分析表明,Es层除具有非常强的24h周期外,还具有显著的12h和8h周期.对不同季节内两个参数的谱分析进一步表明,8h周期主要出现在f₀E_s参数的春秋分季和夏末及在h'E_s参数的几乎所有季节;6h周期主要出现在f₀E_s参数的11-12月.海南低纬Es层中具有显著的6h和8h周期特性,特别是这两个周期还能同时出现在冬季,这是以往研究中不曾发现的新结果.初步分析认为,Es层的6h和8h周期极可能是分别由1/4日和1/3日潮汐所造成的.     

中国廊坊中间层和低热层大气平均风观测模拟

利用中国廊坊站（39.4°N,116.7°E）流星雷达在2012年4月1日至2013年3月31日的水平风场观测数据,分析廊坊上空80~100km的中间层与低热层（Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere,MLT）大气平均纬向风和经向风的季节变化特征.结果表明平均纬向风和经向风都表现出明显的季节变化特征.平均纬向风在冬季MLT盛行西风,极大值位于中间层顶,随高度增加西风减弱;在夏季中间层为东风,低热层为强西风,风向转换高度约为82km.平均经向风在冬季以南风为主,在夏季盛行北风.纬向风和经向风在春秋两季主要表现为过渡阶段.流星雷达观测结果与WACCM4模式和HWM93模式模拟的气候变化特点基本一致,但WACCM4模式纬向风和经向风风速偏大,而HWM93模式纬向风和经向风风速偏小.     

中纬度冬季低热层潮汐水平风分量相位关系的MF雷达观测

采用武汉(30°N,114°E)MF雷达在2001年冬季的风场观测数据研究中纬度低热层大气潮汐水平风分量之间的相位关系.统一用弧度定义的各潮汐经纬向分量的拟合初相位在三个连续的高度上分别显示出相同的时间变化倾向和相近的相位差,但是在绝大多数观测时间△ψ24和△ψ12准正交,而△ψ8出乎意料地准同相.周日、半日和8 h潮汐经纬向分量的二次相位耦合(QPC)方程被分别估计出来,利用它们相减还得到一个潮汐相位差相关方程.推测的8 h潮汐相位和相位差与相应的观测值很好地符合.在第14个时间窗内,三个潮汐一般表现为椭圆偏振而不是圆偏振或线偏振,但是△ψ24和△ψ12在三个连续的高度上准正交,而△ψ8在92.0和94.0 km上准同相.因此估计的潮汐QPC方程、推导的潮汐相位差相关方程、观测的8 h潮汐准同相相位差以及典型的潮汐偏振图都是观测的周日、半日和8 h潮汐之间真实QPC的反映.     

中纬度冬季低热层潮汐非线性相互作用的MF雷达观测

采用武汉(30°N,114°E)MF雷达在2001年冬季的风场观测数据研究中纬度低热层大气潮汐之间的二阶非线性相互作用.经向风场的Lomb-Scargle归一化振幅谱表明,周日、半日和8 h潮汐是中纬冬季中层顶区域占优势的大气扰动;此外6 h潮汐也清晰可见.双相干谱分析揭示大多数显著的双相干谱峰代表潮汐谐振分量之间的相位互相关或单个潮汐分量的自相关.对随时间变化的潮汐垂直波长的比较发现,实际观测的8h潮汐垂直波长与假定的由观测的24 h潮汐和12 h潮汐非线性相互作用产生的8 h潮汐的理论垂直波长具有明显的一致性.在94.0～98.0km高度范围,周日、半日和8h潮汐之间不仅存在明显的相位相关和垂直波数相关,且它们的振幅随时间变化也显示出振荡幅值相近、振荡相位同步或反相的相关性,表明它们之间已经发生了二阶非线性相互作用.但是在94.0 km以下,三个潮汐分量之间的各种相关性随高度的下降变得越来越弱,因此潮汐二阶相互作用更可能是一种局地和暂态的现象.      

海口上空中高层大气强烈的突发钠层观测

海南激光雷达站（20°N,110°E）2011年11月2日观测到强烈的突发钠层（SSL）.该SSL峰值密度达37087cm^-3,半峰全宽仅为0.9km.对该SSL发生前后的钠层峰值密度和高度特性进行分析.统计激光雷达2010年5月至2013年12月共计377天观测到的SSL事件222次,其中仅有1次SSL峰值密度超过30000cm^-3.对比距离最近的海南儋州（19.5°N,109.1°E）测高仪和VHF雷达观测到的突发E层（Es）事件,分析事件的相关性.Es最低高度与SSL峰值高度差均在5km以内,约有75%的Es与SSL时间差在±30min之内.实验中使用continuum的Nd：YAG激光器和泵浦染料激光器产生589nm激光,能量为45mJ,使用直径为1000mm的望远镜接收钠层的光子回波.     

大气潮汐的经典理论及有关现代模式的发展

按照历史发展, 回顾了从无耗无风背景下线性化的大气潮汐方程组出发得到一个二维定态变量可分离的基本偏微分方程及其全球Hough函数波模解的经典理论; 介绍了主要由Forbes和Hagan发展起来的在真实有耗有风背景下线性化的本质上仍是二维定态, 但纬度和高度变量不可分离的现代数值模式GSWM; 概述了近年来针对中高层大气的GCM (例如TIME-GCM, MUAM, CMAM和WACCM) 来研究潮汐非线性及非迁移潮汐等的发展趋势. 在融合理解的基础上对各模式的特点和模式间的差异进行了适当分析, 从中可以看出,半个世纪以来人们在从第一原理出发试图揭示全球大气潮汐的真实结构特征和长短期变化机制等方面进行了持续的努力, 这种努力又是与从利用地基雷达到卫星搭载仪器观测大气(特别是MLT区域的风场和温度场)的发展密不可分的.     

Simultaneous lidar observation of peculiar sporadic K and Na layers at São José dos Campos (23.1°S, 45.9°W), Brazil

We present the first simultaneous observation of mesopause sodium (Na) and potassium (K) layer by a lidar which has Na and K channel simultaneously at the South Hemisphere site, São José dos Campos (23.1°S, 45.9°W). Measurements reported here were conducted on two nights with 3.5 and 8?h of observations in November 2016. On 20 November 2016, sporadic layers in both Na and K layer occurred above 100?km, and the higher layers corresponded well with sporadic E (Es) layer. And the density of Na at 100–105?km is higher than that at main layer around 90?km, but K density around 100?km is at least 3 times smaller compared with the K density around 90?km for the similar period. On 21 November 2016, both sporadic layers occurred in main layer height with obvious descending variations with time, which seems like tidal induced. Notably, the peak K/Na ratio slowly increased with time. And Na layer and K layer showed different processes along with time with K density reaching its maximum 1?h later than that of Na. Correlations of Na/K density, Es, and winds were also discussed.     

Mid-latitude thermospheric wind changes during the St. Patrick’s Day storm of 2015 observed by two Fabry-Perot interferometers in China

In this work, we utilize thermospheric wind observations by the Fabry-Perot interferometers (FPI) from the Kelan (KL) station (38.7°N, 111.6°E, Magnetic Latitude: 28.9°N) and the Xinglong (XL) station (40.2°N, 117.4°E, Magnetic Latitude: 30.5°N) in central China during the St. Patrick’s Day storm (from Mar. 17 to Mar. 19) of 2015 to analyze thermospheric wind disturbances and compare observations with the Horizontal Wind Model 2007 (HWM07). The results reveal that the wind measurements at KL show very similar trends to those at XL. Large enhancements are seen in both the westward and equatorward winds after the severe geomagnetic storm occurred. The westward wind speed increased to a peak value of 75?m/s and the equatorward wind enhanced to a peak value of over 100?m/s. There also exist obvious poleward disturbances in the meridional winds during Mar. 17 to Mar. 19. According to the comparison with HWM07, there exist evident wind speed and temporal differences between FPI-winds and the model outputs in this severe geomagnetic storm. The discrepancies between the observations and HWM07 imply that the empirical model should be used carefully in wind disturbance forecast during large geomagnetic storms and more investigations between measurements and numerical models are necessary in future studies.     

太阳和地磁活动对高中低纬度站点Es层的影响

关于地磁和太阳活动对Es层形成的影响,已有研究所得结论不同甚至相互矛盾.为研究太阳和地磁活动对Es层的影响,对4个太阳活动周期（1970-2010年）高中低纬度站点每小时Es层的参数进行了分析.结果表明太阳和地磁活动对Es层形成确实具有影响,而且不同纬度Es层与太阳和地磁活动的相关系数也不相同.同时对Es层各参数对于太阳和地磁活动不同反应的原因进行了解释.     

捕获加速新生离子对Alfvén波的激发

根据准线性方程,求出了在离子持续产生并被太阳风捕获加速的情况下离子的渐近态分布函数.采用此分布函数分析了斜向传播的Alfven波的稳定性.     

Comparison between HF propagation and DEMETER satellite measurements within the mid-latitude trough

The morphology of the auroral, sub-auroral and mid-latitude trough region of the ionosphere is strongly dependent on the interplanetary magnetic field and the level of geomagnetic activity. Changes in the morphology impact on the characteristics of HF signals propagating through these regions of the ionosphere. In order to develop a better understanding of these effects, a number of experiments have recently been undertaken in which the time of flight and direction of arrival of HF signals have been measured over several paths aligned along the mid-latitude trough. In addition, observations made by the DEMETER satellite of the mid-latitude trough electron density structure, dynamics and wave activity were used in order to investigate the effect of the fine structure of the ionosphere on HF signals. For two types of relatively common night time HF time of flight and azimuth of arrival behaviour (referred to here and elsewhere as ‘Type 1’ and ‘Type 2’ propagation), the signal behaviour is consistent with scatter from irregularities in the auroral region in the one case, and from irregularities present on the floor of the trough in the other.     

Observations of HF propagation on a path aligned along the mid-latitude trough

Observations of the direction of arrival and time of flight of HF signals propagating on a 1400 km path oriented along the mid-latitude trough are presented. At night, the signal commonly arrives from directions offset from the great circle bearing by up to 80° and these events have been categorised into five main types. Statistics indicating how often these categories of propagation were observed in the period August 2006 to September 2007 are presented. The physical mechanisms which result in the off great circle propagation are also discussed.     

A comparative sporadic-E layer study between two mid-latitude ionospheric stations

Hourly systematic measurements of the highest frequency reflected by the sporadic-E layer (foEs) recorded from January 1976 to June 2009 at the ionospheric stations of Rome (Italy, 41.8°N, 12.5°E) and Gibilmanna (Italy, 37.9°N, 14.0°E) were considered to carry out a comparative study between the sporadic E layer (Es) over Rome and Gibilmanna. Different statistical analysis were performed taking into account foEs observations near the periods of minimum and maximum solar activity. The results reveal that: (1) independently from the solar activity, Es develops concurrently over extended regions in space, instead of being a spatially limited layer which is transported horizontally by neutral winds over a larger area; especially during summer months, when an Es layer is present at Rome, there is a high probability that an Es layer is also present over Gibilmanna, and vice versa; (2) Es layer lifetimes of 1–5 h were found; in particular, Es layers with lifetimes of 5 h both over Gibilmanna and Rome are observed with highest percentages of occurrence in summer ranging between 80% and 90%, independently from the solar activity; (3) latitudinal effects on Es layer occurrence emerge mostly for low solar activity during winter, equinoctial, and summer months, when Es layers are detected more frequently over Gibilmanna rather than Rome; (4) when the presence of an Es layer over Rome and Gibilmanna is not simultaneous, Es layer appearance both over Rome and Gibilmanna confirms to be a locally confined event, because drifting phenomena from Rome to Gibilmanna or vice versa have not been emphasized.     

三维试验粒子轨道法在磁层粒子全球输运中的应用

根据磁层粒子动力学理论, 通过偶极磁场模型验证利用三维试验粒子轨道方法模拟近地球区(r < 8R_e)带电粒子运动特征的可靠性. 在此基础上, 以太阳风和磁层相互作用的全球MHD模拟结果为背景, 利用三维试验粒子轨道方法, 对非磁暴期间南向行星际磁场背景下太阳风离子注入磁层的情形进行数值模拟, 并对北向行星际磁场背景下太阳风离子注入极尖区以及内磁层的几种不同情形进行了单粒子模拟. 模拟结果反映了南向和北向行星际磁场离子向磁层的几种典型输入过程, 揭示出行星际磁场南向时太阳风粒子在磁层内密度分布的晨昏不对称性以及其在磁鞘和磁层内的大致分布, 并得出统计规律. 模拟结果与理论预测和观测结论相一致, 且通过数值模拟发现, 行星际磁场北向时靠近极尖区附近形成的非典型磁镜结构对于能量粒子经由极尖区注入环电流区域过程有重要的影响和作用.