An equivalent ground thermal test method for single-phase fluid loop space radiator

Thermal vacuum test is widely used for the ground validation of spacecraft thermal control system. However, the conduction and convection can be simulated in normal ground pressure environment completely. By the employment of pumped fluid loops’ thermal control technology on spacecraft, conduction and convection become the main heat transfer behavior between radiator and inside cabin. As long as the heat transfer behavior between radiator and outer space can be equivalently simulated in normal pressure, the thermal vacuum test can be substituted by the normal ground pressure thermal test. In this paper, an equivalent normal pressure thermal test method for the spacecraft single-phase fluid loop radiator is proposed. The heat radiation between radiator and outer space has been equivalently simulated by combination of a group of refrigerators and thermal electrical cooler(TEC) array. By adjusting the heat rejection of each device, the relationship between heat flux and surface temperature of the radiator can be maintained. To verify this method,a validating system has been built up and the experiments have been carried out. The results indicate that the proposed equivalent ground thermal test method can simulate the heat rejection performance of radiator correctly and the temperature error between in-orbit theory value and experiment result of the radiator is less than 0.5 C, except for the equipment startup period. This provides a potential method for the thermal test of space systems especially for extra-large spacecraft which employs single-phase fluid loop radiator as thermal control approach.     

Transient performance and intelligent combination control of a novel spray cooling loop system

Effective thermal control systems are essential for the reliable working of insulated gate bipolar transistors （IGBTs） in many applications. A novel spray cooling loop system with integrated sintered porous copper wick （SCLS-SPC） is proposed to meet the requirements of higher device level heat fluxes and the harsh environments in some applications such as hybrid, fuel cell vehicles and aerospace. Fuzzy logic and proportional-integral-derivative （PID） policies are applied to adjust the electronic temperature within a safe working range. To evaluate the thermal control effect, a mathematical model of a 4-node thermal network and pump are established for predicting the dynamics of the SCLS-SPC. Moreover, the transient response of the 4 nodes and vapor mass flowrate under no control, PID and Fuzzy-PID are numerically investigated and discussed in detail.     

Neural adaptive control for a ground experiment of the space proximity operation in a six-degree-of-freedom micro-gravity simulation system

In this study, a neural adaptive controller is developed for a ground experiment with a spacecraft proximity operation. As the water resistance in the experiment is highly nonlinear and can significantly affect the fidelity of the ground experiment, the water resistance must be estimated accurately and compensated using an active force online. For this problem, a novel control algorithm combined with Chebyshev Neural Networks(CNN) and an Active Disturbance Rejection Control(ADRC) is proposed. Sp...     

巡航导弹防热部件热-振联合试验

针对高速巡航导弹防热部件热-振联合试验的需要,建立了高速飞行器高温热-振试验环境模拟系统,该系统由振动激励试验系统和热环境模拟试验系统组成.试验时,热试验系统按照导弹高速飞行过程中弹体表面温度的连续变化对气动加热模拟过程实施动态复现,同时激振系统对防热部件实施振动激励.试验结果表明,该环境试验系统能够为巡航导弹在热振复合状态下的安全飞行提供可靠依据.      

Modeling and control of a novel electro-hydrostatic actuator with adaptive pump displacement

The variable pump displacement and variable motor speed electro-hydrostatic actuator (EHA), one of the three types of EHAs, has advantages such as short response time, flexible speed regulation, and high efficiency. However, the nonlinearity of its double-input single-output system poses a great challenge for system control. This study proposes a novel EHA with adaptive pump displacement and variable motor speed (EHA-APVM). A closed-loop position is realized using a servomotor. Moreover, the displacement varies with the system pressure; thus, the EHA-APVM is a single-input and single-output system. Firstly, the working principles of the EHA-APVM and the pump used in the system are introduced. Secondly, a nonlinear mathematical model of the proposed EHA-APVM control system is established, and a feedback back-stepping (FBBS) control algorithm is introduced to transform the complex nonlinear system into a linear system on the basis of the back-stepping control theory. Finally, simulation results prove that the EHA-APVM has a quick response and high robustness to variations of the load and the pump displacement. In this work, the size and weight of the motor are significantly reduced because the maximum power requirement is reduced, which is very beneficial for using the actuator in airborne equipment.     

典型尖楔结构燃气流热试验工况确定方法

在传统冷壁热流模拟方法的基础上,进一步提出以热壁温度及热流密度的时序变化曲线为控制目标的燃气流热试验工况确定方法,即利用壁温控制目标与实测值的偏差对热壁热流控制目标做一定修正,以尽可能消除和弥补前期试验误差,同时利用300K冷壁边界热流密度数据库插值迭代方法,快速确定一定气动热模拟所需燃气流温度,解决了沿飞行轨迹瞬态热试验技术难题之一。利用CFD数值模拟方法,建立了典型尖楔结构高/中温双路燃气流组合热试验300K冷壁边界热流密度数据库,并针对典型尖楔结构沿某飞行轨迹9个典型状态气动热模拟需求,确定相应双路燃气流热模拟参数。相关数值计算结果显示,驻点区域热流密度平均模拟偏差为4.5%,平板区热流密度平均模拟偏差为4.6%,两者最大模拟偏差均不大于8%,满足工程试验精度要求。同时,瞬态热分析结果显示第45s时,距驻点1mm处最大温度梯度达到21K/mm,距驻点10.1mm处最大温度梯度达到18K/mm,满足气动热大温度梯度效应需求。      

Event-triggered adaptive control for attitude tracking of spacecraft

Plug-and-play technology is an important direction for future development of spacecraft and how to design controllers with less communication burden and satisfactory performance is of great importance for plug-and-play spacecraft. Considering attitude tracking of such spacecraft with unknown inertial parameters and unknown disturbances, an event-triggered adaptive backstepping controller is designed in this paper. Particularly, a switching threshold strategy is employed to design the event-triggering mechanism. By introducing a new linear time-varying model, a smooth function, an integrable auxiliary signal and a bound estimation approach, the impacts of the network-induced error and the disturbances are effectively compensated for and Zeno phenomenon is successfully avoided. It is shown that all signals of the closed-loop system are globally uniformly bounded and both the attitude tracking error and the angular velocity tracking error converge to zero. Compared with conventional control schemes, the proposed scheme significantly reduces the communication burden while providing stable and accurate response for attitude maneuvers. Simulation results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.     

尖楔结构低速高/中温双路气流组合热试验方法

在典型高超声速飞行工况下,数值模拟分析了高温合金尖楔前缘结构沿气流方向大温度分布梯度将带来严重的热强度问题,产生大温度分布梯度的根本原因是尖楔结构头部区域平均热流密度与后段平板区域平均热流密度之差,而受头部区域热流密度具体分布的影响不大;进而提出了一种低速高/中温双路气流组合热试验方案,并通过数值模拟方法证明了该方案具有两股气流参数可以独立调节分别满足尖楔结构头部驻点区域及后段平板区域大、小两种热流密度的优点,进而解决单喷口低速高温燃气流热模拟试验难题,满足尖楔结构高超声速飞行工况下大温度梯度模拟要求.同时,该方案通过高/中温气源的合理组合搭配可以大大降低尖楔结构热试验所需高温气源发生功率,推广应用于电弧风洞可拓展其热试验范围.      

涡喷发动机高空台与地面台试车可靠性数据综合

研究了涡喷发动机在高空台与地面台试车时的加速系数，其前提条件是发动机故障机理不变的条件假设成立，当此假设检验通过后，就可给出加速系数的点估计。据此，将高空台条件下试验的故障数据与地面台条件下试验故障数据互相折算，转换成综合故障数据，从而得出涡喷发动机在地面(或高空)台试验条件下的可靠性测度。最后用数值例说明了这种方法。     

一类非线性系统的自适应控制及其在发动机中的应用

讨论了一类不确定性严格反馈非线性系统的鲁棒控制问题。结合H∞控制和自适应控制,提出基于一种反演(Backstepping)技术的鲁棒控制器。将广义不确定项参数化,提出了状态反馈控制器的算法,反演迭代设计不仅避免了求解HJI不等式设计控制器的困难,而且保证了闭环系统取得H∞的性能指标。基于航空发动机模型的仿真结果证明了理论推导的有效性。     

一类非线性系统的神经网络自适应控制

针对一类单输入单输出不确定非仿射型非线性系统,基于多层神经网络提出了一种直接自适应控制方法。该设计方法首先应用多层神经网络自适应模拟逼近逆解中的未知部分,然后应用逆设计和自适应反演设计出虚拟控制量,最后应用反馈线性化设计方法和神经网络设计了直接自适应控制律。并利用Lyapunov稳定性定理推导了神经网络的参数调节律,保证了闭环系统的所有信号均最终一致有界。     

Predictor-based model reference adaptive roll and yaw control of a quad-tiltrotor UAV

An attempt is made to apply modern control technology to the roll and yaw control of a rudderless quad-tiltrotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) in the latter part of the flight mode transition, where aerodynamic forces on the tiltrotor’s wings start to take effect. A predictor-based adaptive roll and yaw controller is designed to compensate for system uncertainties and parameter changes. A dynamics model of the tiltrotor is built. A Radial-Basis Function (RBF) neural network and offline adaptation method are used to reduce flight controller workload and cope with the nonlinearities in the controls. Simulations are conducted to verify the reference model response tracking and yaw-roll control decoupling ability of the adaptive controller, as well as the validity of the offline adaptation method. Flight tests are conducted to confirm the ability of the adaptive controller to track different roll and yaw reference model responses. The decoupling of roll and yaw controls is also tested in flight via coordinated turn maneuvers with different rotor tilt angles.     

Switched adaptive active disturbance rejection control of variable structure near space vehicles based on adaptive dynamic programming

Based on the switched nonlinear system, a switched adaptive Active Disturbance Rejection Control(ADRC) law is proposed for the Variable Structure Near Space Vehicle(VSNSV) with unknown uncertainties and external disturbances. The reduced-order Extended State Observers(ESOs) are constructed for the attitude angle system and the angular rate system to estimate the total disturbance in real time. With the extended state introduced to counteract the effects of uncertainties and disturbances, a systematic procedure is presented for the synthesis of the switched adaptive ADRC strategy. Rigorous proof shows that the estimation errors of the reduced-order ESOs would converge to a small neighborhood of zero in finite time, and that the output of the closedloop system can track a given signal stably for a class of switching signals with average dwell time via the proposed approach. The variable gain control strategy based on Adaptive Dynamic Programming(ADP) with the actor-critic structure is also designed to improve the dynamic performance of the system. Simulation results verify the effectiveness and advantage of the proposed control scheme.     

A novel target detection approach based on adaptive radar waveform design

To resolve problems of complicated clutter, fast-varying scenes, and low signal-clutterratio (SCR) in application of target detection on sea for space-based radar (SBR), a target detection approach based on adaptive waveform design is proposed in this paper. Firstly, complicated sea clutter is modeled as compound Gaussian process, and a target is modeled as some scatterers with Gaussian reflectivity. Secondly, every dwell duration of radar is divided into several sub-dwells. Regular linear frequency modulated pulses are transmitted at Sub-dwell 1, and the received signal at this sub-dwell is used to estimate clutter covariance matrices and pre-detection. Estimated matrices are updated at every following sub-dwell by multiple particle filtering to cope with fast-varying clutter scenes of SBR. Furthermore, waveform of every following sub-dwell is designed adaptively according to mean square optimization technique. Finally, principal component analysis and generalized likelihood ratio test is used for mitigation of colored interference and property of constant false alarm rate, respectively. Simulation results show that, considering configuration of SBR and condition of complicated clutter, 9 dB is reduced for SCR which reliable detection requires by this target detection approach. Therefore, the work in this paper can markedly improve radar detection performance for weak targets.     

Backstepping design of missile guidance and control based on adaptive fuzzy sliding mode control

This paper presents an integrated missile guidance and control law based on adaptive fuzzy sliding mode control. The integrated model is formulated as a block-strict-feedback nonlinear system, in which modeling errors, unmodeled nonlinearities, target maneuvers, etc. are viewed as unknown uncertainties. The adaptive nonlinear control law is designed based on backstepping and sliding mode control techniques. An adaptive fuzzy system is adopted to approximate the coupling nonlinear functions of the system, and for the uncertainties, we utilize an online-adaptive control law to estimate the unknown parameters. The stability analysis of the closed-loop system is also conducted. Simulation results show that, with the application of the adaptive fuzzy sliding mode control, small miss distances and smooth missile trajectories are achieved, and the system is robust against system uncertainties and external disturbances.     

液体火箭发动机地面试车故障检测的自适应阈值算法

提出一种自适应阈值故障检测算法,其检测阈值由实时估计的参数均值、标准差及由训练算法得到的带宽系数计算。用某发动机22次点火试验的试车数据进行离线故障检测,结果表明其综合性能优于红线系统和SAFD算法。     

航空发动机地面试车验收空中工作点性能的机理研究

为了通过航空发动机地面试车验收空中工作点性能,本文利用防喘调节系统的工作原理和相关参数,采用发动机稳态性能计算的方法,确定了某双转子混合排气涡扇发动机压气机出口温度、涡轮前温度和排气温度在地面试车与空中工作点间的换算系数。在考虑发动机性能分散度的基础上,计算了推力性能的验收指标,其结果与实际发动机基本吻合,证实了验收机理和方法的正确性。本研究结果为航空发动机空中工作点的性能验收提供了借鉴和参考。     

Friction compensation for low velocity control of hydraulic flight motion simulator: A simple adaptive robust approach

Low-velocity tracking capability is a key performance of flight motion simulator (FMS), which is mainly affected by the nonlinear friction force. Though many compensation schemes with ad hoc friction models have been proposed, this paper deals with low-velocity control without friction model, since it is easy to be implemented in practice. Firstly, a nonlinear model of the FMS middle frame, which is driven by a hydraulic rotary actuator, is built. Noting that in the low velocity region, the unmodeled friction force is mainly characterized by a changing-slowly part, thus a simple adaptive law can be employed to learn this changing-slowly part and compensate it. To guarantee the boundedness of adaptation process, a discontinuous projection is utilized and then a robust scheme is proposed. The controller achieves a prescribed output tracking transient performance and final tracking accuracy in general while obtaining asymptotic output tracking in the absence of modeling errors. In addition, a saturated projection adaptive scheme is proposed to improve the globally learning capability when the velocity becomes large, which might make the previous proposed projection-based adaptive law be unstable. Theoretical and extensive experimental results are obtained to verify the high-performance nature of the proposed adaptive robust control strategy.     

高超声速飞行器瞬态热试验

为了进行高超声速飞行器热防护系统的初步设计和数值计算的验证,设计开发了高超声速飞行器瞬态气动加热地面试验系统及其控制软件.试验系统能够根据飞行器的飞行轨迹和外形参数加载瞬态热流,实时测出结构表面的热流值和温度,得到飞行器的表面试验热流曲线和温度曲线.试验系统采用真空舱模拟飞行环境,并为此设计了冷却床,在真空环境下能比较真实的模拟热防护系统的下表面热环境,使瞬态热试验的原理更加合理,精度进一步提高.      

Fractional order adaptive robust formation control of multiple quad-rotor UAVs with parametric uncertainties and wind disturbances

In recent times, multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are being widely utilized in several areas of applications such as agriculture, surveillance, disaster management, search and rescue operations. Degree of robustness of applied control schemes determines how accurate a swarm of UAVs accomplish group tasks. Formation and trajectory tracking controllers are required for the swarm of multiple UAVs. Factors like external environmental effects, parametric uncertainties and wind gusts make the controller design process as a challenging task. This article proposes fractional order formation and trajectory tacking controllers for multiple quad-rotors using Super Twisting Sliding Mode Control (STSMC) technique. To compensate the effects of the disturbances due to parametric uncertainties and wind gusts, Lyapunov function based adaptive controllers are formulated. Moreover, Lyapunov theorem is used to guarantee the stability of the proposed controllers. Three types of controllers, namely fixed gain STSMC and fractional order Adaptive Super Twisting Sliding Mode Control (ASTSMC) methods are tested for the swarm of UAVs by performing the numerical simulations in MATLAB/Simulink environment. From the presented results, it is verified that in presence of wind disturbances and parametric uncertainties, the proposed fractional order ASTSMC technique showed improved robustness as compared to the fixed gain STSMC and integer order ASTSMC.