超声速氩气流磁流体发电初步实验研究(英文)

利用激波风洞,采用氦气驱动氩气,在平衡接触面运行方式下得到高温气体,通过在低压段注入电离种子K2CO3粉末,实现高温条件下导电流体的产生,开展了超声速氩气流磁流体功率提取初步实验研究。在喷管入口总压0.32MPa、总温6504K,磁场强度约0.5T、喷管出口气流速度1959m/s的条件下,对分段磁流体功率提取通道电极的感应电压和短路电流进行了测量,实验测量结果与理论计算相吻合,并由电压电流计算得出了平均电导率约20S/m左右,在负载系数为0.5的情况下,磁流体功率提取通道最大的功率密度可达4.7971MW/m3,最大焓提取率为0.34%。最后分析并给出了气体状态参数T1,M1,T2,M2的测试原理与方法。     

高超声速等截面磁流体发电机性能研究

采用三维低磁雷诺数磁流体动力学五方程模型,对等截面管道法拉第型分段电极磁流体发电机内的流动进行数值模拟,研究了负载系数、磁场强度、电极-绝缘壁宽度比对发电通道性能的影响.结果表明:当负载系数为0.50时电功率密度达到最大,并且随着负载系数的增大发生器的减速能力降低;当磁场强度为8T时,500mm的管道长度即可将来流马赫数从6降低到3以下,温度保持在800K以下,并且每立方米的管道发电量能够达到兆瓦级的水平.      

射频介质阻挡放电改善NACA 0015翼型气动性能的实验

介质阻挡放电(DBD)均匀稳定、易于敷设,是机翼/翼型等离子体流动控制(PFC)中最常用的激励方式。射频介质阻挡放电激励频率高、放电功率大,且能在流场中产生明显的加热,应用潜力大。采用射频电源驱动DBD激励器产生等离子体,分析放电的体积力、热特性和诱导流场特性,开展了射频介质阻挡放电改善NACA 0015翼型气动性能的实验,研究了占空比、调制频率、载波频率和电源功率等参数对流动控制效果的影响规律。结果表明:射频等离子体激励的体积力效应随激励电压的增大而增加;射频等离子体激励产生的热量在诱导的流场中进行传导,加速流场;当来流速度为20m/s,Re=3.36×10~5时,在翼型前缘施加激励,使翼型临界失速迎角推迟1°,最大升力系数增大6.43%,且在过失速迎角下仍具有流动控制效果,使升力下降变缓;调制频率越大,控制效果越好;存在最佳占空比、载波频率和功率,占空比对流场控制效果的影响最显著,最佳占空比、载波频率和功率分别为20%,460kHz和50W。射频等离子体激励以体积力效应、热效应和诱导壁面射流改善失速流场,使得NACA0015翼型气动性能极大改善,流动分离得到有效控制。     

法拉第型磁流体发电机试验和数值仿真

针对未来航空航天任务对大功率空间电源的迫切需求，开展了国内首次高温惰性气体法拉第型磁流体发电机试验研究。试验采用电弧加热器作为模拟热源，以氩气作为工质，添加铯作为电离种子以提高工质电导率，成功实现了对法拉第型磁流体发电机的原理性验证，在1 T磁场环境的试验条件下取得了最高194 W的发电功率，功率密度为866 kW/m³。根据试验条件对发电过程进行了三维数值模拟，分析结果表明：发电机输出性能受电极压降和工质速度的影响较大，需要在后续研究中改进发电机工艺以降低电极压降，并对加速喷管重新进行设计。     

脉冲磁流体发电技术研究进展

本文总结和阐述了现有脉冲磁流体发电机的类型及其国内外研究进展,同时对磁流体发电过程中的关键技术和科学问题(近电极压降、边界层分离、Hartmann效应、发电系统建模、性能分析、高磁雷诺数、强电磁效应、阻抗匹配等)进行了综述总结,以期掌握磁流体动力学行为及能量转化机理,提升发电机性能,并介绍了在航空航天领域的三种主要应用方式：磁流体能量旁路、超燃冲压发动机驱动的磁流体发电及表面磁流体发电。最后，对脉冲磁流体发电技术研究的发展趋势进行了总结和展望,旨在对其实用化进程提供指导和借鉴意义。     

超声速磁流体加速实验及一维模型分析

为了获得负载系数、电导率等参数变化对超声速磁流体加速效果的影响规律,利用激波风洞,采用氩气与碳酸钾作为工质,电容提供电能的方式,在磁感应强度为0.5T的条件下,进行了不同电容充电电压下的超声速磁流体加速实验研究,并对一维定常理想分段法拉第型磁流体加速模型进行了分析.通过实验获得了不同电容充电电压下#10电极间的电压、电流、负载系数、电导率及#20电极开路电压等数据,在300, 400V电容充电电压下,气流速度分别增加11.4%和24.0%,在500V电容充电电压下气流速度减小11.1%.实验及模型分析得出不同的负载系数会使超声速磁流体处于加速或减速的不同状态,而电导率会影响注入总能量的大小,使磁流体流动的速度梯度大小发生改变.      

三维磁流体动力学管道流动加减速控制数值研究

阐述了磁流体动力学(MHD)控制流场作用机理.在小磁雷诺数条件下,运用数值模拟方法,对不同外加电磁场条件下三维MHD管道流动的流场情况进行研究,得出不同磁场、电场等MHD参数作用下MHD加速器的性能.对MHD加速器的应用前景进行了展望.计算结果显示,电场取6000V/m,磁场为0.92T 情况下,流场的加速性能可达13.46%,并且可以通过减小磁场或增大电场进一步提高加速性能;在仅添加0.92T磁场条件下,速度减速可达16.35%.     

Numerical analysis of deflection control of a gas plasma jet based on magnetohydrodynamic staggered electrode configuration

To control the deflection of the gas plasma jet, a new analytical method is proposed based on the Magnetohydrodynamic(MHD) technique. Based on the typical MHD power generation model, the applied voltage is applied to the staggered electrodes, that is, a pair of electrodes on the same side wall are connected to generate an axial current in the channel. Under the action of the magnetic field perpendicular to the direction of the flow, the plasma is subjected to electromagnetic forces perpendicular...     

超声速非平衡电离磁流体流动控制试验和数值模拟

为了开展磁流体(MHD)流动控制原理研究,建立了磁流体技术试验系统,采用电容耦合射频-直流组合放电对Ma=3.5气流进行电离,在磁场作用下产生顺/逆气流方向的洛伦兹力控制流场,采用试验段静压变化来监测磁流体流动控制效果,通过一维模型计算磁流体流动控制过程中流场变化情况,分析磁流体流动控制效果;通过添加电磁源项的Navier-Stokes方程耦合电势泊松方程建立了二维磁流体动力模型,对磁流体流动控制进行数值模拟研究。主要结论如下:在磁场约束下,电容耦合射频-直流组合放电能够在Ma=3.5流场中产生大体积均匀电流,电导率约0.015S/m;在焦耳热和洛伦兹力作用下,磁流体加速时静压升高了130Pa,减速时静压升高了200Pa;磁流体流动控制过程中,仅有不足10%的能量在磁流体通道内发生了作用;数值模拟结果显示,在试验条件下,加速时静压升高了128Pa,减速时静压升高了208Pa,与试验结果基本吻合。     

Experiment of gas plasma plume deflection by magnetic control

To investigate the deflection effect of gas plasma plume controlled by magnetic field, a novel experimental scheme was presented. The Cs2CO3 catalytic ionization seeds were injected into the combustion chamber to obtain gas plasma on a high temperature magneto hydrodynamic (MHD) experiment rig. The plasma jet was deflected under the action of an external magnetic field, resulting in a thrust-vector effect. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) collected two-dimensional images of jet flow field. Through image processing and velocity vector analysis, the jet deflection angle can be obtained quantitatively. At 1800-2500K, the jet deflection was verified experimentally under the condition of 0.45T magnetic field strength. The results indicate that the jet deflection angle increases gradually with the increase of gas temperature, and above 2200K, the jet deflection angle increase obviously. In the process of gas plasma jet, it is feasible to realize the jet deflection controlled by MHD by adding an external magnetic field.     

等离子体激励器控制平板边界层转捩实验研究

在低速射流风洞中,研究了单级介质阻挡放电等离子体激励器对光滑平板边界层转捩位置的控制作用。实验采用热线测量技术,以边界层速度脉动与平均速度型作为转捩判据。实验发现,在来流速度为15 m/s,激励器连续放电参数为输出电压峰峰值11 kV,频率4.7 kHz时,在激励器放电作用下,平板边界层转捩位置推迟约40 mm。在相同的来流条件和激励器布局下,研究了不同放电参数对边界层内速度型,速度脉动以及频谱分布的影响,发现提高放电电压、频率和占空比能进一步推迟转捩。实验结果表明:激励器产生的射流效应可以增强边界层流动的稳定性,随放电电压、频率以及占空比增强,射流能量增大,因此边界层稳定性进一步加强,转捩控制效果也更明显。     

MHD Flow Control of Oblique Shock Waves Around Ramps in Low-temperature Supersonic Flows

This article is devoted to experimental study on the control of the oblique shock wave around the ramp in a low-temperature supersonic flow by means of the magnetohydrodynamic(MHD) flow control technique. The purpose of the experiments is to take advantage of MHD interaction to weaken the oblique shock wave strength by changing the boundary flow characteristics around the ramp. Plasma columns are generated by pulsed direct current(DC) discharge, the magnetic fields are generated by Nd-Fe-B rare-earth permanent magnets and the oblique shock waves in supersonic flow are generated by the ramp. The Lorentz body force effect of MHD interaction on the plasma-induced airflow velocity is verified through particle image velocimetry(PIV) measurements. The experimental results from the supersonic wind tunnel indicate that the MHD flow control can drastically change the flow characteristics of the airflow around the ramp and decrease the ratio of the Pitot pressure after shock wave to that before it by up to 19. 66%, which leads to the decline in oblique shock wave strength. The oblique shock waves in front of the ramp move upstream by the action of the Lorentz body force. The discharge characteristics are analyzed and the MHD interaction time and consumed energy are determined with the help of the pulsed DC discharge images. The interaction parameter corresponding to the boundary layer velocity can reach 1. 3 from the momentum conservation equation. The velocity of the plasma column in the magnetic field is much faster than that in the absence of magnetic field force. The plasma can strike the neutral gas molecules to transfer momentum and accelerate the flow around the ramp.     

基于激波风洞的超声速磁流体动力技术实验系统

开展磁流体(MHD)动力技术实验研究,实验系统必须满足两项基本的条件:一是超声速或高超声速气流;二是气流必须是导电流体.基于此,介绍了基于激波风洞的超声速磁流体动力技术实验系统的基本组成、设计思想和调试情况.设计了马赫数Ma=2的超声速喷管及实验段;采用氦气驱动氩气,在平衡接触面运行方式下得到高温气体,通过在低压段注入...     

磁零点及通道宽度对霍尔推力器性能影响的数值研究

磁场位形和通道尺度会改变霍尔推力器等离子体放电过程,影响推力器的宏观放电特性。为分析磁场和通道宽度对推力器放电性能的影响规律,本文针对霍尔推力器轴对称通道结构和放电物理过程建立2D3V物理模型,采用粒子模拟方法研究了霍尔推力器磁零点磁场位形不同通道宽度的电势、粒子数密度、电子温度、电离速率、比冲及推功比的变化规律,结果表明：在具有磁零点磁场位形下,随着通道宽度增加,通道出口处电势降增加,加速区缩短,离子径向速度减少,壁面腐蚀降低;当磁零点位置在内壁面,推力器通道宽度由14 mm增加到16 mm时,推力器比冲和推功比增大,推力器放电效率提高;当磁零点位置在通道中轴线或外壁面,且通道宽度大于14 mm时,推力器比冲增大,推功比减小,推力器效率下降。     

太阳风磁帆推进性能数值研究

利用考虑行星际磁场作用的磁流体动力学模型,建立了磁帆三维数值模拟方法,对计算方法的可靠性进行了验证,发现了线圈尾部的磁重联现象,研究了太阳风来流速度、等离子体离子数密度以及攻角对磁帆推进性能的影响。得出以下结论：不同速度、不同离子数密度的太阳风主要通过改变z方向电流的大小改变洛伦兹力,进而影响磁帆的推进性能：太阳风离子数密度恒定时,随着来流速度由30 km/s逐渐增大至75 km/s,z方向电流最大值由4 205 A/m²增至14 709 A/m²,磁帆所受推力由3.39 N增至13.40 N;太阳风来流速度恒定时,随着离子数密度由1.8×10¹⁹ m^-3增大至4.5×10¹⁹ m^-3,z方向电流最大值由6 039 A/m²增至10 585 A/m²,磁帆所受推力由6.62 N增至12.27 N。磁帆攻角变化,主要通过磁场构型的变化影响磁帆推进性能：攻角为0°和90°时的磁层半径分别为0.14 m和0.18 m,...     

光学加工射频离子源的去除函数与稳定性研究

在研究了射频离子源的结构、工作原理和性能的基础上,进行了光学镜面抛光离子束的去除效率与稳定性测试。实验结果表明射频离子源去除函数的形状为回转高斯形,利用Φ15mm的栅网,在靶距为30mm、离子能量900eV时,去除函数的峰值去除率为194nm/min,体积去除率为19.2×10-3mm3/min,半峰全宽值为9.2mm;并且去除函数的峰值去除率与体积去除率的变化均在3%以内,半峰全宽值的变化在1.7%以内。因此,射频离子源具有光学镜面抛光加工所需的去除效率,而且射频离子源具有好的稳定性,具备光学加工的潜能。     

可芯片化的激光抽运Mz型原子磁强计参数研究

激光抽运Mz型原子磁强计具有体积小、功耗低和灵敏度高的优点。介绍了激光抽运Mz型原子磁强计的工作原理，研究了该类型原子磁强计中激光功率和射频场强度对磁共振信号的影响，并对当前实现的原子磁强计样机中射频线圈的磁场强度均匀性对磁共振信号的影响进行了仿真分析。最后，给出了当前实现的原子磁强计样机的性能参数，并讨论了实现芯片级原子磁强计的可行性。     

基于电子束电离的磁流体力学进气道流动控制数值模拟

采用基于电子束电离的磁流体力学(MHD)控制系统,对高超声速流场附面层,以及非设计状态下的高超声速进气道流场的磁流体控制进行了深入研究.控制方程为低磁雷诺数Navier-Stokes方程,采用等离子体动力学模型与电子束模型模拟空气电离过程.研究结果表明:①电子束电离能有效提高流场的电导率,增强磁场对流场的控制效率;②基于电子束诱导电离的MHD控制系统能有效地控制高超声速流场的附面层,但其控制效率跟电子束能量大小相关;③基于电子束诱导电离的MHD控制系统能有效地改变非设计状态下高超声速飞行器的斜激波结构,使进气道重新满足Shock-on-lip(SOL)条件,但进气道的总压恢复系数以及流量将会降低.      

Electrodynamic coupling of the magnetosphere and ionosphere

The auroral zone ionosphere is coupled to the outer magnetosphere by means of field-aligned currents. Parallel electric fields associated with these currents are now widely accepted to be responsible for the acceleration of auroral particles. This paper will review the theoretical concepts and models describing this coupling. The dynamics of auroral zone particles will be described, beginning with the adiabatic motions of particles in the converging geomagnetic field in the presence of parallel potential drops and then considering the modifications to these adiabatic trajectories due to wave-particle interactions. The formation of parallel electric fields can be viewed both from microscopic and macroscopic viewpoints. The presence of a current carrying plasma can give rise to plasma instabilities which in a weakly turbulent situation can affect the particle motions, giving rise to an effective resistivity in the plasma. Recent satellite observations, however, indicate that the parallel electric field is organized into discrete potential jumps, known as double layers. From a macroscopic viewpoint, the response of the particles to a parallel potential drop leads to an approximately linear relationship between the current density and the potential drop.The currents flowing in the auroral circuit must close in the ionosphere. To a first approximation, the ionospheric conductivity can be considered to be constant, and in this case combining the ionospheric Ohm's Law with the linear current-voltage relation for parallel currents leads to an outer scale length, above which electric fields can map down to the ionosphere and below which parallel electric fields become important. The effects of particle precipitation make the picture more complex, leading to enhanced ionization in upward current regions and to the possibility of feedback interactions with the magnetosphere.Determining adiabatic particle orbits in steady-state electric and magnetic fields can be used to determine the self-consistent particle and field distributions on auroral field lines. However, it is difficult to pursue this approach when the fields are varying with time. Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) models deal with these time-dependent situations by treating the particles as a fluid. This class of model, however, cannot treat kinetic effects in detail. Such effects can in some cases be modeled by effective transport coefficients inserted into the MHD equations. Intrinsically time-dependent processes such as the development of magnetic micropulsations and the response of the magnetosphere to ionospheric fluctuations can be readily treated in this framework.The response of the lower altitude auroral zone depends in part on how the system is driven. Currents are generated in the outer parts of the magnetosphere as a result of the plasma convection. The dynamics of this region is in turn affected by the coupling to the ionosphere. Since dissipation rates are very low in the outer magnetosphere, the convection may become turbulent, implying that nonlinear effects such as spectral transfer of energy to different scales become important. MHD turbulence theory, modified by the ionospheric coupling, can describe the dynamics of the boundary-layer region. Turbulent MHD fluids can give rise to the generation of field-aligned currents through the so-called -effect, which is utilized in the theory of the generation of the Earth's magnetic field. It is suggested that similar processes acting in the boundary-layer plasma may be ultimately responsible for the generation of auroral currents.     

脉冲介质阻挡放电等离子体热效应实验

为了研究介质阻挡放电的热效应,将介质阻挡放电等离子体激励器(DBDPA)安装在一个小型量热风洞中,采用微秒级脉冲等离子体电源驱动DBDPA产生放电等离子体。分别应用Lissajous图形分析方法和量热学原理获得了DBDPA的放电功率特性和热功率特性。结果表明:①脉冲介质阻挡放等离子体的放电功率、热功率和热效率均随着激励电压峰-峰值和激励频率的升高而逐渐增大;②脉冲介质阻挡放电等离子体的放电功率和热功率与激励电压和激励频率之间均存在幂函数关系,即脉冲式介质阻挡放电等离子的放电功率正比于激励电压峰-峰值的1.75次方,正比于激励频率的1次方,其热功率正比于激励电压峰-峰值的5.0次方,正比于激励频率的1.5次方;③在激励电压和激励频率这两个参数中,优先选择提高激励电压峰-峰值更有利于提高热效率,也可更快地提升介质阻挡放电等离子热功率中气体加热功率的比例。