汽雾两相流强化冷却燃气轮机叶片内冷通道

实验研究了方形通道这一重型燃气轮机中常用叶片强制对流冷却通道结构.分析了雷诺数、壁面热流密度以及水雾质量流量比等关键参数对汽雾冷却通道的传热特性的影响,并建立了考虑离散相水雾的流动工况和通道壁面加热条件的实验关联式.结果表明:相对于纯蒸汽,汽雾两相流的传热系数显著提高,且传热性能提高的幅度随热流密度的增大而减小,随雷诺数和水雾质量流量比的增大而增大;通道上壁面平均传热系数低于下壁面,在高热流密度和低水雾质量流量比下,两者相差约13%,而在低热流密度与高水雾质量流量比的情况下,该比值增加到约25%.      

智能微尘技术的发展及应用

智能微尘是一种关于微型无线传感器的新兴技术.本文着重介绍了智能微尘技术的应用情况,并对目前存在的问题和发展趋势做了简要的叙述.     

Advanced communications satellite technology

Technology drivers for commercial communications satellites are examined based on the efficient use of spacecraft mass which is to be accomplished by increasing the efficiency of the microwave power amplifiers and antenna feed systems used for communications satellites, such as the INTELSAT series. The history of the INTELSAT series of satellites, the late 1980s market and available technology, and future directions of development are considered. Emphasis is on multibeam solid-state antennas, microwave switch matrices, solid-state power amplifiers, and the use of several filter modes in one physical cavity. By using quasimonolithic solid state techniques in a class B amplification mode they have achieved 40-60% efficiencies, compared with 20% for the conventional travelling wavetube amplifiers. It is concluded that technology directed towards improving the economics of satellite communications will continue to be a major driver of future communications satellite payloads. Through their use and their extension, the authors foresee more than doubling the telephone channels per satellite from the current 80000 to perhaps 200000 by the turn of the century     

Passive millimeter wave imaging considerations for tactical aircraft

Air Force, Army, Navy, and NASA Research Laboratories, in addition to major aerospace companies, are considering millimeter wave (MMW) imaging technology as an enhancement to sensor suits on both occupied and unoccupied vehicles. This is a review of the basic technology involved in MMW imaging and some of the programs and products that might benefit from passive day or night imaging through mist, haze, fog, clouds, smoke and/or dust. Potential applications include UAV surveillance of ground vehicles, airborne approach to airfields, tankers, flight leaders, and detection of airborne targets, including stealth aircraft.     

Dust Near The Sun

We review the current knowledge and understanding of dust in the inner solar system. The major sources of the dust population in the inner solar system are comets and asteroids, but the relative contributions of these sources are not quantified. The production processes inward from 1 AU are: Poynting-Robertson deceleration of particles outside of 1 AU, fragmentation into dust due to particle-particle collisions, and direct dust production from comets. The loss processes are: dust collisional fragmentation, sublimation, radiation pressure acceleration, sputtering, and rotational bursting. These loss processes as well as dust surface processes release dust compounds in the ambient interplanetary medium. Between 1 and 0.1 AU the dust number densities and fluxes can be described by inward extrapolation of 1 AU measurements, assuming radial dependences that describe particles in close to circular orbits. Observations have confirmed the general accuracy of these assumptions for regions within 30° latitude of the ecliptic plane. The dust densities are considerably lower above the solar poles but Lorentz forces can lift particles of sizes < 5 μm to high latitudes and produce a random distribution of small grains that varies with the solar magnetic field. Also long-period comets are a source of out-of-ecliptic particles. Under present conditions no prominent dust ring exists near the Sun. We discuss the recent observations of sungrazing comets. Future in-situ experiments should measure the complex dynamics of small dust particles, identify the contribution of cometary dust to the inner-solar-system dust cloud, and determine dust interactions in the ambient interplanetary medium. The combination of in-situ dust measurements with particle and field measurements is recommended.     

水雾灭火技术在民用飞机上的应用现状

由于环境保护的需要,寻找适合民用飞机的哈龙替代灭火剂是急需解决的问题,在可选择的多种灭火剂或灭火系统中,水雾灭火系统由于其环保、清洁、高效、稳定且无毒害等优点而成为目前最有希望的哈龙替代灭火剂。首先介绍了水雾灭火系统的灭火机理及其独特优势,以及国际航空火灾防护工作组(IASFPWG)制定的最低性能标准(minimum performance standard,简称 MPS)和测试结果,研究显示水雾灭火系统很好地通过了MPS要求。然后对影响水雾灭火系统性能的因素进行研究分析：提高工作压力和流量系数可有效提高水雾灭火系统灭火能力,通过调节喷雾锥角和雾滴粒径可改善水雾灭火系统灭火性能;添加一定浓度的盐类化合物、表面活性剂也可提高水雾灭火系统的灭火能力,且不同添加剂具有不同的最佳浓度比例。     

The AWIATOR airborne LIDAR turbulence sensor

The development and first flight tests are described of a short pulse direct measuring UV LIDAR for the measurement of gusts, turbulence and potentially wake vortices. The results of these stage 1 tests confirm that relative wind velocities can be measured with a standard deviation of below 10 m/s even at high altitudes with no appreciable aerosol concentrations. Operating the system under various flight conditions including rain, dense clouds, and clear air up to 24,000 ft was highly successful. Means to push the standard deviation below 1.6 m/s, foremost by increasing the laser output power and the efficiency of the light collecting system, are identified and quantified. Questions of instrument stability are addressed.     

The Cassini Cosmic Dust Analyzer

The Cassini-Huygens Cosmic Dust Analyzer (CDA) is intended to provide direct observations of dust grains with masses between 10⁻¹⁹ and 10⁻⁹ kg in interplanetary space and in the jovian and saturnian systems, to investigate their physical, chemical and dynamical properties as functions of the distances to the Sun, to Jupiter and to Saturn and its satellites and rings, to study their interaction with the saturnian rings, satellites and magnetosphere. Chemical composition of interplanetary meteoroids will be compared with asteroidal and cometary dust, as well as with Saturn dust, ejecta from rings and satellites. Ring and satellites phenomena which might be effects of meteoroid impacts will be compared with the interplanetary dust environment. Electrical charges of particulate matter in the magnetosphere and its consequences will be studied, e.g. the effects of the ambient plasma and the magnetic field on the trajectories of dust particles as well as fragmentation of particles due to electrostatic disruption.The investigation will be performed with an instrument that measures the mass, composition, electric charge, speed, and flight direction of individual dust particles. It is a highly reliable and versatile instrument with a mass sensitivity 10⁶ times higher than that of the Pioneer 10 and 11 dust detectors which measured dust in the saturnian system. The Cosmic Dust Analyzer has significant inheritance from former space instrumentation developed for the VEGA, Giotto, Galileo, and Ulysses missions. It will reliably measure impacts from as low as 1 impact per month up to 10⁴ impacts per second. The instrument weighs 17 kg and consumes 12 W, the integrated time-of-flight mass spectrometer has a mass resolution of up to 50. The nominal data transmission rate is 524 bits/s and varies between 50 and 4192 bps.This revised version was published online in July 2005 with a corrected cover date.     

复杂环境下微小飞行器惯性/激光雷达Robust-SLAM方法

针对微小型飞行器在巡检、探测和地图构建等应用中关键的自主导航技术,提出了一种基于惯性辅助的激光雷达Robust-SLAM方法用于微小型飞行器自主导航。相对于传统的激光雷达SLAM方法,该方法在SLAM框架中引入了感知环境突变检测方法,并且加强了惯性与SLAM的组合程度,有效地解决了高程方向感知环境发生突变时激光雷达SLAM定位误差大的问题。室内车库实际飞行实验结果表明,该方法能够实现微小型飞行器在三维空间中实时可靠的自主导航,具有较好的工程应用价值。     

高超声速动力能热管理技术综述

高超声速飞行器因良好的高速突防和快速打击能力成为重要的装备发展方向,但高超声速飞行工况的特殊性使其动力 系统对热管理和能源供给提出了严苛的需求。通过分析文献对高超声速动力的热防护、燃油热管理和进气预冷等技术进行了详 细评述。热管理对高超声速动力装置的功能和性能实现具有重要影响,但其目前在该领域研究技术的成熟度较低,飞发一体化是 解决问题的重要技术途径之一。通过文献综述对能源供给的生成及利用等技术与传统飞行器进行了对比,概述了现有高超声速 动力主要的能源供给方式的关键技术为燃油裂解气涡轮等,在此基础上总结了能热（能源与热）管理的未来发展趋势为热电转换 等,为高超声速动力能量综合能热管理技术的发展提供借鉴。     

Ecological limitation to the energy transfer from the outer spaceto Earth

The energy production development on Earth is related with a number limitation. One of the reasonable ways is the thruster of the main production facilities into outer space. It is most rational to use the fusion reactors with D³He cycle from the economical and ecological consideration. There are two directions in the usage of the high power produced in outer space. The first direction is based on the electric energy transfer to Earth for its future utilisation. The second direction which has been developed by the authors for a number of years is the implementation of the energy produced in space at the large outer space-located industrial complexes. The energy producer and the energy consumer represent a single complex without deterioration of ecological conditions on Earth     

Enhanced Power Generation by Optical Solar Reflectors on Geostationary Spinners

A novel arrangement is proposed to enhance the power generating capabilities of a spin stabilized geostationary satellite (spinner). The unilluminated solar array area of the usual spinner (as sunlight falls on only one side) is illuminated by employing despun optical solar reflectors. The different mechanisms required for implementation of this arrangement are already space proven. The detailed study of this arrangement made by the authors reveals that the practical realization of this concept will enhance the power generating capability of the spinner and simultaneously reduce the weight (per unit power) and cost (per unit power) in such spinners.     

2 μm LIDAR for laser-based remote sensing: flight demonstrationand application survey

A flight test of a diode-pumped solid-state 2 μm Doppler Light Detection And Ranging (LIDAR) system was conducted on-board the NASA Ames DC-8 Airborne Laboratory. This was the first ever airborne demonstration of a 2 μm diode-pumped solid-state Doppler LIDAR. The LIDAR performance was verified by comparing the true-airspeed (TAS) estimate with that found using the pneumatic air data system; excellent agreement was found. The capabilities of this pulsed 2 μm Doppler LIDAR system include high bandwidth air data determination without the need for extensive forebody calibration, remote wind profiling as far as several kilometers away from the aircraft, eye-safe laser transmission at 2 μm, and diode-pumped solid-state design for compact construction and reliable performance     

微重力条件下水滴撞击高温壁面数值模拟研究

火灾研究一直是航天器工程不可忽略的重要命题。细水雾被看作是载人航天器中有效的替代灭火剂,因此研究微重力条件下细水雾的特性是很有必要的。采用VOF方法对微重力条件下水滴碰撞高温壁面后的动力学进行了研究;分析了液滴碰撞高温壁面后运动形态和温度场的变化情况,水滴对高温壁面的冷却具有很好的效果。研究了水滴初始直径和速度对水滴铺展的影响,在一定范围内减小水滴粒径,冷却壁面的效果会增强;水滴速度大小不同时。水滴冷却壁面的方式不同。微重力条件下水滴有很好的冷却作用,为载人航天器中细水雾的使用提供了参考。     

高等教育实施清洁生产的初步探讨

将清洁生产的理论与方法导入高等教育业,探讨高等教育清洁生产的意义、内容与途径.在高等教育业大力推广清洁生产,开展节能、降耗、控污、治污等环境保护活动,是实现高等教育业可持续发展的重要途径.     

显微视觉自动聚焦的小波测度研究

离散小波变换(DWT)或连续小波变换(CWT)滤波后自相关运算均可对显微图像中的高频信息进行提取,依据高频能量的大小可以判断图像目标特征的离焦程度.基于上述原理,提出与小波变换相关的两类聚焦测度函数:基于DWT的聚焦函数、基于CWT滤波后自相关运算的聚焦函数.以MEMS器件微对准封装系统中的显微视觉单元作为实验平台,运用实验的方法确定小波基、小波因子以及小波系数的计算形式,得到可用于本显微视觉系统的两个基于小波的聚焦测度:Haar二级小波分解系数平方和函数;尺度因子为2-5的Mexican-Hat小波滤波后自相关平方积分函数.最后利用聚焦分辨率与函数计算时间两个参数对聚焦测度函数进行量化评估.与Brenner函数及平方梯度函数等聚焦效果较好的基于空域聚焦测度相比:DWT函数的聚焦分辨率为8.43,比Brenner函数高14%,其计算时间为0.61 s,比Brenner函数缩短52%;而CWT自相关函数在聚焦分辨率上比平方梯度函数低41%,但计算时间比平方梯度函数缩短36%.表明基于小波域的自动聚焦测度函数具有实用价值.     

A target cueing and tracking system (TCATS) for smart videoprocessing

A smart system that uses state-of-the-art image processing techniques to detect and track targets moving in video or infrared imagery is presented. It is a general-purpose system that was developed to be independent of the application and the user interface. TCATS has successfully demonstrated a high detection capability and the ability to ignore exterior environmental conditions, such as cloud shadows moving through the scene, snow, blowing dust, rain and moderate camera motion. TCATS can handle many targets and retain the identity of each object from one frame to the next. Special rugged hardware has been developed to reduce the size, cost, and power consumption and to increase the processing rate, reliability, and environmental operating capability of the system. TCATS can be incorporated into an existing video assessment system without a major cost outlay intruder. The TCATS algorithms, custom-developed hardware, and preliminary field test results are described     

Conception of spacecraft centralized power supply

A reliable power supply for spacecraft is one of the central problems determining the future development of space technology. The traditional solution to this problem implies having an autonomous power plant on board each spacecraft. The most widely used are power plants with solar cells. However, there exists an alternative power supply concept of using a centralized power supply system (CPSS) and power transmission to the user satellites by laser or microwave beams. Use of a CPSS has a number of advantages. In particular, it allows the spacecraft to increase power supply level and service life as well as to decrease the spacecraft mass and cost. However, it sets new physical and technical problems associated with long distance power transmission and requires some changes in spacecraft structure and concepts. The feasibility study of CPSS development and use has to rely on existing or firmly forecastable technologies. An attempt of such an analysis has been done by a group of scientists at Moscow State Aviation Institute during 1994-1996. The very first results have already been published. This paper discusses new results obtained lately regarding a space based CPSS     

Lightweight (AlGaAs)GaAs/CuInSe2 tandem junction solarcells for space applications

Mechanically stacked tandem cells consisting of GaAs thin-film upper cells and CuInSe₂ thin-film lower cells have been developed to meet the increasing power needs projected for future spacecraft. The authors report the fabrication of the first highly efficient lightweight GaAs/CuInSe₂ tandem cell on a 2-mil thick substrate, update recent performance improvements in thin-film GaAs/CuInSe₂ tandem cells, and discuss their application to space power systems. The efficiency of 4-cm² cells has improved to 21.6% AM0, the highest ever reported for a thin-film photovoltaic cell. Lightweight 4-cm² tandem cells have been successfully fabricated with efficiencies as high as 20.8%. These cells weighed about 180 mg without optimized substrate trimming. Radiation and operating temperature effects on GaAs/CuInSe₂ tandem cells are also discussed, and an interconnect scheme to form a voltage-matched string is described