从一起航空事故雪民用飞机制造商的适航责任

民用飞机制造商作为适航的第一责任人,对飞机的安全性负直接责任。根据适航规章,制造商不仅要以有效的设计保证手段,设计．制造出符合适航要求的航空器,并向适航当局表明其规章符合性,还被要求能够及时收集航空器使用过程中出现的重大或多发故障,根据需要编发技术服务通告,提出改装方案。确保交付给用户的航空器始终处于安全可用状态。     

关于设计保证系统适航独立核查的思考

民用飞机主制造商建立设计保证系统,旨在民机研制过程中充分发挥自主适航的能力,通过组织机构、职责、程序和资源落实设计、适航以及独立监督三大职能,以保证航空产品的设计或者设计更改满足适航当局的要求。其中,设计保证系统适航职能的适航独立核查功能正是这一保证的关键。基于对设计保证系统适航独立核查功能的具体分析基础上,从设计保证系统的规划与设计层面提出了实现适航独立核查功能的机制,给出了机制中需明确的责任主体、职责与资质要求、工作流程与支撑工具以及管理程序等方面的建议,并从大数据知识的技术支撑和阶梯式递进的人才培训保障两方面以不断优化改进的方法工具与人力配置来深化适航独立核查的功能与效果,进而增强设计保证系统对飞机型号研制的保证作用。     

民用运输类飞机型号豁免要求研究

<正>本文对型号豁免的定义和各适航当局的相关规定及要求进行了对比分析,并对A340、A380和B747系列型号所批准采用的豁免情况进行了分析研究,可为国内民机型号的豁免申请提供参考。豁免是指在民用飞机型号合格审定中,申请人可以由于技术原因向适航当局合格审定部门申请暂时或永久免除适航规章和环境保护规章中的某些条款。根据该定义知豁免包括两种类型:暂时豁免和永久豁免。豁免是构成民用运输类飞机型号合格审定基础的四个要素之一,其他三个要素包括适用的航空规章(适航规章25部、环境保护规章34部和36部、运行规章91部和121部)、专用条件和等效安全。这些要素均需在最终获得批准的型号合格证数据单     

民用飞机主制造商设计保证系统的建设方法

运输类民用飞机主制造商建立设计保证系统,旨在充分发挥自主适航的能力,从产品全生命周期出发保证研制航空产品的安全性,提升航空产品的品质,保持航空产品的高质量运行。基于欧洲航空安全局和中国民用航空局关于设计保证系统的相关适航要求分析,结合民用飞机主制造商的管理体系,确立设计保证系统"明确职责-梳理活动-健全组织机构-优化资源配置-建立文件体系"的建设方案,浅析民用飞机主制造商围绕设计职能、适航职能、独立监督职能开展设计保证系统建设的方法。     

民用飞机防火系统适航试验研究

民用运输类飞机是按照中国民用航空规章第25部运输类飞机适航标准进行研制设计和适航审定的。基于某民用飞机适航取证试飞工作,本文介绍了民用飞机防火系统的适航要求、验证目的和适航试验方法,为从事飞机防火系统研究的人员提供参考。     

民用飞机型号合格审定计划的制定方法

在民用飞机型号合格适航取证过程中，申请方需要开展符合性验证试验、试飞、分析等符合性验证活动来证明飞机型号设计符合相应的型号合格审定基础，以获得适航当局颁发的型号合格证。在此过程中，需要将符合性验证活动分解为便于管理的任务，使这些任务得以合理、有序地完成，这类分解后的符合性验证活动的载体就是一份份型号合格审定计划。审定计划是民用飞机型号合格取证的关键工具，它提供了详细的产品描述和成功完成取证的工作要求。分析了审定计划的适航规章要求和行业标准要求以及两者之间的异同，结合国内民用飞机型号的适航取证经验，提出了审定计划的规划原则、内容要求和协调性检查要求，为国内民用飞机型号合格审定计划的规划和制定提供参考。     

影响飞机持续适航性的因素分析

一、概述民用飞机的适航性通常是指保证飞机飞行安全应具备的各种品质都符合飞行安全标准的要求。它通常包括飞机的初始适航性和持续适航性两个方面。初始适航性是指航空器和每个零部件的设计和生产与适航当局规定的适航标准和规范的符合性;而持续适航性是指航空器在取得适航批准投入使用之后,其运行的固有安全性与适航当局批准的在设计制造时的基本安全标准的符合性。因此,航空器的适     

面向机组工作量审定的民用飞机人机交互适航验证场景设计

设计有效的民用飞机人机交互适航验证场景是实施机组工作量审定的基础。依据中国民航规章CCAR-25 部1523 条款和附录D 适航验证性要求,通过对运输类飞机机组工作量适航验证条款的解读,建立工作量审定人机交互适航内容及验证流程;确立机组工作量审定民用飞机人机交互适航场景设计原则,分别从测试机组、运行过程、运行环境以及运...     

军机设计保证系统研究

设计保证系统最近几年来越来越受到重视,《民用航空产品和零部件合格审定规定》(CCAR-21-R4)将"设计保证系统"作为单独章节进行了具体规定,表明设计保证系统将进入规章层面,确定了其在民机研制中的法律地位。空军目前也开始借鉴民机适航理念,拟定军机设计保证系统要求草案。通过对质量管理体系与适航设计保证系统关系进行对比分析和探讨,给出了在现有质量管理体系下构建军机设计保证系统的建议。     

浅析基于工作包产品类别的供应商适航管理

介绍了适航规章关于设计保证系统及供应商适航管理的要求,从设计保证系统的角度,分析了民机研制过程,从设计需求捕获与确认、设计结果确定与验证到产品集成与验证中主制造商与供应商的交互关系。在此基础上,依据供应商承担工作的工作性质,阐述了适航管理对供应商的管理要求,提出了基于供应商所承接工作包产品类别的供应商适航管理模式。该模式解决了国内民机主制造商现有型号研制中对供应商的适航管理困难,构建了有效的设计保证系统,有助于型号研制的顺利推进。     

The effect of inlet conditions on the flow and heat transfer in multiple rotating cavity with axial throughflow

This paper discusses experimental results from two different build configurations of a heated multiple rotating cavity test rig.Measurements of heat transfer from the discs and tangential velocities are presented.The test rig is a 70% full scale version of a high pressure compressor stack of an axial gas turbine engine.Of particular interest are the internal cylindrical cavities formed by adjacent discs and the interaction of these with a central axial throughflow of cooling air.Tests were carried out for a range of non-dimensional parameters representative of high pressure compressor internal air system flows(Re up to 5×106 and Rez up to 2×105).Two different builds have been tested.The most significant difference between these two build configurations is the size of the annular gap between the(non-rotating) drive shaft and the bores of the discs.The heat transfer data were obtained from thermocouple measurements of surface temperature and a conduction solution method.The velocity measurements were made using a two component,LDA system.The heat transfer results from the discs show differences between the two builds.This is attributed to the wider annular gap allowing more of the throughflow to penetrate into the cavity.There are also significant differences between the radial distributions of tangential velocity in the two builds of the test rig.For the narrow annular gap,there is an increase of non-dimensional tangential velocity V/Ωr with radial location to solid body rotation V/Ωr=1.For the wider annular gap,the non-dimensional velocities show a decrease with radial location to solid body rotation.      

Research on Auto-detection for Remainder Particles of Aerospace Relay Based on Wavelet Analysis

Aerospace relay is one kind of electronic components which is used widely in national defense system and aerospace system. The existence of remainder particles induces the reliability declining, which has become a severe problem in the development of aerospace relay. Traditional particle impact noise detection (PIND) method for remainder detection is ineffective for small particles, due to its low precision and involvement of subjective factors. An auto-detection method for PIND output signals is proposed in this paper, which is based on direct wavelet de-noising (DWD), cross-correlation analysis (CCA) and homo-filtering (HF), the method enhances the affectiv-ity of PIND test about the small particles. In the end, some practical PIND output signals are analysed, and the validity of this new method is proved.     

Preparation of Highly Dispersed Antimony-doped Tin Oxide Nano-powder via Ion-exchange Hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 and Azeotropic Drying

Antimony-doped tin hydroxide colloid precipitates have been synthesized by hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 using: (1) an ion-exchange hydrolysis to remove chlorine ions, and (2) isoamyl acetate as an azeotropic solvent to obviate water. The obtained dried powder is of high dispersivity without any need for further grinding. The size and dispersivity of the final particles are investigated with the aid of TG-DTA, BET, XRD and TEM. After having calcined, the antimony-doped tin oxide nanopowder possesses a tetragonal rutile structure with high dispersivity, uniform particles and low hard agglomeration.     

Effects of Mo on the Microstructure and Hydrogen Sorption Properties of Ti-Mo Getters

The effects of Mo on the microstructure evolution, porosity and hydrogen sorption properties of Ti-Mo getters are investigated in this work. The results show that the addition of Mo prolongs the densification process of Ti-Mo getters and results in a significant amount of sintered pores. With the Mo content increasing, the porosity of getters firstly increases reaching the maximum value as it at- tains about 7.5wt.%, and then drops. At the room temperature, the hydrogen sorption property of getters increases progressively with the Mo content increasing, but the tendency is not very clear before its content lies below 2.5wt.%. When the Mo content achieves about 7.5wt.%, the hydrogen sorption property proves to be the best. The discussion is made about the above mentioned phenomena inclusive of hydrogen sorption properties of getters under different activation conditions (from 500-750 ℃).     

超声速燃烧数值模拟中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型

高精度数值模拟有助于理解超声速湍流燃烧中湍流与化学反应的相互作用,可为发动机燃烧室等工程应用设计提供可靠的预测模型。除直接数值模拟外,目前在湍流燃烧应用中使用的大涡模拟和雷诺平均Navier-Stokes模拟均需要借助模型模化发生在湍流小尺度上的流动与化学反应过程对湍流大尺度运动的影响。现有的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型大致可分为:火焰面类模型和概率密度函数类模型,2类模型在不同的应用中各自具有优势和局限性。此外,现有模型大都基于低马赫数燃烧,而超声速燃烧中通常会伴随快速混合、局部熄火和再着火以及激波等复杂过程,这为发展其中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型提出了更多的挑战。     

适于低轨卫星IP网络的单核共享树组播算法(英文)

为了解决低轨卫星IP网络中现有典型源组播算法的信道资源浪费问题,本文提出了一套单核共享树组播算法,即核心群合并共享树(CCST)和加权核心群合并共享树(w-CCST)算法。CCST 算法包括动态近似中心(DAC)选核方法和核心群合并组播路径构建方法。DAC方法专为周期、规律运动的低轨卫星网络提出,不需要复杂的星上计算。在核心群合并方法中,以核节点作为初始核心群,通过核心群和剩余组成员的最短路径方法逐步扩展直至整棵组播树构建完成,从而使得组播树的树代价最小,大大提高了网络的带宽利用率和组播传输效率。w-CCST 算法中所提出的加权因子可以调整树代价和端到端传播时延之间的折衷程度,因此,可以通过调整加权因子来适度增大树代价、降低端到端传播时延以支持某些端到端时延要求苛刻的实时组播业务。最后,与低轨卫星 IP 网络中典型算法进行了性能比较,仿真结果说明,CCST 算法的平均树代价比其它算法显著降低,w-CCST 算法的平均端到端传播时延小于 CCST 算法。     

Jet Vectoring Control Using a Novel Synthetic Jet Actuator

A primary air jet vectoring control system with a novel synthetic jet actuator (SJA) is presented and simulated numerically. The results show that, in comparison with an existing traditional synthetic jet actuator, which is able to perform the duty of either “push” or “pull”, one novel synthetic jet actuator can fulfill both “push” and “pull” functions to vector the primary jet by shifting a slide block inside it. Therefore, because the new actuator possesses greater efficiency, it has potentiality to replace the existing one in various appli- cations, such as thrust vectoring and the reduction of thermal signature. Moreover, as the novel actuator can fulfill those functions that the existing one can not, it may well be expected to popularize it into more flow control systems.     

Nonlinear Adaptive Slewing Motion Control of Spacecraft Truss Driven by Synchronous V-gimbaled CMG Precession

The slewing motion control of a truss arm driven by a V-gimbaled control-moment-gyro (CMG) is a nonlinear control problem. The V-gimbaled CMG consists of a pair of gyros that must precess synchronously. The moment of inertia of the system, the angular momentum of the gyros and the external disturbances are not exactly known. With the help of feedback linearization and recursive Lyapunov design method, an adaptive nonlinear controller is designed to deal with the unknown items. Performance of the proposed controller is verified by simulation.     

An SOR Implicit Time-accurate Scheme in Calculating Unsteady Flows

A new time-accurate marching scheme for unsteady flow calculations is proposed in the present work. This method is the combination of classical Successive Over-Relaxation (SOR) iteration method and Jacobian matrix diagonally dominant splitting method of LUSGS. One advantage of this algorithm is the second-order accuracy because of no factorization error. Another advantage is the low computational cost because the Jacobian matrices and fluxes are only calculated once in each physical time step. And, the SOR algorithm has better convergence property than Gauss-Seidel. To investigate its accuracy and convergency, several unsteady flow computa- tional tests are carried out by using the proposed SOR algorithm. Roe’s FDS scheme is used to discritize the inviscid flux terms. Un- steady computational results of SOR are compared with the experiment results and those of Gauss-Seidel. Results reveal that the numerical results agree well with the experimental data and the second-order accuracy can be obtained as the Gauss-Seidel for unsteady flow computations. The impact of SOR factor is investigated for unsteady computations by using different SOR factors in this algorithm to simulate each computational test. Different numbers of inner iterations are needed to converge to the same criterion for different SOR factors and optimal choice of SOR factor can improve the computational efficiency greatly.