共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
A. Nishida 《Space Science Reviews》1983,34(2):185-200
We review recent progress in the understanding of the IMF control on the Earth's magnetosphere through the reconnection process. Major points include, (1) the identification of the magnetopause structure under the southward IMF polarity to be the rotational discontinuity and the resulting inference that the reconnection line is formed in the equatorial region, and (2) the confirmation from several observational aspects that under the northward IMF the reconnection takes place in the polar cusp. The point (1) is consistent with the observed correlations of geomagnetic indices with IMF but raises an important theoretical issue, and the point (2) is accompanied by an interesting issue of explaining why the polar cap electron precipitation is more energetic under such IMF conditions. Critical studies have reaffirmed the view that the energy supplied by reconnection is partly transported directly to the ionosphere to drive the DP-2 type current system but at the same time it is partly stored in the magnetic field of the tail to be unloaded 0.5 1 hr later to produce the expansion phase of substorm.Presented at the Fifth International Symposium on Solar-Terrestrial Physics, held at Ottawa, Canada, May 1982. 相似文献
2.
An increasing number of studies indicate that variations in solar activity have had a significant influence on Earth's climate.
However, the mechanisms responsible for a solar influence are still not known. One possibility is that atmospheric transparency
is influenced by changing cloud properties via cosmic ray ionisation (the latter being modulated by solar activity). Support
for this idea is found from satellite observations of cloud cover. Such data have revealed a striking correlation between
the intensity of galactic cosmic rays (GCR) and low liquid clouds (<3.2 km). GCR are responsible for nearly all ionisation
in the atmosphere below 35 km. One mechanism could involve ion-induced formation of aerosol particles (diameter range, 0.001–1.0
μm) that can act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). A systematic variation in the properties of CCN will affect the cloud
droplet distribution and thereby influence the radiative properties of clouds. If the GCR-Cloud link is confirmed variations
in galactic cosmic ray flux, caused by changes in solar activity and the space environment, could influence Earth's radiation
budget.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
3.
Cosmic Rays and Earth's Climate 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
During the last solar cycle the Earth's cloud cover underwent a modulation in phase with the cosmic ray flux. Assuming that there is a causal relationship between the two, it is expected and found that the Earth's temperature follows more closely decade variations in cosmic ray flux than other solar activity parameters. If the relationship is real the state of the Heliosphere affects the Earth's climate. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
4.
5.
Several recent results concerning the nature of the Earth's magnetotail are briefly reviewed. These observational findings include: (1) the three-dimensional character of the plasma sheet via a comprehensive survey of proton bulk flows, (2) a region of earthward flowing plasmas at the interfaces of the plasma sheet and magnetotail lobes during magnetic substorm recovery, and (3) the signature of electrostatic acceleration for protons within the jetting plasmas from magnetotail fireballs.Proceedings of the Symposium on Solar Terrestrial Physics held in Innsbruck, May–June 1978. 相似文献
6.
A method for deconvolving equatorial pitch angle distributions of energetic neutral atoms from images from the ENA instruments on the IMAGE satellite is described and illustrated using simulated data obtained from calculated models of ring current flux. The unknown flux is expanded in terms of cubic B-splines and Legendre polynomials. The expansion coefficients are obtained from the solution of a linear set of equations that select the smoothest solution that fits the data. In this way, all the information that is contained in the data is extracted but no more. 相似文献
7.
The study of the electrical environment of the Earth's atmosphere has rapidly advanced during the past century. Great strides have been made towards the understanding of lightning and thunderstorms and in relating them to the global electric circuit. The electromagnetic fields and currents connect different parts of the Earth's environment, and any type of perturbation in one region affects another region. Starting from the traditional views in which the electrodynamics of one region has been studied in isolation from the neighboring regions, the modern theory of the global electrical circuit has been discussed briefly. Interconnection and electrodynamic coupling of various regions of the Earth's environment can be easily studied by using the global electric circuit model. Deficiencies in the model and the possibility of improvement in it have been suggested. Application of the global electric circuit model to the understanding of the Earth's changes of climate has been indicated. 相似文献
8.
Numerous attempts have been made over the years to link various aspects of solar variability to changes in the Earth's climate. There has been growing interest in this possible connection in recent years, spurred largely by the need to understand the natural causes of climate change, against which the expected global warming due to man's activities will have to be detected. The time scale of concern here is that of decades to centuries, and excludes the longer millennial scale in which orbital variations play a dominant role. The field has long been plagued by the lack of an acceptable physical mechanism by which solar variability can affect climate, but the discovery of variability in the Sun's total irradiance (the solar ``constant' of meteorology) by spacecraft instruments has pointed to a direct mechanism. Other less direct mechanisms that have been suggested involve variations in the Sun's ultraviolet flux and in the plasma outflow of the solar wind. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the current state of the field, emphasizing the proposed mechanisms as an introduction to the more detailed papers that follow. The particular case of sea-surface temperature data will be used as an illustration. 相似文献
9.
The response of the lower and middle atmosphere to variations in solar irradiance typical of those observed to take place over the 11-year activity cycle has been investigated. The effects on radiative heating rates of changing total solar irradiance, solar spectral irradiance and two different assumptions concerning stratospheric ozone have been studied with a radiative transfer code. The response in the stratosphere depends on the changes specified in the ozone distribution which is not well known. A general circulation model (GCM) of the atmosphere up to 0.1 mbar (about 65 km) has been used to study the impacts of these changes on the thermodynamical structure. The results in the troposphere are very similar to those reported by Haigh99 using a quite different GCM. In the middle atmosphere the model is able to reproduce quite well the observed seasonal evolution of temperature and wind anomalies. Calculations of radiative forcing due to solar variation are presented. These show that the thermal infrared component of the forcing, due to warming of the stratosphere, is important but suggest a near balance between the longwave and shortwave effects of the increased ozone so that ozone change may not be important for net radiative forcing. However, the structure of the ozone change does affect the detailed temperature response and the spectral composition of the radiation entering the troposphere. 相似文献
10.
J. V. Kovalevsky 《Space Science Reviews》1971,12(2):187-257
This paper reviews the principal results of direct measurements of the plasma and magnetic field by spacecraft close to the Earth (within the heliocentric distance range 0.7–1.5 AU). The paper gives an interpretation of the results for periods of decrease, minimum and increase of the solar activity. The following problems are discussed: the interplanetary plasma (chemical composition, density, solar wind flow speed, temperature, temporal and spatial variation of these parameters), the interplanetary magnetic field (intensity, direction, fluctuations and its origin), some derived parameters characterizing the physical condition of the interplanetary medium; the quasi-stationary sector structure and its connection with solar and terrestrial phenomena; the magnetohydrodynamic discontinuities in the interplanetary medium (tangential discontinuities and collisionless shock waves); the solar magnetoplasma interaction with the geomagnetic field (the collisionless bow shock wave, the magnetosheath, the magnetopause, the Earth's magnetic tail, the internal magnetosphere characteristics), the connection between the geomagnetic activity and the interplanetary medium and magnetosphere parameters; peculiarities in behaviour of the interplanetary medium and magnetosphere during geomagnetic storms; energetic aspects of the geomagnetic storms. 相似文献
11.
Three ways of the energy transfer in the Earth's magnetosphere are studied. The solar wind MHD generator is an unique energy
source for all magnetospheric processes. Field-aligned currents directly transport the energy and momentum of the solar wind
plasma to the Earth's ionosphere. The magnetospheric lobe and plasma sheet convection generated by the solar wind is another
magnetospheric energy source. Plasma sheet particles and cold ionospheric polar wind ions are accelerated by convection electric
field. After energetic particle precipitation into the upper atmosphere the solar wind energy is transferred into the ionosphere
and atmosphere. This way of the energy transfer can include the tail lobe magnetic field energy storage connected with the
increase of the tail current during the southward IMF. After that the magnetospheric substorm occurs. The model calculations
of the magnetospheric energy give possibility to determine the ground state of the magnetosphere, and to calculate relative
contributions of the tail current, ring current and field-aligned currents to the magnetospheric energy. The magnetospheric
substorms and storms manifest that the permanent solar wind energy transfer ways are not enough for the covering of the solar
wind energy input into the magnetosphere. Nonlinear explosive processes are necessary for the energy transmission into the
ionosphere and atmosphere. For understanding a relation between substorm and storm it is necessary to take into account that
they are the concurrent energy transferring ways.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
12.
A. H. Cook 《Space Science Reviews》1963,2(3):355-437
The history of the determination of the external gravitational potential of the Earth is sketched briefly. A discussion of the principles by which the potential may be derived from the observations of changes in the orbits of artificial satellites is followed by outlines of the principal theories and by detailed consideration of the formal differences between them that arise from differences in the ways that the orbits are described and it is shown that those formulae on which most of the numerical results depend are equivalent in the principal theories. The usual methods of treatment break down in certain special conditions and the analysis of these cases is also considered although they are not of great practical importance in the derivation of the potential; similarly a short account is given of the behaviour of a satellite having an orbital angular velocity commensurable with the spin angular velocity of the Earth. Methods by which satellites are observed are mentioned and the main numerical results on the external potential of the Earth are discussed critically. Finally the results are compared with those derived from observations of gravity on the surface of the Earth and the application of the results to problems of geodesy, of the physical state of the Earth and of the motion of the Moon are described. 相似文献
13.
An ultracapacitor system for an electric vehicle has been implemented. The device allows higher accelerations and decelerations of the vehicle with minimal loss of energy and minimal degradation of the main battery pack. The system uses a DC-DC power converter, which is connected between the ultracapacitor and the main battery pack. The design has been optimized in weight and size, by using water-cooled heat sinks for the power converter, and an aluminum coil with air core for the smoothing inductance. The ratings of the ultracapacitor are: nominal voltage: 300 Vdc; nominal current: 200 Adc; capacitance: 20 Farads. The amount of energy stored allows us to have 40 kW of power during 20 seconds, which is enough to accelerate the vehicle without the help of the traction batteries. The vehicle uses a brushless DC motor with a nominal power of 32 kW and a peak power of 53 kW. A control system based on a Digital Signal Processor (DSP) manipulates all the aforementioned variables and controls the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) switching pattern of the converter transistors. The car used for the implementation of this system is a Chevrolet LUV truck. 相似文献
14.
Yeon Fuh Jiang Yu Ping Lin 《IEEE transactions on aerospace and electronic systems》1991,27(1):181-183
A direct and simple derivation of the differential equation of the rotation vector is provided. The property that the time derivative of the rotation vector and the angular velocity have equal magnitude along the direction of the rotation vector is also derived 相似文献
15.
以某型飞机刹车伺服系统为研究对象,以动态特性优良的二阶系统为参考模型,利用免疫PID控制器调节参考模型,根据Lyapunov稳定性理论推导出相应的自适应律,并在MATLAB/SIMULINK环境下进行系统仿真。结果表明,基于模型参考自适应控制系统的输出能够很好地跟踪参考模型的输出,系统能够快速响应,显著提高了系统的动态性能,而且具有一定的抗干扰性,适用于飞机刹车这种复杂的非线性系统。 相似文献
16.
17.
F. M. Ipavich G. Gloeckler C. Y. Fan L. A. Fisk D. Hovestadt B. Klecker J. J. O'Gallagher M. Scholer 《Space Science Reviews》1979,23(1):93-101
We report initial measurements from the ULECA sensor of the Max-Planck-Institut/University of Maryland experiment on ISEE-1. ULECA is an electrostatic deflection — total energy sensor consisting of a collimator, deflection analyzer and an array of solid state detectors. The position of a given detector, which determines the energy per charge of an incident particle, together with the measured energy determine the particle's charge state. We find that a rich variety of phenomena are operative in the transthermal energy regime (10 keV/Q to 100 keV/Q) covered by ULECA. Specifically, we present observations of locally accelerated protons, alpha particles, and heavier ions in the magnetosheath and upstream of the Earth's bow shock. Preliminary analysis indicates that the behavior of these locally accelerated particles is most similar at the same energy per charge. 相似文献
18.
R. E. Wilson 《Space Science Reviews》1989,49(3-4):235-243
Progress in determining rotation rates of Algol primary stars from light curves is assessed. Included are elementary ideas on why the new method works, how to carry out solutions, and how and when to apply the constraint on rotational lobe filling. Some comments are made on desirable improvements for measuring rotation from line broadening. A few remarks are made about the problem of identifying likely fast rotating Algols. 相似文献
19.
R. E. Wilson 《Space Science Reviews》1989,50(1-2):235-243
Progress in determining rotation rates of Algol primary stars from light curves is assessed. Included are elementary ideas on why the new method works, how to carry out solutions, and how and when to apply the constraint on rotational lobe filling. Some comments are made on desirable improvements for measuring rotation from line broadening. A few remarks are made about the problem of identifying likely fast rotating Algols. 相似文献
20.
The turbulent fluctuation and the rotation correction of wall function law are investigated in the entrance section of a rotating channel. The one-dimensional hot wire probe and the X-type probe are utilized to measure the boundary layer at four streamwise stations. Through the analysis on the boundary layer near the leading side and trailing side, it is found that the turbulent fluctuation is promoted in the trailing side whereas suppressed in the leading side. This difference is attributed to the Coriolis instability near the trailing side. In addition, considering the local rotation parameter Rc, whose maximum absolute value is 0.014, is larger than that in previous research, whose maximum value is 0.007, the whole process of the relaminarization is captured. To understand this phenomenon better, the effects of the generation term and the Coriolis term in the transport equation of the Reynolds stress are discussed. In addition, the rotation correction of the viscous-Coriolis region and the Coriolis region are discussed, a new revising method for the wall function is proposed. 相似文献