星表移动探测机器人研究现状综述

星表移动探测机器人是多学科、高新技术的结晶,用于非结构化环境中的星球表面探测,能有效减轻人类工作强度、保护人身安全以及代替人类完成恶劣环境下的科研探测工作,有着巨大的经济和社会效益。本文对已发射的探测器进行了统计,系统梳理了成功着陆月球、火星的探测机器人的技术参数、结构与机构组成等,综合对比了各国在星表移动探测机器人研制方面的技术状态。结合国内外的研究现状和成果,重点针对星表移动探测机器人移动系统的研究进行了梳理,将星表移动探测机器人从运动形式上划分为轮式、腿式、履带式及其他类型4种形式,对每类机器人的研究进展、技术参数、结构与机构形式、运动形态等进行了系统回顾和详细分析。结合星表移动探测机器人面临的探测任务及发展方向,对星表移动探测机器人未来发展趋势进行了展望。     

空间机器人研究进展及技术挑战

空间机器人是实现空间操控自动化和智能化的使能手段之一,在无人及载人的空间科学探索活动中至关重要。首先,回顾了国际空间站舱内外机器人、中国空间站机器人、在轨自由飞行空间机器人等几类轨道空间机器人工程应用现状,以及已成功在轨应用月面机器人和火星机器人两类星表机器人系统的应用现状。其次,针对空间机器人后续日益复杂的任务需求,探讨了空间机器人在机构构型、关节驱动、末端操作、感知认知、行走移动、动力学与控制等方面面临的技术挑战。然后,论述了空间机器人在多臂、超冗余、柔性化、可重构、仿生等新型机构构型方面的探索,介绍了空间机器人主动、被动柔顺关节方面的研究进展,论述了空间机器人末端执行器在专用化工具及通用化多指灵巧手两个方向的研究进展,总结了星表机器人在新型移动机构构型、高自主导航方面的研究进展,介绍了空间机器人在多传感器集成融合、力与触觉感知方面的研究进展,论述了空间机器人在多臂协调控制、柔顺控制、漂浮基座抓捕动力学控制等方面的研究进展。最后,展望了空间机器人在空间目标抓捕与移除、高价值飞行器在轨服务与维修、空间大型构件在轨组装及星球科学探测等方面的应用前景。     

基于遗传算法的多机器人系统集中协调式路径规划

根据多机器人系统无碰撞运动的需要,对其工作空间进行了分解,确定了机器人运行路线上的各个可能路径点,从而得到了规划空间的多路径点链接图描述。基于这种对规划空间的链接图建模描述,开发了一种混合遗传算法用于寻找多个机器人的无碰撞协调运动路线。仿真结果表明,这种方法可有效地解决复杂规划空间下的多机器人路径规划问题。     

小型星表探测机器人发展现状与趋势

针对深空探测中（尤其是月球、火星和小行星探测）大型着陆探测器对小型移动机器人作为重要科学载荷的需求,综述了国内外小型星表探测机器人领域的发展现状,着重介绍了面向月球探测、火星探测和小行星探测的代表性小型机器人的任务需求、基本构型和样机测试情况。在系统总结小型星表探测机器人关键技术及发展趋势的基础上,提出了未来中国在该领域发展、完善的建议。分析表明：月球探测的高研究价值区域多位于崎岖地形中,体积小、运动性能强的轮式、足式机器人受到广泛关注,日本、英国、瑞士等国家已提出多种小型机器人概念,并研发原理样机进行测试试验;针对火星等存在稀薄大气层的星体探测,定位于配置组件的旋翼式无人机已成为国内外关注和研制的重点之一,同时面向特殊极端地形探测的小型轮式、翻滚式机器人也进入到原理样机测试阶段,美国在这些领域均保持突出优势;针对小行星等小质量、弱引力天体探测,小型翻滚式机器人成为其着陆探测的主流,美国开展了原理样机设计与试验,日本通过"隼鸟2号"任务已成功实现在轨应用。     

Dynamic modeling and beating phenomenon analysis of space robots with continuum manipulators

Space robotics has been used extensively in complex space missions. Rigid-manipulator space robots may suffer from rigid-body collisions with targets. This collision is likely to cause damage to the space robot and the target. To overcome such a problem, a novel Continuum-Manipulator Space Robot (CMSR) for performing on-orbit servicing missions is proposed in this paper. Compared with rigid-manipulator space robots, CMSRs are able to perform compliant operations and avoid rigid-body collisions with a target. The CMSR consists of two kinds of flexible components, including solar arrays and continuum manipulators. The elastic vibrations of these flexible components disturb the position and attitude of CMSRs. The beating phenomenon introduced by the energy transfer among these flexible components can cause damage to solar arrays. The complicated dynamic coupling poses enormous challenges in dynamic modeling and vibration analysis. The dynamic model for CMSRs is derived and the mechanism of the beating phenomenon is analyzed in this paper. Simulation results show that an obvious beating phenomenon occurs and the amplitude of the solar arrays increases significantly when the natural frequencies of two kinds of flexible components are close. A method is provided to avoid the beating phenomenon.     

Tetrahedral Robotics for Space Exploration

A reconfigurable space filling robotic architecture has a wide range of possible applications. One of the more intriguing possibilities is mobility in very irregular and otherwise impassable terrain. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center is developing the third generation of its addressable reconfigurable technology (ART) tetrahedral robotics architecture. An ART-based variable geometry truss consisting of 12 tetrahedral elements made from 26 smart struts on a wireless network has been developed. The primary goal of this development is the demonstration of a new kind of robotic mobility that can provide access and articulation that complement existing capabilities. An initial set of gaits and other behaviors are being tested, and accommodations for payloads such as sensor and telemetry packages are being studied. Herein, we describe our experience with the ART tetrahedral robotics architecture and the improvements implemented in the third generation of this technology. Applications of these robots to space exploration and the tradeoffs involved with this architecture will be discussed.     

星球表面着陆巡视一体化探测机器人研究进展

针对深空探测领域星球表面着陆巡视一体化的探测任务需求,全面而简要地回顾了国内外星球表面着陆巡视探测任务的发展历程,概述了在着陆过程中减速和缓冲减振方法及移动探测情况,指出了传统着陆巡视系统存在系统复杂、可靠性低、着陆缓冲装置的质量和体积占比高、着陆后姿态无法调整等局限,对比分析了着陆巡视一体化机器人的优势。在此基础上,分别综述了腿式移动机器人、风力驱动球形机器人、小型跳跃机器人和张拉整体机器人等具备着陆巡视一体化功能的机器人的研究进展;对各类机器人的性能特点进行了对比分析并给出了各自的适用范围;最后展望了未来星球表面着陆巡视一体化机器人的发展趋势,探讨了未来有待于进一步深入研究的难题及可能的解决途径。     

机器人在轨装配无标定视觉伺服对准方法

针对在轨装配过程中机器人"手眼"关系无法进行有效标定及机器人系统和被操作物惯性参数不定的情况,在传统的无标定视觉伺服基础上设计了深度估计器,基于机器人和图像运动的测量数据在线估计目标特征的深度值,并在机器人关节控制环中设计滑模控制器实时控制机器人关节运动,根据反馈图像信息纠正系统误差完成对准跟踪,通过仿真验证了方法的有效性。所提的无标定视觉伺服对准方法使机器人在装配过程中免去了复杂的"手眼"关系的标定程序,克服了机器人系统及被操作物惯性参数不确定性给装配精度造成的影响,提高了"手眼协调"的鲁棒性,保证机器人能够在复杂的太空环境下完成在轨装配任务。     

基于阻抗内环的新型力外环控制策略

对于空间装配等与环境进行交互的任务,迫切要求空间机器人具有力控制的能力。利用机器人的关节力矩传感器,提出了一种新型的基于阻抗内环的力外环控制策略。在该方法中,内环采用阻抗控制代替传统的位置控制。阻抗控制内环使机器人具有一定的柔顺性,力外环通过期望力与实际力的误差对内环的参考轨迹进行修正,实现了机器人的力跟踪控制。另外,为了验证利用关节力矩传感器间接测量末端接触力的效果,机器人末端安装了一个高精度的JR3腕力传感器用来直接测量实际接触力。在基于位置内环和阻抗内环的力外环控制方式下,进行了机器人接触刚度变化较大环境（海绵、泡沫和铁块）的力跟踪实验。实验表明,当环境刚度变化较大时,相对于传统的力外环方法,本文提出的方法能够实现稳定的力跟踪性能。尤其对于铁块这种刚度很大的环境,该方法的有效性更加明显。     

Mechanism for assembling antenna in space

The development of large and precise space antennas is one of the most important topics in constructing space infrastructures. We evaluated an approach to assembling large and accurate space antennas which uses space robots. The assembly mechanism was launched together with the ETS-VII, the first telerobotic satellite from Japan, and its performance, including fully automatic assembling, was verified. The assembling-type antenna and the results of antenna assembly experiments are discussed     

Chaotic zero dynamics in kinematically redundant robots

The authors attempt to integrate two areas in robotics that are maturing rapidly: the control of kinematically redundant rigid robots and feedback linearization. Kinematically redundant robots have several advantages over nonredundant robot arms. The extra degrees of freedom are used to reach around or between obstacles. Unlike nonredundant rigid link robots that do not exhibit zero dynamics, the self motions of kinematically redundant robots can be used for torque optimization or avoiding obstacles. It is shown that induced self motions can be chaotic. The main contribution is to demonstrate chaos in cases of feedback linearization when the decoupling matrix is nonsquare and there are less outputs than inputs     

空间多机器人协同的多视线仅测角相对导航

研究了空间多机器人对非合作目标的多视线协同仅测角相对导航问题。为利用多视线信息融合提升仅测角相对导航性能,给出了一种可观测度优化的多视线仅测角相对导航方法。首先基于二阶CW方程构建了中心机器人与目标相对动力学模型和状态方程,并构建了仅包含多伴飞机器人视线角的观测方程,结合扩展卡尔曼滤波算法,形成多视线仅测角相对导航系统;然后分析推导得到可观度最优的视线间夹角条件,提出了兼顾可观测度和长期自然维持的多伴飞机器人观测构型优化方法;最后,数学仿真结果表明,提出的多视线仅测角相对导航系统、可观测度最优的视线夹角条件和观测构型优化方法,可以显著提高距离状态可观测度和估计性能,且具有较好的工程可用性。     

基于干扰观测器的柔性空间机器人在轨精细操作控制方法

由于强非线性、强耦合和强时变等特征,柔性空间机器人的稳定精细控制问题一直是一个重大挑战。轻质小型化机器人受空间及重量限制,其关节柔性通常不可忽略,这部分柔性主要是由谐波减速器和力矩传感器的柔性造成的。传统的运动学控制在空载时能保持稳定,但是对大负载、快速运动时的适应性差,严重时机械臂抖动剧烈甚至发散。针对以上特征,提出了一种基于非线性干扰观测器和动力学极点配置的柔性空间机器人在轨精细操作控制方法。仿真实验证明,该方法可以有效地抑制柔性激振,保证响应的快速性和准确性,同时有较好的鲁棒性,能够适应不同类型扰动的影响和末端环境柔顺控制的要求,对工程应用具有一定的参考意义。     

Advanced life support in lunar and Mars missions

Strategies being considered for further exploration of space are presented. Scenarios are being examined by NASA's Office of Exploration to reach the goal of permanent facilities on other planets. Near-term requirements, as well as life support, technology, and human factors are being identified and studied to enable long term self-sufficiency in space. The article also examines medical and psychological issues to be addressed.     

Robonauts join "spacewalk squad"

Researchers recently tested the use of robots working alongside astronauts during extravehicular activities. The test was conducted at NASA-Johnson by the Automation, Robotics, and Simulation Division in the center's Engineering Directorate. The "Robonauts" are designed to manipulate tools and perform functions that require dexterity that is difficult for astronauts to achieve in space suits.     

Coordinated target localization base on pseudo measurement for clustered space robot

This paper presents a coordinated target localization method for clustered space robot.According to the different measuring capabilities of cluster members,the master-slave coordinated relative navigation strategy for target localization with respect to slavery space robots is proposed;then the basic mathematical models,including coordinated relative measurement model and cluster centralized dynamics,are established respectively.By employing the linear Kalman flter theorem,the centralized estimator based on truth measurements is developed and analyzed frstly,and with an intention to inhabit the initial uncertainties related to target localization,the globally stabilized estimator is designed through introduction of pseudo measurements.Furthermore,the observability and controllability of stochastic system are also analyzed to qualitatively evaluate the convergence performance of pseudo measurement estimator.Finally,on-orbit target approaching scenario is simulated by using semi-physical simulation system,which is used to verify the convergence performance of proposed estimator.During the simulation,both the known and unknown maneuvering acceleration cases are considered to demonstrate the robustness of coordinated localization strategy.     

Positioning error compensation of an industrial robot using neural networks and experimental study

Due to the characteristics of high efficiency, wide working range, and high flexibility,industrial robots are being increasingly used in the industries of automotive, machining, electrical and electronic, rubber and plastics, aerospace, food, etc. Whereas the low positioning accuracy,resulted from the serial configuration of industrial robots, has limited their further developments and applications in the field of high requirements for machining accuracy, e.g., aircraft assembly.In this paper, a...     

基于螺旋理论的机械手最优位姿轨迹规划方法研究

提出了一种在笛卡儿空间实现机器人操作手最优位姿轨迹规划新方法。基于欧拉刚体有限转动定理,根据旋量理论和计算几何中三维直纹面路程参数生成原理,求以等效角位移矢量在空间的运动轨迹形成的直纹曲面面积及其变化率并考虑运动时的灵活性为泛函的泛函极值来实现以路径最短、运动灵活性最好、或动力学性能最优为目标的机器人位置和姿态轨迹优化生成,建立了相应的优化数学模型及求解方法。最后,用该法对三自由度平面机器人操作手进行了仿真计算。     

基于后退设计的空间机器人系统的自适应控制

 结合后退设计方法和自适应控制理论，对载体姿态可控的空间机器人系统提出了一种自适应跟踪控制算法。当系统的惯性参数未知时，该算法可以保证空间机器人的手端跟踪误差渐近趋于零。和已有的算法相比，所提出的算法可以消除Lyapunov函数导数表达式中的交叉项，明显改善系统的跟踪性能。对平面两关节空间机器人的仿真结果证实了算法的有效性。     

基于FastSLAM的绳系机器人同时定位与地图构建算法

绳系式移动机器人可用于极端地形的探测,如陡峭斜坡、松软土壤、高耸悬崖、沟壑等。在运动过程中移动机器人的绳索不可避免地与障碍物接触甚至缠绕。由于绳索与障碍物之间的接触点不相互独立以及机器人模型的非线性特性,经典的FastSLAM框架不适用于绳索机器人的同时定位和地图创建（SLAM）问题。提出基于改进FastSLAM框架的绳系机器人SLAM算法。在该框架中,分别利用无迹滤波和粒子滤波解决接触点位置估计和机器人位姿估计问题,并利用非线性观测模型的无迹变换来简化粒子权重更新。仿真结果表明,该算法可有效地估计接触点位置,同时提高机器人位姿估计性能。