带动力机动弹头制导方法研究

为解决一种带动力机动弹头的制导问题,给出了弹头在下降拉平段、平飞段、攻击段的制导方法。在下降拉平段,采用程序转弯下降与基于几何法的按圆弧拉平制导律结合的方法,使终端精确达到平飞段所需的高度。在平飞段分别给出了高度保持以及侧向转弯过航路点的制导律,以提高制导探测精度并避开威胁区域。攻击段在基本制导律设计基础上给出了多种攻击方式。各制导方法均通过三自由度弹道仿真得到验证,具有较强的工程实用性。     

固体火箭冲压发动机燃气发生器动态特性影响分析

建立了燃气发生器/固体火箭冲压发动机/导弹的一体化动态数学模型,通过数值仿真研究得到了在典型飞行弹道下各主要工作参数的变化过程.结果表明,在导弹飞行的爬升和巡航段,燃气发生器实际输出燃料流量和发动机实际输出推力与指令值之间的相对偏差均较小,不超过7%;而在俯冲段,由于容腔效应影响严重,燃料流量相对偏差达到-30%,推力最大相对偏差达-50%.上述因素给导弹飞行速度带来的相对偏差小于5%,射程的相对偏差小于1%.因此,针对所述的爬升 巡航 俯冲弹道,在导弹工作过程仿真中,可忽略燃气发生器的动态特性,不会影响对导弹飞行性能的评估.      

小直径炸弹复合制导律设计与仿真

采用钻石背翼的小直径炸弹,具有升阻比高、航向机动能力差等气动特性。在侧滑角和滚转角均受到约束的条件下,滑翔段采用STT+BTT并联复合制导方式,攻击段采用STT制导方式,能够有效地满足大扇面角发射时对侧向过载的需求。仿真结果表明,这种制导策略能够有效地满足制导律的设计要求,提高小直径炸弹大扇面角发射时的侧向机动能力。     

三维空间内导弹弹着角可控制导律

针对导弹飞行末端弹着角度变化特点,采用最优控制理论,探索控制导弹末端弹着角度的方法。研究了三维空间下的弹着角度可控制导律。对俯冲平面和水平平面,分别运用最优控制理论中的极大值原理及求解Riccati方程的方法给出了两种形式的制导律。通过对两个平面及多枚导弹不同条件下的飞行数据仿真,可以看出这种制导律应用于控制导弹以期望的弹着角度攻击目标时的有效性和可行性。     

大气层外拦截弹中段制导方法研究

针对大气层外拦截弹飞行中段采用固体燃料发动机，且关机后需要经过较长的无控滑行段才能进入末制导段的情况，提出一种基于拦截弹修正能力，且考虑无控滑行段拦截弹与目标引力差影响的中制导律。仿真表明，采用该制导律的拦截弹在发动机工作期间推力方向变化平稳，且可获得较高的制导精度。     

Analytical study of the FV atmospheric flight dynamics under propulsive engine control

A mathematical model of the atmospheric flight of a flight vehicle being controlled by small propulsive engines is presented. The analytical solutions of differential equations are obtained for the approximate calculation of kinematic parameters in the steady-state motions. The flight dynamics and control are studied under conditions of nose lift and diving. The results are suitable for the choice of design FV parameters and synthesis of onboard algorithms of control and parametric identification.     

折叠翼飞机的气动特性分析

常规飞机具有单一的最优性能,折叠翼飞机通过改变机翼的折叠角度来改变飞机的气动性能,从而能够更好地完成多种任务。对折叠翼飞机进行建模并运用计算流体力学软件进行数值计算,根据计算结果分析折叠翼飞机的气动性能。结果表明：机翼折叠角度的改变,对飞机的失速迎角、俯冲性能、副翼操纵响应和纵横向操稳特性等产生很大影响;飞机失速迎角在机翼折叠后变大,飞机机翼折叠后飞机俯冲更迅速。     

滑翔式空中靶标总体设计与弹道仿真

空中靶标作为一种消耗性的无人飞行器,在防空反导武器系统试验训练中具有不可或缺的重要作用,须统筹考虑其逼真性和经济性。为此,提出了滑翔式空中靶标系统发展思路与工作原理,设计了滑翔式空靶总体方案,并利用Datcom和Matlab对其滑翔供靶弹道进行了仿真分析。仿真计算表明,弹道性能满足亚音速俯冲类目标模拟供靶要求,系统具有高性能、低成本、使用安全等显著特点。     

弹射救生过程数值计算及损伤风险评估

针对从弹射程序启动到飞行员着陆之间的各个阶段,建立了能够对横滚、俯冲等复杂弹射条件进行计算的数学模型。结合某型座椅的具体参数与气动力数据,针对具体算例求解了弹射救生过程,与实验结果进行了对比。根据模型的计算结果,以动态响应指数(DRI)对不同弹射初速下的损伤风险做出评估,并指出了在不同速度下气动过载的影响。     

飞行器阵风响应的CFD-6DOF仿真分析

飞行器在大气中飞行,不可避免地受到阵风的影响。阵风所附加的气动载荷引发飞行器飞行状态的改变,过大幅值的阵风影响飞行的性能与安全。针对这种状况,首先采用改进的Lamb-Ossen涡模型,建立尾涡形式的阵风场;然后采用基于CFD技术的非定常N-S方程求解,并在计算网格中引入"网格速度"来模拟阵风,对SWIM(Subsonic Wall Interference Model)尾涡中的定常气动特性进行验证;最后通过CFD-6DOF的耦合,对SWIM俯冲穿越尾涡场的飞行轨迹进行研究。结果表明:计算结果与实验值符合较好;SWIM在尾涡中飞行时出现抖动、下沉、改变飞行状态、剧烈翻转的现象,与实际飞行器进入尾涡中的轨迹特性类似。     

高超声速飞行器俯冲段制导控制一体化设计方法

针对高超声速飞行器高速俯冲飞行段制导控制系统设计问题,建立了俯冲飞行段制导控制一体化低阶设计模型,提出了一种新颖的六自由度(6DoF)制导控制系统设计方法。基于目标-飞行器三维空间相对运动模型和坐标系转移关系建立了三维全耦合俯冲相对运动模型,推导得到了飞行器加速度在弹道坐标系三轴的分量与飞行器三通道角速率间的解析模型,进而结合飞行器绕质心动力学模型建立了以气动舵偏角为控制输入的俯冲飞行段制导控制一体化低阶设计模型。该制导控制一体化低阶设计模型降低了俯冲飞行段制导控制系统的模型阶数,减少了六自由度制导控制系统的设计参数,省略了传统设计方法中根据期望过载反求气动欧拉角的过程;同时利用解析模型替代了传统方法中姿态控制环路的跟踪控制过程,简化了制导控制系统的设计流程,为制导控制一体化设计提供了一种新的分析思路。数值仿真结果验证了本文提出的制导控制一体化设计方法的有效性和鲁棒性。     

Compliant coatings for drag reduction

Compliant coating research is one of those areas which experienced its fair share of triumphs and debacles. For over forty years, the subject has fascinated, frustrated and occasionally gratified scientists and engineers searching for methods to delay laminar-to-turbulence transition, to reduce skin-friction drag in turbulent wall-bounded flows, to quell vibrations, and to suppress flow-induced noise. In its simplest form, the technique is passive, relatively easy to apply to an existing vehicle or device, and perhaps not too expensive. Through the years, however, claims for substantial drag and noise reductions were made, only to be later refuted when the results were more critically examined. There are several important issues with regard to the reliability of available analytical, numerical and experimental results. In this article, some of these issues, particularly as they relate to the search for drag-reducing compliant coatings, will be addressed with the objective of elucidating the potential pitfalls to newcomers to the field. Problem formulation with proper boundary conditions, impossibility of obtaining first-principles analytical solutions when the wall-bounded flow is turbulent, and limitations of existing numerical simulations will be elaborated. The effects of background turbulence in a wind or water tunnel, accurate drag measurements, compliant wall motion, and the geometry and properties of the coating used will be among the outstanding experimental issues discussed. Attempts will be made to explain some of the seemingly contradictory results available in the open literature.     

Mechanical engineering's role in multi-disciplinary radar design

Successful execution of a program and full satisfaction of the customer's requirements is a challenge for any contractor. Raytheon Company responds to this challenge by following a proven program execution methodology. The methodology includes all program aspects from financial planning to engineering to validation and test. This discusses the engineering team and the role of the mechanical engineer. A radar system is ultimately an assembly of advanced electronics and software. However, the design, fabrication, assembly, integration, and test Of this complex system requires a coherent multi-disciplinary approach. Raytheon, like many contractors, chooses to assemble an integrated product team (IPT) including all engineering disciplines. Mechanical engineering is integral to satisfying performance requirements, performing preliminary and detailed design, transition of the design to manufacturing, and implementation of the hardware in the field. During definition, mechanical engineering assists fundamental architecture development, conceptual design, and requirements development which precludes issues that are sometimes ignored to the detriment of many programs. These design issues include environmental protection, structural stiffness to meet deflection requirements, cooling system capacity to properly remove dissipated heat, manufacturabilit3' to control cost, maintainability to enable repair in the field, and transportability. Recognizing and trading off these issues early greatly increases the Probability Of satisfying customer objectives. This discusses the approach Raytheon is taking to ensure an overall multi-disciplinary solution to our design challenges from the perspective of the mechanical engineer.     

完善党内选举制度推进党内民主建设

党内民主选举制度是党内民主建设的核心内容。发展党内民主最重要的是实现党内选举的科学化、民主化。党内选举制度的改革和完善，可以无情地斩断人身依附关系，彻底根治用人制度上的歪风，克服干部问题上的“近亲繁殖”弊病。完善党内选举制度需要健全和完善候选人提名方式，逐步扩大直接选举和差额选举，选举代表必须充分体现选举人的意志。其核心是把公平竞争引入党内选举，使党焕发青春和活力。     

Cockpits for 2010 and Beyond

Truly optimal weapon system performance is highly dependent on the level of man-machine cockpit integration resulting from the intelligent application of crew station technologies. Future cockpits will incorporate a wide range of enhancements. Heavy application of artificial intelligence techniques can be expected to encompass the entire spectrum of crew station technologies; from data fusion, to optimized display resource management, to real-time onboard maintenance and fault reporting, and even to the optimization of pilot physiological needs. Emphasis on exploiting applications of the ultimate human resource, the mind, can be expected through the use of biocybernetics; initially to control previously manual and/or automated cockpit functions, and eventually to allow bidirectional communications. Future enhancements can also be expected to improve aircrew performance by allowing the pilot to take full advantage of aircraft maneuvering capability, and to operate effectively in hostile chemical, biological and radiological environments. New high resolution, full color, three dimensional crew station display devices will complement enlarged sensor suites and enhance aircrew situational awareness. Does the pilot really need to see the outside world to fly and fight effectively? Or, can panoramic display techniques, in an encapsulated environment, coupled with 4? steradian sensor coverage, increase performance? This paper strives to illustrate some ``no holds barred' approaches to making future fighter cockpits an ``in-tune' extension of the operator, based on current and projected tactical needs.     

对等性权利义务下的我国农业补贴法律制度研究

农业、农村经济的发展以及农民收入的增长是关系国家和社会利益的一件大事。在当前我国社会经济发展前提下，根据权利与义务的对等性理念，分析农业的特性，得出农业具有先义务性，存在权利与义务非对等性的现象，以此揭示农业补贴得以存在的本质内涵，即弥补这种先义务性，寻求权利与义务的数量等值。最后得出必须通过建立完善的农业补贴法律制度，达到权利与义务的对等，保证正当权利的实现，使其获得正当利益，最终使社会正义得以体现。     

危机管理的多重研究向度

研究危机管理，既要运用管理学的基本原理，又要借助多学科的思想方法。考虑到管理学的形成历史、美国杰出CEO的人格特征、企业的内外环境等因素，管理学、传记文学、军事学、心理学是值得关注的研究向度。相关学科的滋养和支撑，为危机管理提供了新的审视角度和研究策略，昭示出认知、反思、预测诸功能，契合人性、贴近理论、反哺实践，呈现独特的学术价值和应用价值。     

聚氧在喷气发动机上的应用探索

本文试图说明在喷气发动机上或燃气轮机的进气道内建立聚氧滞氮的流场,增加燃烧室氧的浓度,组织富氧燃烧.提高涡轮前的温度和整机热效率.加大喷气发动机的推力,降低航空煤油耗量,减少喷气尾气对大气的污染.对各种可能的聚氧滞氮的方案进行了初步探索.     

Telerobotics: problems and research needs

With major emphasis on simulation, a university laboratory telerobotics facility permits problems to be approached by groups of graduate students. Helmet-mounded displays provide realism; the slaving of the display to the human operator's viewpoint gives a sense of `telepresence' that may be useful for prolonged tasks. Using top-down 3-D model control of distant images allows distant images to be reduced to a few parameters to update the model used for display to the human operator in a preview model to circumvent, in part, the communication delay. Also, the model can be used as a format for supervisory control and permit short-term local autonomous operations. Image processing algorithms can be made simpler and faster without trying to construct sensible images from the bottom. Control studies of telerobots lead to preferential manual control modes and, in this university environment, to basic paradigms for human motion and thence, perhaps, to redesign of robotic control, trajectory path planning, and rehabilitation prosthetics. Speculation as to future industrial drives for this telerobotic field suggests efficient roles for government agencies such as NASA     

Research into vortex breakdown control

Vortex breakdown remains a significant and intriguing phenomenon that can have detrimental or beneficial effects, depending on the application. Thus there is a strong need to both better understand the phenomenon and to control it, either to prevent breakdown or to promote it. For the past 50 years, multiple flow control techniques have demonstrated the ability to manipulate the vortex breakdown location over slender delta wings at high angles of attack. An extensive historical review of these diverse control methods, mechanical and pneumatic, steady or periodic, is presented and discussed; however, none of these techniques has clearly demonstrated a superior efficiency or effectiveness in controlling either the vortical flow structure or the vortex breakdown location. Each technique, does, on the other hand, provide a unique approach to the control of the vortex breakdown depending on the desired outcome. There are still major obstacles to overcome before the control of vortex breakdown is implemented in flight. For example, oscillations of the vortex breakdown locations are difficult to quantify and to identify. The often poor effectiveness of control techniques can be in great part attributed to insufficient knowledge of breakdown and in an inability to accurately predict breakdown. When considering the large quantity of studies aimed at vortex breakdown control and their relative success, it is clear that decisive progress in this domain will require further basic investigations to clearly elucidate the physics of the phenomenon and to improve the predictive capability.