Are aircraft parabolic flights really parabolic?

Aircraft parabolic flights provide repetitively short periods of reduced gravity by flying a ballistic trajectory, preceded and followed by periods of acceleration up to 2g. The ballistic part has a shape of an arc of a parabola and is quite commonly referred to as a parabolic flight.In this short note, we want to show that, although the wording parabolic is stricto sensu incorrect, it is though not far from reality and we show how to calculate simply the approximation committed by calling this trajectory parabolic.     

变均方根随机振动?变加速度离心复合试验

为在地面试验中更真实地模拟再入飞行过载、振动力学环境的时变特性和复合特性,以再入飞行器子系统为对象,开展变均方根随机振动?变加速度离心复合试验研究。设定试验条件时,对预示弹道过载数据进行平滑和重采样,得到变加速度离心试验条件;对实测振动数据频谱进行归一化和频谱加权融合,得到变均方根随机振动试验条件。复合试验结果表明,给出的试验条件控制可行,实现了再入飞行振动历程和过载历程的同时模拟。     

固体发动机前封头绝热层在加速度下烧蚀计算

对固体火箭发动机前封头ＮＢＲ绝热层在飞行加速度作用下的烧蚀机理与烧蚀模型进行了研究。     

Prolonged weightlessness and calcium loss in man

Data have been accumulated from a series of studies in which men have been subjected to weightlessness in orbital space flight for periods of up to 12 weeks. These data are used to predict the long term consequences of weightlessness upon the skeletal system. Space flight induced a loss of calcium which accelerated exponentially from about 50 mg/d at the end of 1 week to approx. 300 mg/d at the end of 12 weeks. The hypercalciuria reached a constant level within 4 weeks while fecal calcium losses continued to increase throughout the period of exposure. This apparent diminution of gastrointestinal absorptive efficiency was accompanied by a slight decline in the plasma level of parathyroid hormone and a slight elevation in the plasma level of calcium and phosphorus. Although losses in mineral from the calcaneus were closely correlated with the calcium imbalance, no changes were detected in the mineral mass of the ulna and radius. From the data presented it is concluded that the process of demineralization observed in space flight is more severe than would be predicted on the basis of observations in immobilized, bed rested, or paralyzed subjects. It is, moreover, suggested that the process may not be totally reversible.     

High and low thrust acceleration

For rocket transfers between coplanar circular orbits various areas of flight mechanical interest are outlined, depending upon thrust acceleration. Optimum thrust direction has been assumed. All information presented has been derived from analytical approximations.     

动力学补偿受控卫星轨道确定算法(英文)

受控卫星动力学模型中推力加速度的量级远远高于其他摄动的误差量级,观测量主要反映受控卫星动力学模型的误差。本文以跟踪和精确定位空间机动目标为目的,给出基于地面雷达观测,实时估计推力加速度,修正卫星动力学模型的轨道确定算法。通过建立连续推力控制过程变质量动力学模型,给出常推力变加速度满足的运动学微分方程; 建立变加速度估计系统状态方程,和扩展卡尔曼滤波轨道确定算法; 并给出连续推力控制卫星运动状态关于推力加速度的变分运动方程; 实际飞行控制应用表明: 利用地面测量数据,实时估计推力加速度并补偿系统动力学模型,解决了连续受控卫星轨道精确确定问题。     

航天器振动试验中的动力吸振现象

振动环境试验是考验航天器中各分机力学品质的重要试验,分机适应力学环境的能力在设计阶段必须充分考虑。目前分机的力学环境条件往往是在考虑了一定的安全系数后,以分机安装处界面的加速度包络曲线给出的。然而一般来说,分机振动试验过程中的边界条件与分机实际工作状态的边界条件是不同的。具体地说就是在振动试验过程中分机通过试验转接托架与振动台面相连,实际工作状态是分机安装在安装件(卫星各舱板)上。由于试验转接托架与安装件的动力学特性不一样,根据多自由度弹簧质量阻尼系统的动力吸振原理,可以推出试验状态分机在固有频率处存在过试验现象。为了减少过试验对分机带来的危害,新的试验方法研究(加速度响应限幅控制、阻抗特性模拟法、限力技术等)已成为国内外航天工作者研究的热点。文章详细阐述了振动试验中动力吸振的机理及过试验产生的缘由。     

基于视加速度的固体火箭发动机飞行比冲估算

建立了基于遥测视加速度的推力及比冲计算模型,模型中考虑了附加质量对发动机推力的影响,对固体火箭发动机飞行试验推力及比冲进行了计算,并与利用标准内弹道预示程序重新预示的发动机推力及比冲进行了对比,两种方法计算结果一致。算例表明,利用飞行试验遥测视加速度计算发动机推力及比冲的计算模型正确,有关参数的选取和处理方法可行;该方法可准确再现发动机飞行过程的实时推力和比冲;可有效用于发动机飞行试验结果的快速分析与评估。     

飞行加速度条件下绝热层烧蚀实验研究

为了深入研究固体火箭发动机在飞行过程中前封头内绝热层碳化烧蚀率增大的机理和规律，国内外学者设计和研制了多种实验装置。本文在概述各种实验装置的基础上，进行比较分析，认为用烧蚀发动机在旋转实验台模拟飞行加速度开展绝热层烧蚀实验研究是一种经济实用的方法。     

力限技术在航天器振动试验中的应用

为了在正弦振动试验中模拟真实的飞行环境,防止因“过试验”而导致航天器结构发生不必要的破坏,需要对试验条件进行下凹控制。在以往的加速度下凹控制方法的基础上,引入力限控制方法可以提高航天器主频处下凹控制的精度和有效性。文章分析了传统加速度下凹控制方法的局限性,并以某结构星力限控制试验为基础,阐述了结构星力限试验条件的制定方法,介绍了力限双控试验平台设计,并分析了试验结果。经分析表明,力限控制具有较高的控制精度,在加速度控制的基础上引入力限控制的“双控”试验方法,能够有效解决航天器振动试验中的“过试验”和“欠试验”问题。     

嫦娥一号月球探测卫星轨道设计

嫦娥一号卫星航天使命的主要科学目标是对月球及月地空间进行多种遥感探测,航天使命设计的主要和基本的部分是卫星飞行轨道的设计,其中包括在飞行过程中的轨道控制策略的设计。嫦娥一号的这条飞行轨道由三大部分组成:第一部分是绕地飞行的调相轨道,它们由周期为16h、24h、48h的三段轨道组成;第二部分是关键的地月转移轨道;第三部分是200km高度绕月飞行的使命轨道。文章给出了整个飞行轨道的设计思想。     

Artificial gravity: a possible countermeasure for post-flight orthostatic intolerance

Four payload crewmembers were exposed to sustained linear acceleration in a centrifuge during the Neurolab (STS-90) flight. In contrast to previous studies, otolith–ocular reflexes were preserved during and after flight. This raised the possibility that artificial gravity may have acted as a countermeasure to the deconditioning of otolith–ocular reflexes. None of the astronauts who were centrifuged had orthostatic intolerance when tested with head-up passive tilt after flight. Thus, centrifugation may also have helped maintain post-flight hemodynamic responses to orthostasis by preserving the gain of the otolith–sympathetic reflex. A comparison with two fellow Neurolab orbiter crewmembers not exposed to artificial gravity provided some support for this hypothesis. One of the two had hemodynamic changes in response to post-flight tilt similar to orthostatically intolerant subjects from previous missions. More data is necessary to evaluate this hypothesis, but if it were proven correct, in-flight short-radius centrifugation may help counteract orthostatic intolerance after space flight.     

Radiation protection in space

Radiation environment, basic concepts of radiation protection, and specific aspects of the space radiation field are reviewed. The discussion of physico-chemical and subcellular radiation effects includes mechanisms of radiation action and cellular consequences. The discussion of radiobiological effects includes unique aspects of HZE particle effects, space flight findings, terrestrial findings, analysis of somatic radiation effects and effects on critical organs, and early and delayed effects. Other topics include the impact of the space flight environment, measurement of radiation exposure, establishing radiation protection limits, limitations in establishing space-based radiation exposure limits, radiation protection measures, and recommendations.     

基于气动辅助变轨的变气动外形飞行器概念研究--最优控制律问题

从一个天地往返飞行器的上升轨道和再入返回轨道的优化，以及适用不同飞行任务的变轨要求的气动外形问题，提出一项基于气动力辅助变轨的变气动外形飞行器的新概念研究。对于一个固定气动外形飞行器要同时满足上升轨道有效载荷最大和再入轨道热流峰值、过载峰值及机动性能约束下的成本最低往往是困难的。若同时满足不同飞行任务：飞往太空站的运输任务，空间拦截和交会机动巡航任务及星际探测任务，则更为困难，实际上是不可能的。文章研究基于气动力辅助变轨，在热流约束下，气动外形参数变化对最优控制的影响。其结论为：热流约束下的最优控制解，包括考虑推力协同变轨，除了在非约束弧的滚转角不直接受气动外形影响外，其余的控制律，升力系数和滚转角都是气动外形参数和攻角的函数。因而变气动外形可作为一项新技术，即通过气动外形参数变化和相应的变轨策略而获得性能和成本都最佳的用途很广的一种新型飞行器。     

航天飞机自动着陆技术概念研究

自动着陆段是航天飞机整个飞行任务的最后一段 ,它是指从离地高度 30 0 0m的自动着陆入口到航天飞机在跑道上着陆滑跑的这一段飞行。在自动着陆段 ,航天飞机着陆采用对基准轨迹跟踪的方式 ,就是根据预先设计好的基准轨迹 ,各模态的制导系统将航天飞机的高度误差和高度速率误差按照一定制导律得出法向加速度指令 ,去控制飞机 ,以跟踪基准轨迹。本文还阐述了速度控制、起落架着地后的俯仰速率控制、横滚改出及飞行员人工监控和接管航天飞机着陆等内容。自动着陆技术的概念研究为以后航天飞机自动着陆系统的开发提供了必要的设计思想与工程实现手段     

变推力月球软着陆制导优化研究

提出了一种新的使用变推力火箭发动机实现月球定点软着陆制导的优化方法.在软着陆加速度抛物线(即二次函数)变化的条件下,通过一组代数方程连接初始条件和终端条件,避免了求解两点边值问题的迭代计算.给出了瞬时位置速度状态参数以及需要推力加速度、推力和秒流量的计算公式,并通过调整总飞行时间和着陆点位置实现了燃料消耗最小的优化处理.算例结果证明了这种方法的可行性和有效性.     

Prospects of autotrophic link functioning in biological life-support systems based on cell biology studies

On the basis of using of modern methods of cytological analysis the cell growth peculiarities, reproduction and structure of plant cells of different level organisation (unicellular algae, mosses, angiosperms, cell cultures of higher factors--weightlessness, hypogravity, magnetic fields of various intensity, vibration and acceleration were cleared. It is shown that many discovered biological effects of space flight are connected with the degree of complexity of the object organisation and intensified with the increasing duration of influence.     

High-thrust and low-thrust two-stage LEO-LEO transfer

In this paper a low-altitude orbit-to-orbit minimum-fuel transfer is discussed. The spacecraft consists of a high-thrust solid stage and a low-thrust liquid stage. The thrust acceleration ratio is greater than 500. Both initial and final orbits are circular but non-coplanar. In particular, altitudes of 300 and 500–600 km together with an inclination difference of about 16 deg are considered. J2 and drag perturbations and flight constraints are taken into account. The current discussion is centred on the nominal trajectory of a case of real interest.     

相邻两航天器相对运动近似方程的解析解及比动能方程

在地心引力场中,当目标航天器沿近圆轨道作无动力运动时,与目标航天器相邻的受控航天器相对于目标航天器的运动可以近似地用Hill方程描述。文章给出了受控航天器对目标航天器运动的推力加速度随时间线性变化时Hill方程的解析解。并根据Hill方程导出了受控航天器相对目标航天器运动的比动能方程。还讨论了比动能方程在上述两航天器轨道相遇和轨道交会问题中的应用。     

Mathematical Modeling of Convection in the DACON Sensor under Conditions of Real Space Flight

A mathematical model of the operation of the sensor of convection under ground and space conditions is described, and the results of modeling are compared to experimental data. A good agreement of the model and experiment is obtained for ground conditions. The sensor operation under conditions of a space flight is simulated using actual microaccelerations that took place onboard the Mirstation. Good sensitivity of the sensor to the measured components of acceleration is demonstrated. The results of simulation are compared to the results of space experiments carried out with the DACON instrument onboard the Mirstation.