Effect of physical fitness and training on physiological responses to hypogravity.

The studies on the orthostatic tolerance during the hypodynamics exposure seem to be significant in connection with the selection, training and health maintenance of astronauts. Using male human subjects of various physical fitness levels, fluctuations of their physical fitness through 2 weeks of vigorous athletic training were measured in many parameters. For some of the subjects, the effects of 6 hr thermal neutral water immersion exposure in head out supine position on the physical fitness parameters and orthostatic tolerability were compared before training with after training. The results obtained were as follows: (1) Before training, orthostatic tolerability before hypodynamics exposure increased, following the physical fitness levels; the value after the hypodynamics exposure decreased in all the cases, but no differences were observed between the physical fitness levels. (2) As a result of training an increase of the physical fitness capacity was observed. The increase of orthostatic tolerability before hypodynamics exposure was noticed except for athletes. (3) Before hypodynamics exposure the urinary excretion of noradrenaline on non-athlete subjects increased as the physicsl fitness level increased. The values were decreased by physical training, the more so the better the physical fitness. After hypodynamics exposure the same relation was observed. But for athletes the values remain more stable and the decrease by hypodynamics exposure was not so distinctive. Such decreased reaction to hypodynamic conditions seems to reveal the neuro hormonal mechanism for the detrimental adaptation of athletes to hypodynamics. These results suggest that stable athletes do not always have low orthostatic tolerability, but do not respond well to hypodynamic conditions, at least from the orthostatic point of view. The mechanism seems related to sympathetic nerve activity.     

Interface Familiarity Restores Active Advantage in a Virtual Exploration and Reconstruction Task in Children

Abstract

Active exploration is reportedly better than passive observation of spatial displacements in real environments, for the acquisition of relational spatial information, especially by children. However, a previous study using a virtual environment (VE) showed that children in a passive observation condition performed better than actives when asked to reconstruct in reality the environment explored virtually. Active children were unpractised in using the input device, which may have detracted from any active advantage, since input device operation may be regarded as a concurrent task, increasing cognitive load and spatial working memory demands. To examine this possibility, 7–8-year-old children in the present study were given 5 minutes of training with the joystick input device. When compared with passive participants for spatial learning, active participants gave a better performance than passives, placing objects significantly more accurately. The importance of interface training when using VEs for assessment and training was discussed.     

Astronaut training for the European ISS contributions Columbus module and ATV

An essential part of increment preparation for the ISS is the training of the flight crews. Each international partner is responsible for the basic training of its own astronauts, where a basic knowledge is taught on space science and engineering, ISS systems and operations and general astronaut skills like flying, diving, survival, language, etc. The main parts of the ISS crew training are the Advanced Training, e.g., generic ISS operations; nominal and malfunction systems operations and emergencies, and the Increment-Specific Training, i.e., operations and tasks specific to a particular increment. The Advanced and Increment-Specific Training is multilateral training, i.e., each partner is training all ISS astronauts on its contributions to the ISS program. Consequently, ESA is responsible for the Basic Training of its own astronauts and the Advanced and Increment-Specific Training of all ISS crews after Columbus activation on Columbus Systems Operations, Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV), and ESA payloads.

This paper gives an overview of the ESA ISS Training Program for Columbus Systems Operations and ATV, for which EADS Space Transportation GmbH is the prime contractor. The key training tasks, the training flow and the training facilities are presented.     

航天电子对抗基地训练设计探析

简要分析了航天电子对抗的现状,就航天电子对抗基地训练中的训练方法、训练内容、蓝军扮演以及训练评估等总体设计的相关情况进行研究。相关结论对提升航天电子对抗基地训练水平有一定意义。     

Psycho-social training for man in space.

In preparation for the international manned space station various international and national space agencies are already participating with the Russian MIR programme with short, medium, and long term presence on the MIR station. Although selection criteria for all crew include careful psychological screening, with some effort also regarding team build-up, this has proved insufficient; moreover. little or no effort is expended in the area of psycho-social- or team training. This paper propounds the authors' thesis that, in addition to the steps already being taken, psycho-social training is essential for long-duration flight. A concrete proposal is made for such a training program, with an overview of how such a program will look like; examples of past applications are given.     

Development of an integrated countermeasure device for use in long-duration spaceflight

Prolonged weightlessness is associated with declines in musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and sensorimotor health. Consequently, in-flight countermeasures are required to preserve astronaut health. We developed and tested a novel exercise countermeasure device (CCD) for use in spaceflight with the aim of preserving musculoskeletal and cardiovascular health along with an incorporated balance training component. Additionally, the CCD features a compact footprint, and a low power requirement. Methods: After design and development of the CCD, we carried out a training study to test its ability to improve cardiovascular and muscular fitness in healthy volunteers. Fourteen male and female subjects (41.4±9.0 years, 69.5±15.4 kg) completed 12 weeks (3 sessions per week) of concurrent strength and endurance training on the CCD. All training was conducted with the subject in orthostasis. When configured for spaceflight, subjects will be fixed to the device via a vest with loop attachments secured to subject load devices. Subjects were tested at baseline and after 12 weeks for 1-repetition max leg press strength (1RM), peak oxygen consumption (VO_2peak), and isokinetic joint torque (ISO) at the hip, knee, and ankle. Additionally, we evaluated subjects after 6 weeks of training for changes in VO_2peak and 1RM. Results: VO_2peak and 1RM improved after 6 weeks, with additional improvements after 12 weeks (1.95±0.5, 2.28±0.5, 2.47±0.6 L min^?1, and 131.2±63.9,182.8±75.0, 207.0±75.0 kg) for baseline, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks, respectively. ISO for hip adduction, adduction, and ankle plantar flexion improved after 12 weeks of training (70.3±39.5, 76.8±39.2, and 55.7±21.7 N m vs. 86.1±37.3, 85.1±34.3, and 62.1±26.4 N m, respectively). No changes were observed for ISO during hip flexion, knee extension, or knee flexion. Conclusions: The CCD is effective at improving cardiovascular fitness and isotonic leg strength in healthy adults. Further, the improvement in hip adductor and abductor torque provides support that the CCD may provide additional protection for the preservation of bone health at the hip.     

电子对抗训练模拟技术与应用研究

电子信息装备的发展使得电子对抗训练的作用更为显著.为了适应未来战争的需要,提高训练效果,必须开展仿真训练和联合训练.针对电子对抗训练,简述了建模的依据、理论和方法,并结合国外电子对抗训练模拟技术现状,对模拟化训练思想、训练方法和训练手段进行了研究和展望.     

Suited crewmember productivity

Analysis of the extravehicular activity (EVA) sortie experience gained in the former Soviet Union and physiologic hygienic aspect of space suit design and development shows that crewmember productivity is related to the following main factors: -space suit microclimate (gas composition, pressure and temperature); -limitation of motion activity and perception, imposed by the space suit; -good crewmember training in the ground training program; -level of crewmember general physical performance capabilities in connection with mission duration and intervals between sorties; -individual EVA experience (with accumulation) at which workmanship improves, while metabolism, physical and emotional stress decreases; -concrete EVA duration and work rate; -EVA bioengineering, including selection of tools, work station, EVA technology and mechanization.     

人力资源管理中培训方法评述

人力资源培训的方法多种多样,内容十分丰富。选择适合组织内受训人员特点的培训方法,是人力资源培训的重要原则。传统的培训方法包括很多种,这些方法分别侧重于技术技能培训和知识的提高。各种科学技术,尤其是计算机技术被应用到人力资源的培训中,形成了许多新兴的培训方法。这些新兴的方法依靠组织大量的投资得以实现,但同时也起到了传统培训方法所无法起到的作用。无论是传统的培训方法,还是新兴的培训方法,都有各自的优点和不足。因此,对人力资源培训方法的不断创新,将成为组织人力资源培训的未来发展趋势。     

企业英语培训现状分析与对策

通过对国内涉外企业英语培训的市场需求及所存在问题的调研与分析，提出相应的对策与措施；在分析高校的优势与劣势的基础上，就高校参与英语培训市场的竞争提出了相关策略。     

Intuitive ultrasonography for autonomous medical care in limited-resource environments

Management of health problems in limited resource environments, including spaceflight, faces challenges in both available equipment and personnel. The medical support for spaceflight outside Low Earth Orbit is still being defined; ultrasound (US) imaging is a candidate since trials on the International Space Station (ISS) prove that this highly informative modality performs very well in spaceflight. Considering existing estimates, authors find that US could be useful in most potential medical problems, as a powerful factor to mitigate risks and protect mission. Using outcome-oriented approach, an intuitive and adaptive US image catalog is being developed that can couple with just-in-time training methods already in use, to allow non-expert crew to autonomously acquire and interpret US data for research or diagnosis.The first objective of this work is to summarize the experience in providing imaging expertise from a central location in real time, enabling data collection by a minimally trained operator onsite. In previous investigations, just-in-time training was combined with real-time expert guidance to allow non-physician astronauts to perform over 80 h of complex US examinations on ISS, including abdominal, cardiovascular, ocular, musculoskeletal, dental/sinus, and thoracic exams. The analysis of these events shows that non-physician crew-members, after minimal training, can perform complex, quality US examinations. These training and guidance methods were also adapted for terrestrial use in professional sporting venues, the Olympic Games, and for austere locations including Mt. Everest.The second objective is to introduce a new imaging support system under development that is based on a digital catalog of existing sample images, complete with image recognition and acquisition logic and technique, and interactive multimedia reference tools, to guide and support autonomous acquisition, and possibly interpretation, of images without real-time link with a human expert. In other words, we are attempting to replace, to the extent possible, expert guidance by guidance from a digital information resource. This is a next logical phase of the authors’ sustained effort to make US imaging available to sites lacking proper expertise. This effort will benefit NASA as the agency plans to develop future human exploration programs requiring increased medical autonomy. The new system will be readily adaptable to terrestrial medicine including emergency, rural, and military applications.     

健美教学中应注重学生创新素质的培育

大学生体育教学需要创新，而培养具有创新意识的大学生更是高校教育的一个重要目标。本文依据对大学生健美操的实践，论述了在健美操教学过程中如何培养学生的创新素质的问题，以求为从事体育教学的教师提供借鉴。     

柔索驱动式航天员虚拟微重力训练系统控制与实验

针对现有的航天员地面微重力训练设备存在成本高、单次训练时间短、模拟精度低等问题,提出了一种柔索驱动的航天员虚拟微重力训练系统。通过采样航天员对作业对象的操作力,控制柔索驱动虚拟物体(末端执行器)运动,使虚拟物体符合在微重力环境中的运动规律。建立了柔索驱动训练系统的动力学模型,分析了系统的特性。针对传统力伺服系统多余力对控制力精度影响较大且难以克服的问题,提出了一种使用弹簧产生柔索张力的并联柔索全位置型控制方法,并引入力/速局部反馈的控制策略。实验结果表明,系统克服多余力效果明显,可以获得较高的驱动力控制精度;虚拟质量在操作力作用下的运动符合在微重力环境中的运动规律,且有较高的模拟精度;系统稳定性良好,可以实现微重力环境中移动不同质量物体的虚拟作业训练。     

Extravehicular activity training and hardware design consideration

Preparing astronauts to perform the many complex extravehicular activity (EVA) tasks required to assemble and maintain Space Station will be accomplished through training simulations in a variety of facilities. The adequacy of this training is dependent on a thorough understanding of the task to be performed, the environment in which the task will be performed, high-fidelity training hardware and an awareness of the limitations of each particular training facility. Designing hardware that can be successfully operated, or assembled, by EVA astronauts in an efficient manner, requires an acute understanding of human factors and the capabilities and limitations of the space-suited astronaut. Additionally, the significant effect the microgravity environment has on the crew members' capabilities has to be carefully considered not only for each particular task, but also for all the overhead related to the task and the general overhead associated with EVA. This paper will describe various training methods and facilities that will be used to train EVA astronauts for Space Station assembly and maintenance. User-friendly EVA hardware design considerations and recent EVA flight experience will also be presented.     

多模式柔索驱动航天员训练机器人力控制

为解决长期在失重环境下生活和工作的航天员的康复训练问题,针对现有的航天员训练设备功能单一、训练效果不理想的现状,研制了多模式柔索驱动航天员训练机器人。基于模块化、可重构的机器人构型,通过机器人模拟重力环境的负载特征,把相应的载荷施加到人体上,实现航天员在失重环境下进行跑步、卧推和负重深蹲等体育训练,帮助航天员减轻或者克服空间适应综合征带来的不利影响;在此基础上提出一种机器人双闭环力控制策略,人机跑步训练实验结果表明,本文研制的多模式航天员训练机器人构型合理,控制策略有效,可以辅助在失重环境下生活和工作的航天员开展体育训练。     

体育在改善民生中的作用

随经济发展,社会变革,体育与民生相融合。体育将以其独特的功能全面介入民生领域,为满足人们日益增长的物质与文化生活需要,关注人生的意义、改变生活方式,提高生活质量,追求体育产业与文化带给人们的实惠,共创和谐,充分发挥体育在保障改善民生和推动社会进步中的重要作用。     

体育在改善民生中的作用

随经济发展,社会变革,体育与民生相融合。体育将以其独特的功能全面介入民生领域,为满足人们日益增长的物质与文化生活需要,关注人生的意义、改变生活方式,提高生活质量,追求体育产业与文化带给人们的实惠,共创和谐,充分发挥体育在保障改善民生和推动社会进步中的重要作用。     

某型弹道式飞行器分布式测试训练系统设计

针对弹道式飞行器技术准备流程复杂、测试仪器与设备体系庞大、施训环节易受制约等问题,提出了一种基于分布式交互仿真技术的测试训练系统框架.在分析某型弹道式飞行器测试训练系统功能需求基础上,在Visual C++6.0集成开发环境下,采用虚拟仪器仪表技术和高端数据采集技术设计了与实装软硬件人机接口一致的模拟系统;采用面向对象...     

提高指导教师素质 提升工程训练质量

工程训练在人才培养过程中所起的作用是其他的理论课程无法取代的.指导教师在工程训练中有十分重要的作用.加强这支队伍的建设对提高教学质量,促进课程的深化改革十分必要.本文就如何提高指导教师素质的相关问题提出了自己的看法和意见.     

基于空谱融合特征主动学习的高光谱图像分类

针对高光谱图像分类过程中存在的样本量少和分类精度低的问题,提出一种基于空谱融合特征主动学习的高光谱图像分类方法。主要包括构造三通道图像,全卷积网络提取空间特征,空谱特征结合,主动学习方法选择训练样本几个部分。通过结合像素的光谱特性和相邻像素间的空间关联,提取出可以反映像素空谱联合特性的综合特征,提高了像素特征的表达能力。为克服高光谱图像标注数据少、缺乏训练样本的问题,应用主动学习算法,充分选择更具有代表性的样本进行训练,达到少样本情况下较高的分类正确率。通过在标准数据集上进行实验,结果表明:该方法可以达到在总样本数1%作训练样本的情况下,分类正确率达到99.79%,优于传统的高光谱分类算法。