Adjoint-based robust optimization design of laminar flow wing under flight condition uncertainties

It is an inherent uncertainty problem that the application of laminar flow technology to the wing of large passenger aircraft is affected by flight conditions. In order to seek a more robust natural laminar flow control effect, it is necessary to develop an effective optimization design method. Meanwhile, attention must be given to the impact of crossflow(CF) instability brought on by the sweep angle. This paper constructs a robust optimization design framework based on discrete adjoint methods ...     

Crashworthiness uncertainty analysis of typical civil aircraft based on Box–Behnken method

The crashworthiness is an important design factor of civil aircraft related with the safety of occupant during impact accident. It is a highly nonlinear transient dynamic problem and may be greatly influenced by the uncertainty factors. Crashworthiness uncertainty analysis is conducted to investigate the effects of initial conditions, structural dimensions and material properties. Simplified finite element model is built based on the geometrical model and basic physics phenomenon. Box–Behnken sampling and response surface methods are adopted to obtain gradient information.Results show that the proposed methods are effective for crashworthiness uncertainty analysis.Yield stress, frame thickness, impact velocity and angle have great influence on the failure behavior,and yield stress and frame thickness dominate the uncertainty of internal energy. Failure strain and tangent modulus have the smallest influence on the initial peak acceleration, and gradients of mean acceleration increase because the appearance of material plastic deformation and element failure.     

整级环境下涡轮叶片型面加工几何偏差影响的不确定性分析

加工等过程中产生的几何偏差会导致涡轮叶片气动性能及工作状态发生显著变化,对该影响的准确评估与合理分析具有重要意义.本文提出了一种考虑三维型面几何偏差对气动性能影响的不确定性计算分析方法,包括随机叶型几何建模、不确定性量化计算和敏感性分析等,并结合某一单级高压涡轮进行分析.基于随机过程理论和主成分分析法,参考现有叶片加工...     

Uncertainty analysis of measured geometric variations in turbine blades and impact on aerodynamic performance

Inevitable geometric variations significantly affect the performance of turbines or even that of entire engines; thus, it is necessary to determine their actual characteristics and accurately estimate their impact on performance. In this study, based on 1781 measured profiles of a typical turbine blade, the statistical characteristics of the geometric variations and the uncertainty impact are analyzed, and some commonly used uncertainty modelling methods based on PrincipalComponent Analysis(PCA)...     

Robust altitude estimation for over-the-horizon radar using a state-space multipath fading model

In previous work, a matched-field estimate of aircraft altitude from multiple over-the-horizon (OTH) radar dwells was presented. This approach exploits the altitude dependence of direct and surface reflected returns off the aircraft and the relative phase changes of these micro-multipath arrivals across radar dwells. Since this previous approach assumed high dwell-to-dwell predictability, it has been found to be sensitive to mismatch between modeled versus observed micro-multipath phase and amplitude changes from dwell-to-dwell. A generalized matched-field altitude estimate is presented here based on a state-space model that accounts for random ionospheric and target-motion effects that degrade the dwell-to-dwell predictability of target returns. The new formulation results in an efficient, robust recursive maximum likelihood (ML) estimation of aircraft altitude. Simulations suggest that the proposed technique can achieve accuracy within 5,000 ft of the true aircraft altitude, even with relatively high levels of uncertainty in modeling of dwell-to-dwell changes in the target return. A real data result is also presented to illustrate the technique.     

Influence of stealth aircraft dynamic RCS peak on radar detection probability

For modern stealth aircraft, it is important to analyze the influence of Radar Cross Section (RCS) peak exposure on penetration for guiding stealth design and penetration trajectory planning, which needs to reflect the RCS statistical uncertainty and the RCS difference with the change of incident angle. Based on the RCS characteristics of typical stealth aircraft, this paper established a simplified RCS dynamic fluctuation statistical model with the parameters log mean and log standard deviation. According to the detection probability algorithm in radar signal processing field, this paper built the algorithm of radar detection probability based on the RCS dynamic fluctuation statistical model. The analysis of examples concluded that the key to successful penetration is to shorten the RCS peak exposure time, which can be reduced by decreasing the RCS peak width or increasing velocity. Based on the conclusion, this paper proposed the method of turning maneuvering to reduce RCS peak exposure time dramatically.     

装药几何参数不确定性优化设计

1引言固体火箭发动机装药设计,一般要求在满足发动机内弹道性能和相关约束条件下,选择药型并确定其几何参数,同时综合考虑燃烧室壳体内部绝热层、衬层和人工脱粘层的设计要求。装药设计作为发动机设计的核心,其设计质量很大程度决定了发动机性能优劣。航天飞机固体助推火箭发动     

Research on uncertainty in measurement assisted alignment in aircraft assembly

Operations in assembling and joining large size aircraft components are changed to novel digital and flexible ways by digital measurement assisted alignment.Positions and orientations（P＆O）of aligned components are critical characters which assure geometrical positions and relationships of those components.Therefore,evaluating the P＆O of a component is considered necessary and critical for ensuring accuracy in aircraft assembly.Uncertainty of position and orientation（U-P＆O）,as a part of the evaluating result of P＆O,needs to be given for ensuring the integrity and credibility of the result;furthermore,U-P＆O is necessary for error tracing and quality evaluating of measurement assisted aircraft assembly.However,current research mainly focuses on the process integration of measurement with assembly,and usually ignores the uncertainty of measured result and its influence on quality evaluation.This paper focuses on the expression,analysis,and application of U-P＆O in measurement assisted alignment.The geometrical and algebraical connotations of U-P＆O are presented.Then,an analytical algorithm for evaluating the multi-dimensional U-P＆O is given,and the effect factors and characteristics of U-P＆O are discussed.Finally,U-P＆O is used to evaluate alignment in aircraft assembly for quality evaluating and improving.Cases are introduced with the methodology.     

基于模糊推理的舰载机进舰过程安全性仿真分析

 舰载机进舰过程复杂,驾驶员对舰载机的控制是影响进舰安全的重要因素,驾驶员操作的偏差受到人员自身状态、环境状态以及设备(舰载机)状态的综合影响。以国外某型舰载机为例,提出了基于模糊推理的舰载机进舰过程安全性建模与仿真方法。考虑舰载机进舰过程中驾驶员控制的不确定性,分析了引起驾驶员不确定性的人-机-环因素,基于模糊推理建立不确定因素引起的驾驶员控制偏差模型,并在此基础上建立了舰载机进舰过程安全性仿真模型。通过仿真分析明确危险模式、危险程度以及危险发生的时刻点等关键因素的影响程度,为进一步保证舰载机进舰安全提供基础。     

Sigma inflation for the local area augmentation of GPS

The Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS) is the differential satellite navigation architectural standard for civil aircraft precision approach and landing. While the system promises great practical benefit, a number of key technical challenges have been encountered in the definition of the architecture. Perhaps chief among these has been the need to ensure compliance with stringent requirements for navigation Integrity. In this context, this research investigates the sensitivity of integrity risk to statistical uncertainties in the knowledge of reference receiver error standard deviation (σ_{pr_gnd} ) and error correlation across the multiple reference receivers to be used in the LAAS ground segment. A new, detailed approach toward mitigating the integrity risk due to parameter statistical uncertainty is presented     

叶顶间隙偏差对叶片气动性能影响的不确定性研究

在压气机叶片加工过程中，实际加工得到的叶片外形与设计叶型不可避免会存在一些偏差。为研究叶片叶顶间隙尺寸波动对性能的影响，以Rotor37为研究对象，采用三维定常数值模拟方法，基于非嵌入式混沌多项式中二维正态分布变量产生方法，分别对叶片前缘叶顶间隙和尾缘叶顶间隙进行尺寸波动干扰，研究了叶顶间隙不确定性对气动性能和流场的不确定性影响，评估了公差带内叶顶间隙偏差与气动性能变化的相关性，并探究了叶顶间隙变化对叶片稳定裕度的影响机理。研究发现，叶顶间隙偏差对等背压条件下叶片质量流量、等熵效率和总压比的平均水平几乎不会造成影响；叶顶间隙偏差所造成的气动性能分布标准差随工况点向不稳定边界的逼近而逐渐增大。同时，叶顶间隙不确定性会导致样本稳定裕度均值有所降低，不确定性分析中稳定裕度均值相对原型叶片下降了2.42%。流场结构方面，叶顶间隙偏差主要影响80%叶高以上部分流场；叶顶间隙偏差对叶顶区域泄漏流产生的影响，导致了叶片稳定裕度的变化。     

基于遗传算法的飞机经济爬升速度优化方法

为提高宽体飞机的爬升经济性,首先建立了爬升阶段飞行动力学模型和优化目标计算模型,确定了基于速度优化的最佳爬升策略;然后,在最佳爬升策略的基础上,建立了基于遗传算法的双表速爬升优化模型,得到近似最佳爬升策略,并分析了该爬升策略的可行性;最后,以某宽体飞机为例,分析了近似最佳爬升策略的影响因素。研究结果表明:最佳爬升策略相对传统爬升策略经济性提升3%~8%,且改进后的近似爬升策略与最佳爬升策略误差不超过1.4%;飞机重量、温度偏差和成本指数均会影响爬升策略的性能参数。     

作战飞机的空-地攻击效能评估

用概率方法建立了描述单一飞机在威胁环境中攻击一个地面被动目标的数学模型,导出飞机对地攻击作战的任务成功率、目标被击毁率和飞机损失率等效能的表达式,给出用于效能评估的有关事件发生概率的计算公式,通过计算实例讨论了作战飞机空－地攻击效能的各种度量。     

Sigma-mean monitoring for the local area augmentation of GPS

The local area augmentation system (LAAS) is a ground-based differential GPS system being developed to support aircraft precision approach and landing navigation with guaranteed integrity. To quantitatively appraise navigation integrity, an aircraft computes vertical and lateral protection levels using the standard deviation of pseudo-range correction errors, /spl sigma//sub pr/spl I.bar/gnd/, broadcast by the LAAS ground facility (LGF). Thus, one significant integrity risk is that the true standard deviation (sigma) of the pseudo-range correction error distribution may grow to exceed the broadcast correction error sigma or that the true mean of the correction error distribution becomes excessive during LAAS operation. This event may occur due to unexpected anomalies of GPS measurements. To insure that the true error distribution is bounded by a zero-mean Gaussian distribution with the broadcast sigma value, real-time sigma and mean monitoring is necessary. Both direct estimation and cumulative sum (CUSUM) methods are useful to detect violations with acceptable residual integrity risk. For sigma monitoring, the estimation method more rapidly detects small violations of /spl sigma//sub pr/spl I.bar/gnd/ but the fast initial response (FIR) CUSUM variant more promptly detects significant violations that would pose a larger threat to user integrity. For the purposes of mean monitoring, the FIR CUSUM variant is superior to the estimation method in detecting any mean violations. The results demonstrate that real-time protection is achievable against all sizes of sigma/mean failures that can threaten navigation integrity.     

手持式激光测距仪"测距标准偏差综合评定"的扩展不确定度

在确定的函数关系(数学模型)中,因变量(输出量)随自变量(输入量)的变化规律完全由数学逻辑所确定,自变量到因变量的传递系数(灵敏系数)也可由因变量的标准差和自变量的标准差之比所决定,而与自变量的来历(测量的或者给定的)没有关系[1].本文根据这一基本原理,采用模拟自变量随机变化的方法,成功计算了手持式激光测距仪的测距固定偏差和比例偏差系数的测量不确定度,从而计算出测距标准差综合评定的扩展不确定度,同时解决了复杂的数学模型中多个输入量到输出量的灵敏系数和输出量的不确定度的计算问题.     

Nonlinear uncertainty quantification of the impact of geometric variability on compressor performance using an adjoint method

Manufactured blades are inevitably different from their design intent, which leads to a deviation of the performance from the intended value. To quantify the associated performance uncertainty, many approaches have been developed. The traditional Monte Carlo method based on a Computational Fluid Dynamics solver(MC-CFD) for a three-dimensional compressor is prohibitively expensive. Existing alternatives to the MC-CFD, such as surrogate models and secondorder derivatives based on the adjoint metho...     

Robust decentralized control design for aircraft engines: A fractional type

A new decentralized control for aircraft engines is proposed. In the proposed control approach, aircraft engines are considered as uncertain large-scale systems composed of interconnected uncertain subsystems. For each subsystem, the time-varying uncertainty, including parameter disturbances and interconnections in/between subsystems, is depicted by a class of general nonlinear functions. A fractional robust decentralized control with two parts, the nominal one and the fractional one, is presented. The nominal control guarantees the asymptotical stability of the engine system without uncertainty. The fractional part aims at overcoming the influences of uncertainty. Compared to the previous studies, the presented control provides not only an extra flexibility for the system performance tuning by the fraction-type gain but also a facility for the control input calculation. The proposed control approach is applied to a turbofan engine with two subsystems. The computer simulation shows that, in the flight envelope, the fractional control not only guarantees the closed-loop system uniform boundedness and ultimate uniform boundedness but also shows good economy.     

Reconstructed Flight Control Sensor Signals Via Luenberger Observers

The feasibility of providing flight control systems with software-managed redundancy is investigated. It is shown that sufficient information can be extracted from aircraft attitude sensors to allow analytic reconstruction of the stability augmentation system (SAS) sensor signals in the event of SAS sensor failures. The sensor signal reconstruction is performed in a deterministic setting by using a Luenberger observer. A simple and efficient design procedure is presented based on Gopinath's [1] work. As an illustrative example, the proposed sensor signal reconstruction technique is exercised on the L-1011 aircraft lateral axis rigid body simulation. It is shown that with an accurate airframe model perfect reconstruction is feasible. In addition, it is also shown via simulation results that with imperfect knowledge of the airframe model (based on standard wind tunnel data), the proposed reconstruction is accurate enough to have a negligible impact on the overall aircraft performance.     

标准环规测量不确定度分析

介绍标准环规的测量不确定度的分析方法,有助于《标准环规检定规程ＪＪＧ８９４－９５》的实行,同时也有助于测量不确定度的推行。