风云二号气象卫星系统及其应用前景

简要介绍风云二号（ＦＹ－２）静止气象卫星、地面应用系统和预计提供的遥感产品,并对ＦＹ－２卫星资料和遥感产品的可能应用前景进行了初步分析和预测。     

气象卫星的发展

叙述了气象卫星的作用,阐明极轨和静止两种气象卫星的特点、相互分工和共存关系;评述了国外气象卫星发展情况、气象卫星发展趋势和特点;就90年代和下世纪初我国气象卫星的发展提出看法和建议。     

全球气象卫星概况

自１９６１年４月美国第一颗气象卫星问世以来，世界上拥有气象卫星的国家和组织逐步增加，它们是：美国、原苏联（现为俄罗斯、乌克兰）、日本、欧洲气象卫星组织、印度和中国。在这些国家和组织中，只有美国、欧空局、日本与印度有静止轨道气象卫星，俄罗斯要到１９９４年１０月才发射其第一颗静止气象卫星（俄静止气象卫星于１９９４年１０月３１日已成功发射——编者）；拥有极轨道气象卫星的国家是：美国、俄罗斯和中国。众所周知，气象卫星已成为各国每天预报天气的主要资料来源，气象卫星提供的预报天气的资料，已成为人们日常生活和…     

国内外气象卫星发展(下)

5　我国可接收的气象卫星资料评估分析□□未来 10年正是气象卫星更新换代的时刻 ,我国可以接收的气象卫星资料是十分丰富的 ,可以接收到 4个国家的业务极轨气象卫星资料和 3个国家的业务静止气象卫星资料。除了业务气象卫星资料外 ,科研实验气象卫星资料 ,如“地球观测系统” (EOS)等的资料也可以接收到。我国气象卫星地面应用系统不仅承担我国“风云”气象卫星 (FY)资料的接收和处理 ,而且还要承担国外气象卫星资料的接收和处理。因此 ,国家级卫星气象中心应能接收所有我们能接收到的气象卫星资料 ,以拥有完整的、不同的气象卫星资料。…     

欧洲静止气象卫星一瞥

欧洲气象卫星是从研制静止气象卫星起步的,目的是观测欧洲区域复杂的天气变化,现已发展了两代,正在研制第三代。1概述欧洲气象卫星组织(EUMETSAT)的第一代静止气象卫星有7颗:第一代气象卫星-1~7(MFG-1~7),其中,1977年11月,欧洲第一颗静止气象卫星第一代气象卫星-1升空。"第一代气象卫星"的主要有效载荷为可见光和红外成像仪(MVIRI)、数据收集平台(DCS)和气象数据分发(MDD)。可见光和红外成像仪首次在静止气象卫星上获得水汽图像,每帧图像成像时间25min。     

气象卫星的现状和未来

概述了气象卫星现况及未来发展,指出极轨气象卫星和静止气象卫星的发展方向,并对我国气象卫星系统的发展提出了建议。     

欧洲气象卫星组织的新资料政策

一、引言在１９９４年６月和１１月召开的欧洲气象卫星组织（ＥＵＭＥＴＳＡＴ）理事会第２５和第２６届会议上，与会代表对欧洲气象卫星组织的现行资料政策进行了讨论并作了修改，决定对部分欧洲气象卫星实时发送的高分辨率图像资料从１９９５年９月１日起实行加密和收费管理。欧洲气象卫星组织这一新的资料政策改变了过去气象卫星资料可以免费提供给用户使用的国际惯例，将对其他气象卫星拥有国的资料政策的制定以及各类用户对气象卫星资料的使用等产生较大影响。二、修改资料政策的背景目前拥有１６个成员国的欧洲气象卫星组织成立于１９…     

风云卫星“全家福”

正四十年风雨兼程。自1977年11月我国气象卫星工程立项后,广大科研人员攻难关、克难题、填空白,使中国成为世界上第三个同时拥有地球静止轨道气象卫星和太阳同步轨道气象卫星的国家,促成了世界气象卫星中、美、欧三足鼎立的格局,有力地提升了大国形象。     

国外极轨气象卫星发展综述

气象卫星是重要的国家基础性、战略性空间系统,特别是近年环境问题日益严峻,自然灾害频发,以及现代战争对云层情况、海浪、大气温度、压力、风速等参数的准确性提出了更高的要求,以美国为代表的发达国家加紧研制新一代气象卫星。欧洲、俄罗斯等国家和地区也十分重视气象卫星的研制。气象卫星一般运行于极轨道或地球同步轨道。其中,极轨气象卫星的轨道高度一般在650~1500km,可以实现全球观测,所以在中期数值天气预报、气候诊断和预测、自然灾害和环境监测等方面可以提供有效的观测     

高悬太空的“保护伞”

气象卫星按运行和工作状态分为二类,即极轨气象卫星、静止气象卫星。 极轨气象卫星因其运行轨道每绕地球一周都要穿过南北两极地区而得名,也称太阳同步轨道卫星,近圆形轨道,观测高度在1000千米以下。每圈观测地面东西宽度为2800     

Evaluation of rapid phase clock/bias products for PPP ambiguity resolution and its application to the M7.1 2019 Ridgecrest,California earthquake

Precise point positioning with ambiguity resolution (PPP-AR) is a useful tool for high-precision geodetic and geophysical applications, while phase bias products are the prerequisite to implement PPP-AR. Wuhan University has been providing the final (the best operationally post-processing solution based) phase clock/bias products with a latency of two weeks since March of 2019, while a dedicated open-source software package PRIDE PPP-AR is released to leverage these products for high-precision positioning. In order to satisfy some both time and precision critical applications, such as rapid earthquake response, Wuhan University also released rapid (with comparable quality but with much shorter delivery latency) phase clock/bias products with a latency of less than 24 h and updated PRIDE PPP-AR in July 2019. We first introduce the phase clock/bias generation and validation schemes and the maintenance of routine products provision. Then, with 14 days (July 2 to July 15 in 2019) of GPS data collected from 146 globally distributed IGS (International GNSS Service) stations, we evaluated the positioning performance of the rapid products with respect to their final counterparts. It is found that positioning precision of PPP-AR using rapid products is comparable to that using final products, especially in kinematic positioning mode. When rapid products are used, the RMS of PPP-AR in static mode with respect to IGS weekly solutions can reach 1.7 mm, 1.8 mm and 5.5 mm in the east, north and up components, respectively. Furthermore, the RMS of epoch-wise positions with respect to daily solutions for the east, north and up components are 0.51 cm, 0.57 cm and 1.51 cm for PPP-AR with rapid products in kinematic mode. It demonstrates that the rapid phase clock/bias products can sufficiently meet the precision requirement of most geodetic and geophysical applications yet with much shorter time delay. Finally, we study the July 6th M7.1 2019 Ridgecrest, California earthquake using the rapid phase clock/bias products and demonstrate their comparable performance against the final products.     

环境工程技术对航空航天产品可靠性的研究

产品可靠性必须要与其所处环境因素结合考虑，通过发展环境工程技术来提高产品可靠性。从环境工程技术的发展及与可靠性工程技术的关系、可靠性工程技术中常用的环境工程技术这一角度论述了环境工程技术对提高航空航天产品可靠性的作用及影响，并总结了环境工程技术在可靠性设计中的应用。有效地利用环境工程技术有利于提高产品的可靠性。     

基于故障行为模型的产品寿命分析方法

针对传统可靠性工程方法无法满足高可靠长寿命需求产品设计与分析要求的现状。本文充分考虑引起产品寿命分散性的内因和外因的不确定性,在产品功能模型或数字样机模型的基础上,结合产品的故障行为模型,建立了一种基于产品故障行为模型的产品寿命分析方法。在该方法中,内因参数与外因参数的分散性分别可以用相应的概率密度函数来表示,都是通过对实际使用情况和生产条件的估计得到的,因此,按照这种方法评估得到的产品寿命特征,能够弥补基于故障物理的可靠性预计方法无法体现产品正常使用条件的不足。      

基于LabWindows/CVI的IGS实时数据自动下载软件开发

随着全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）的日益发展,国际GNSS服务组织（IGS）所产生的各项数据以及产品日趋精确,应用也非常广泛。本文基于Labwindows/CVI开发平台,设计了从IGS的FTP服务器下载实时数据或产品的自动运行软件。该软件目前运行稳定、可靠,可以为IGS数据或产品的使用者提供自动化服务。     

Performance assessment of RTPPP positioning with SSR corrections and PPP-AR positioning with FCB for multi-GNSS from MADOCA products

The state-space representation (SSR) product of satellite orbit and clock is one of the most essential corrections for real-time precise point positioning (RTPPP). When it comes to PPP ambiguity resolution (PPP-AR), the fractional cycle bias (FCB) matters. The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) has developed a multi-GNSS (i.e., global navigation satellite system) advanced demonstration tool for orbit and clock analysis (MADOCA), providing free and precise orbit and clock products. Because of the shortage of relevant studies on performance evaluation, this paper focuses on the performance assessment of RTPPP and PPP-AR by real-time and offline MADOCA products. To begin with, the real-time MADOCA products are evaluated by comparing orbit and clock with JAXA final products, which gives an objective impression of the correction. Second, PPP tests in static and simulated kinematic mode are conducted to further verify the quality of real-time MADOCA products. Finally, the offline MADOCA products are assessed by PPP and PPP-AR comparisons. The results are as follows: (1) Orbit comparisons produced an average error of about 0.04–0.13 m for the global positioning system (GPS), 0.14–0.16 m for the global navigation satellite system (GLONASS), and 0.07–0.08 m for the quasi-zenith satellite system (QZSS). The G15 satellite had the most accurate orbit, with a difference of 0.04 m between the JAXA orbit products and MADOCA’s counterpart, while the R07 satellite had the least accurate orbit with a difference of 0.16 m. Clock products had an accuracy of 0.4–1.3 ns for GPS, 1.4–1.6 ns for GLONASS, and 0.7–0.8 ns for QZSS in general. The G15 satellite had the most accurate clock with a difference of only 0.40 ns between the JAXA clock products and MADOCA products, and the R07 satellite had the least accurate clock with a difference of 1.55 ns. The orbit and clock products for GLONASS performed worse than those of GPS and QZSS. (2) After convergence, the positioning accuracy was 3.0–8.1 cm for static PPP and 8.1–13.7 cm for kinematic PPP when using multi-GNSS observations and precise orbit and clock products. The PFRR station performed the good performance both in static and kinematic mode with an accuracy of 2.99 cm and 8.08 cm, respectively, whereas the CPNM station produced the worst static performance with an error of 8.09 cm, and the ANMG station produced the worst kinematic performance with a counterpart of 13.69 cm. (3) The PPP-AR solution was superior to the PPP solution, given that, with respect to PPP, post-processing PPP-AR improved the positioning accuracy and convergence time by 13–32 % (3–89 %) in GPS-only mode by 2–15 % (5–60 %) in GPS/QZSS mode. Thus, we conclude that the current MADOCA products can provide SSR corrections and FCB products with positioning accuracy at the decimeter or even centimeter level, which could meet the demands of the RTPPP and PPP-AR solutions.     

Precise coseismic displacements from the GPS variometric approach using different precise products: Application to the 2008 MW 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake

The Global Positioning System (GPS) variometric approach has emerged as an attractive alternative to traditional well-developed positioning techniques including relative positioning and precise point positioning. Previous studies have demonstrated the capability of the variometric approach to retrieve coseismic displacements at centimeter-level precision, in a real-time manner using only readily available broadcast ephemeris. This study presents the first results comparing the performance of the variometric approach by using a variety of precise satellite orbit and clock products. Totally six kinds of products are included in our evaluation, namely the broadcast, IGS (International GNSS Service) ultra-rapid (predicted), ultra-rapid (observed), rapid, final (30-s clock) and CODE (Center for Orbit Determination in Europe) final (5-s clock) products. Static and dynamic experiments are conducted using 1-Hz GPS data covering a relatively large area in China during the 2008 Wenchuan M_W 7.9 earthquake. After removing the linear trend, the displacements using broadcast, ultra-rapid (predicted), ultra-rapid (observed) and rapid products reach nearly equivalent precisions at centimeter level. By using final and CODE final products, the precision of displacements can be significantly improved from 1.9–2.0 cm to 0.4–0.7 cm horizontally, and from 6.0–6.2 cm to 1.0–1.7 cm vertically for the dynamic experiments. The displacements using the CODE final products achieve the best precision, improved by more than 40% compared to those using the IGS final products. With the availability of IGS high-rate real-time precise products, this approach is promising to capture coseismic displacements more precisely in real time, which is crucial for earthquake and tsunami early warning.     

Comprehensive evaluation of Satellite-Based and reanalysis precipitation products over the Mediterranean region in Turkey

Precipitation is an important component of the hydrological and energy cycles, as well as a key input parameter for many applications in the fields of hydrology, climatology, meteorology, and weather forecasting research. As a result, estimating precipitation accurately is critical. The purpose of this research is to conduct a comprehensive and comparative evaluation of grid-based precipitation products over Turkey's Mediterranean region from 2017 to 2021 at monthly and grid scales, using data from 193 ground-based meteorological stations as a reference. PERCIANN CCS, PDIR-Now, GSMaP MVK, PERSIANN CDR, CHIRPS, IMERG v6, GSMaP Gauge, and ERA5 are the eight grid-based precipitation products. Several prospective were used to evaluate the products, including magnitude agreement with gauge stations for the entire region and the six hydrological sub-basins included in the region, performance in capturing various intensity categories, and elevation dependency. According to the evaluation results, PERCIANN CDR, CHIRPS, IMERG v6, GSMaP Gauge, and ERA5 performed well in all evaluation aspects, whereas PERCIANN CCS, PDIR-Now, and GSMaP MVK performed poorly in all metrics. The majority of the products underestimated heavy rainfall events, while all products performed better at low and moderate precipitation events. As a result, the products performed better in the summer and spring months (March to October) than in the winter months (December to February). Furthermore, the results showed that the performance of the majority of the products degraded for elevations greater than 1000 m. The evaluation suggests that PERSIANN CDR, CHIRPS, IMERG v6, GSMaP Gauge, and ERA5 can be used as good precipitation data sources and as a complement to ground-based meteorological stations in Turkey's Mediterranean region.     

一种高精度GPS卫星钟差预报方法

为了获得实时高精度GPS钟差,提出了采用快速星历建模进行短期预报。文章先对钟差数据提取趋势项,再利用傅里叶分析研究其周期特征以确定建模与预报时间段长度,最后利用径向基函数(Radial Basis Function,RBF)神经网络建模实时预报钟差。由于RBF神经网络用于非线性数据建模效果良好,在提取线性趋势项并合理确定建模周期后,该方法能够得到较好的预报结果。实际预报结果表明,文中方法得到的预报钟差精度高于超快速星历,能够满足分米级实时精密定位的要求。     

Reliability of satellite-based precipitation products in capturing extreme precipitation indices over Iran

The goal of this study is to assess the performance of four widely-used satellite precipitation products in capturing extreme precipitation indices across Iran over the period 2001–2018; these products include GPM IMERG (Integrated Multi-Satellite Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement), TRMM 3B42 (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission), CHIRPS (Climate Hazards Center InfraRed Precipitation with Station data), and PERSIANN-CDR (Precipitation Estimation From Remotely Sensed Information Using Artificial Neural Networks-Climate Data Record). For this aim, a national gridded precipitation dataset was developed using a dense network of rain gauges as a reference dataset. The results suggest that the IMERG product outperforms the other three precipitation products in capturing extreme precipitation indices both temporally and spatially. TRMM 3B42 data show promising results in identifying many extreme indices, while the CHIRPS and PERSIANN-CDR products show less performance in accurately generating many of the extreme precipitation indices.