双星定姿的建模与仿真

提出一种新的双星定姿方法,即利用２颗地球同步卫星载波信号测定运动载体的姿态,文中就双星定姿原理及精度进行了深入探讨。计算机仿真试验表明,当载波相位单差观测值均方差为０．０２周,天线阵列为１ｍ×１ｍ时,双星定姿均方差可达偏航０．２３°,俯仰０．１８°。     

双星定位系统/SINS深组合导航系统研究

以卫星模拟器为基础，介绍了一种双星定位系统定姿的基本原理，解决了双星定位系统存在的位置滞后即定位实时性较差的缺陷，把双星定位系统的位置与姿态信息和捷联惯导系统的位置、姿态信息进行组合后，可有效地提高系统的精度．     

使用三天线的联合定姿和欺骗检测方法

全球卫星导航系统（GNSS）的安全性已经引发了广泛关注。使用多天线的欺骗检测方法由于其独一无二的空间特性,已成为当前最有效的欺骗检测方法之一。提出一种使用三天线的联合定姿和欺骗检测方法,能够在确定天线载体姿态的同时检测出欺骗信号的存在。针对直接定姿法受限于基线向量精度的问题,使用长度约束的基线向量估计方法以获得高精度定姿结果。在姿态信息已知的前提下,根据星历信息、姿态变换矩阵及天线的几何关系可以获得载波相位单差的期望值。使用误差平方和（SSE）来评估载波相位单差观测值和期望值之间的偏差,并构建了欺骗信号的二元检验。结果表明：在无欺骗的情形下,所提方法能降低定姿的标准差76.1%以上;在有欺骗的情形,所提方法能够实现100%检测率,并降低定姿的标准差77.3%以上。     

单星定向技术研究

提出了一种仅利用一颗地球静止轨道卫星完成定向的新方法,并利用北斗双星定位系统进行了定向试验.试验结果表明,对于0.827 m长基线,单星定向精度可达0.07°,从而说明利用一颗地球静止轨道卫星进行定向在原理上是正确的,方法是可行的.      

交会对接光学成像敏感器遮光罩设计

遮光罩是交会对接光学成像敏感器中杂光抑制的重要组件,对有效提取目标点信息、保证敏感器定姿精度有重要作用.着重阐述了基于蒙特卡洛法的交会对接光学成像敏感器遮光罩设计,借助光学仿真软件进行仿真验证,并通过与试验结果进行对比,验证了遮光罩设计的有效性.     

双星定位的三参数方法及其精度分析

研究了两颗地球同步轨道卫星 (双星 )定位的几何关系对双星定位精度的影响。设计了双星交汇角、双星俯仰角和双星视角三个参数来刻画双星交汇 ,这三个参数能够反映定位的几何关系。在此基础上得到的双站交汇精度估计算法能适应测站基线长、观测距离远等布站和观测几何关系不好的情形。最后做了仿真验证     

基于多模型最优融合的双星定位系统一体化精密定轨方法

针对卫星动力学模型复杂且不准,考虑到卫星定轨中待估参数在时间和空间上的相关性,提出了一种基于多模型最优融合的双星定位系统一体化参数建模的近地卫星精密定轨新方法.利用节点自由分布B样条描述卫星运动,实现了对卫星粗略动力学模型的抑制作用;同时结合双星观测模型,使该方法转化为关于求解卫星轨道样条表示参数和定轨系统误差的多模型融合的非线性优化问题;通过引入模型结构确定最优融合权值的选取准则,在最小二乘准则下,采用非线性最优化方法搜寻样条的最优节点分布,得到了待估参数的最优估计,完成了近地卫星的精密定轨.理论分析和仿真计算表明,该方法确实有效,不仅提高了卫星的定轨精度,而且使状态估计的结构更加稳定.      

双星定位的数据融合方法

双星定位系统需借助于第三个定 参考量。该文将双星定位系统和多套现有的靶场跟踪设备联用,利用数据融合方法,获得定位参数和速度参数,同时给出双星定位系统和靶场跟踪设备的系统误差估计。理论分析和仿真计算表明,该文方法有较高的精度。     

卫星位置偏差对双星/GIS组合定位的影响及组合定位试验

建立了双星定位和双星／GIS组合定位的计算模型.在此基础上研究了星历误差对双星定位结果的 影响,卫星位置偏差对组合定位结果的影响,在组合定位中,在经、纬度方向上,分别给卫星位置加入均方差 为1°的位置偏差.结果表明,给卫星位置加入均方差为1°的经、纬度方向位置偏差,并不会降低组合定位的 精度.对这一重要结论,从几何上给出了解释.最后进行了双星／GIS组合定位的物理试验.试验结果表明, 双星／GIS组合定位确实可以大大提高双星定位的精度.     

双星定向试验研究

在前期的模糊度求解方法探讨及精度仿真分析的基础上,集成了一套双天线的北斗定向系统,并进行了大量的静基座及车载试验,对实际定向结果进行了精度分析．试验结果证实,静基座旋转基线及作者所提出的车载等效转动基线解模糊方法是可行的,系统的静态重复精度(1σ)优于方位角0．016 27°、俯仰角0．012 97°, 静态方位绝对精度优于0．358 95°,动态方位稳定度达0．08602°．双星定向可在实际应用中以短时间提供较高精度方位信息．该项技术将进一步拓展当前北斗卫星系统功能．     

基于GPS的三维姿态确定系统研究

论述了基于GPS姿态确定的原理、方法、步骤。首先，利用最小二乘平差校准基线，得到基线的准确长度及相互间的几何关系；随后，可以利用这些约束条件加速模糊度求解过程，适于实时应用。通过估计基线向量得到姿态粗解，以粗解为初值进行迭代最小二乘平差，最后得到最终的姿态解。通过一个实验系统验证，给出了实验结果。     

Virtual baseline method for Beidou attitude determination – An improved long-short baseline ambiguity resolution method

Ambiguity resolution (AR) is a critical step for successful attitude determination using carrier phase measurements of a satellite navigation system such as Beidou. This paper proposes an improved method for AR in support of Beidou attitude determination based on the concept of a “virtual baseline”. In the traditional long-short baseline method, the short baseline is limited to a length less than half of the carrier wave length of the Beidou signals. In the proposed method, a virtual short baseline is formed by differencing two collinear baselines. The AR equations for virtual short and long baselines are derived and the factors impacting the AR accuracy are analysed. Numerical simulation studies were carried out to evaluate the performance of the proposed AR method. The simulation results confirmed that the proposed method is an improvement over the traditional approach -- not only is it easier to deploy collinear antennas but also it keeps the capability of epoch-by-epoch AR, which makes it immune to cycle slips and there is no need for initialisation of ambiguity searching.     

Multivariate bootstrapped relative positioning of spacecraft using GPS L1/Galileo E1 signals

GNSS-based precise relative positioning between spacecraft normally requires dual frequency observations, whereas attitude determination of the spacecraft, mainly due to the stronger model given by the a priori knowledge of the length and geometry of the baselines, can be performed precisely using only single frequency observations. When the Galileo signals will come available, the number of observations at the L1 frequency will increase as we will have a GPS and Galileo multi-constellation. Moreover the L1 observations of the Galileo system and modernized GPS are more precise than legacy GPS and this, combined with the increased number of observations, will result in a stronger model for single frequency relative positioning. In this contribution we will develop an even stronger model by combining the attitude determination problem with relative positioning. The attitude determination problem will be solved by the recently developed Multivariate Constrained (MC-) LAMBDA method. We will do this for each spacecraft and use the outcome for an ambiguity constrained solution on the baseline between the spacecraft. In this way the solution for the unconstrained baseline is bootstrapped from the MC-LAMBDA solutions of each spacecraft in what is called: multivariate bootstrapped relative positioning. The developed approach will be compared in simulations with relative positioning using a single antenna at each spacecraft (standard LAMBDA) and a vectorial bootstrapping approach. In the simulations we will analyze single epoch, single frequency success rates as the most challenging application. The difference in performance for the approaches for single epoch solutions, is a good indication of the strength of the underlying models. As the multivariate bootstrapping approach has a stronger model by applying information on the geometry of the constrained baselines, for applications with large observation noise and limited number of observations this will result in a better performance compared to the vectorial bootstrapping approach. Compared with standard LAMBDA, it can reach a 59% higher success rate for ambiguity resolution. The higher success rate on the unconstrained baseline between the platforms comes without extra computational load as the constrained baseline(s) problem has to be solved for attitude determination and this information can be applied for relative positioning.     

Integrated orbit and attitude hardware-in-the-loop simulations for autonomous satellite formation flying

Development and experiment of an integrated orbit and attitude hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulator for autonomous satellite formation flying are presented. The integrated simulator system consists of an orbit HIL simulator for orbit determination and control, and an attitude HIL simulator for attitude determination and control. The integrated simulator involves four processes (orbit determination, orbit control, attitude determination, and attitude control), which interact with each other in the same way as actual flight processes do. Orbit determination is conducted by a relative navigation algorithm using double-difference GPS measurements based on the extended Kalman filter (EKF). Orbit control is performed by a state-dependent Riccati equation (SDRE) technique that is utilized as a nonlinear controller for the formation control problem. Attitude is determined from an attitude heading reference system (AHRS) sensor, and a proportional-derivative (PD) feedback controller is used to control the attitude HIL simulator using three momentum wheel assemblies. Integrated orbit and attitude simulations are performed for a formation reconfiguration scenario. By performing the four processes adequately, the desired formation reconfiguration from a baseline of 500–1000 m was achieved with meter-level position error and millimeter-level relative position navigation. This HIL simulation demonstrates the performance of the integrated HIL simulator and the feasibility of the applied algorithms in a real-time environment. Furthermore, the integrated HIL simulator system developed in the current study can be used as a ground-based testing environment to reproduce possible actual satellite formation operations.     

GPS实时定姿系统的设计与实现

以GPS OEM板为基本硬件,在自行研制GPS实时定姿软件的基础上,搭建了GPS实时定姿系统。该系统硬件结构简单,成本低廉。定姿软件解决了数据接收、解码、同步,模糊数快速计算,动态检校等关键技术。经多次静态、动态试验验证,系统运行稳定,动态跟踪性能良好。基线长度为1.2m时,定姿精度优于0.3°,可单独用于系统的导航,或作为系统导航设备的校准装置,具有很好的应用价值。     

基于UPF滤波的微小航天器姿态矩阵估计方法

针对基于惯性-星光姿态确定系统噪声存在非高斯分布的情况,提出了将离散粒子滤波(UPF)方法应用于定姿系统滤波器设计,该方法用离散卡尔曼滤波(UKF)得到粒子滤波的重要采样函数,从而克服扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)和UKF只能应用到噪声为高斯分布的不足。文章以微机电系统(MEMS)陀螺和互补性金属氧化物半导体有源像素图像传感器(CMOS APS)星敏感器为姿态敏感器件,选取基于矢量观测的最小参数姿态矩阵估计方法为定姿算法,提出将UPF与最小参数姿态矩阵估计方法结合,设计了一种针对微小航天器的UPF姿态估计器,采用从MEMS陀螺采集的数据进行了半物理仿真并对其特性进行了分析与比较。仿真比较结果表明:在敏感器精度较差并且系统噪声非高斯分布的情况下,这种基于UPF的姿态估计方法可以取得比EKF和UKF更快的滤波收敛性和更好的滤波精度,有效地提高了定姿性能。     

基于磁强计的卫星姿态确定地面试验

阐述基于磁强计进行卫星姿态确定的原理,以某卫星的遥测数据为基础,进行姿态确定的地面试验,试验结果表明该方案可以达到较高的姿态确定精度,具有很强的实用性.     

基于地标信息的星敏感器低频误差标定方法

针对星敏感器及其安装结构热变形等因素引起的星敏感器低频误差(LFE)影响卫星姿态确定精度的问题,提出了根据有效载荷提供的地标信息,采用最小二乘算法标定星敏感器低频误差的方法.考虑到卫星姿态确定系统是为有效载荷服务的,为了使卫星姿态确定系统输出的姿态信息与有效载荷相一致,从而准确反映有效载荷的指向变化情况,星敏感器低频误差的标定以有效载荷提供的地标信息为观测量进行.仿真结果表明,所提方法能够有效减弱星敏感器低频误差对卫星姿态确定精度的影响,从而提高卫星姿态确定精度.     

自旋稳定通信卫星姿态确定的矩阵方法

文章陈述了自旋稳定通信卫星姿态确定的矩阵方法及其工程应用的七种情况。这种方法是同时应用地球角θ_s、太阳角θ_s和从太阳到地中的转动角λ_s。确定地球同步自旋稳定卫星的姿态。这种方法可唯一确定卫星姿态,简单了计算,并仅受地球矢量和太阳矢量共线的几何限制条件,姿态确定精度较高,这种矩阵方法得到了中国成功发射的五颗地球同步通信卫星的满意的应用和验证。