Damage characteristics and constitutive modeling of the 2D C/Si C composite: Part I – Experiment and analysis

This paper reports an experimental investigation on the macroscopic mechanical behaviors and damage mechanisms of the plain-woven(2D) C/Si C composite under in-plane on- and offaxis loading conditions. Specimens with 15, 30, and 45 off-axis angles were prepared and tested under monotonic and incremental cyclic tension and compression loads. The obtained results were compared with those of uniaxial tension, compression, and shear specimens. The relationships between the damage modes and the stress state were analyzed based on scanning electronic microscopy(SEM) observations and acoustic emission(AE) data. The test results reveal the remarkable axial anisotropy and unilateral behavior of the material. The off-axis tension test results show that the material is fiber-dominant and the evolution rate of damage and inelastic strain is accelerated under the corresponding combined biaxial tension and shear loads. Due to the damage impediment effect of compression stress, compression specimens show higher mechanical properties and lower damage evolution rates than tension specimens with the same off-axis angle. Under cyclic tension–compression loadings, both on-axis and off-axis specimens exhibit progressive damage deactivation behaviors in the compression range, but with different deactivation rates.     

Analytical solutions of cracks emanating from an elliptical hole under shear

Based on the complex variable method, the analytical solutions of stress functions and stress intensity factors（SIFs） are provided for the plane problem of two collinear edge cracks emanating from an elliptical hole in an infinite plate under shear. The stress distribution along the horizontal axis is given in graphical forms, which conforms to Saint-Venant＇s principle. The influences of crack length and ellipse shape on the stress intensity factors are evaluated. Comparing the analytical solutions with finite element method（FEM） results shows good coincidence. These numerical examples show that the present solutions are accurate.     

Investigations on damage resistance of carbon fiber composite panels toughened using veils

This research focused on how to improve damage resistance of carbon fiber laminates. It was carried out at Cranfield University Composites Centre, Milton Keynes, UK as an MSc by research thesis project. A series of low-cost composite laminates, with or without novel veils provided by Tenax, was manufactured using current aircraft carbon fiber preforms via vacuum infusion (VI) molding in this research. All the investigations on damage resistance of these panels were carried out according to the British Standard (BS ISO 18353:2009). Initial damage was induced using a falling weight apparatus mounting a 16 mm hemispherical tip. C-scan and Micrograph were employed to reveal damage characteristics. Finally, both compression after impact (CAI) and plain compression strength were experimented. The behaviors of these panels, including damage size, damage construction, residual compression strength, and compression strength reduction, were utilized to investigate how and to what extent the veils affected the damage resistance. The results show that using veils is an efficient method of improving the damage resistance of the laminates studied. Maximum 32% increase in residual compression strength is achieved via veils accompanying with 7% increase in cost.     

Damage characteristics and constitutive modeling of the 2D C/SiC composite: Part Ⅱ–Material model and numerical implementation

In this work, a macroscopic non-linear constitutive model accounting for damage, inelastic strain and unilateral behavior is proposed for the 2D plain-woven C/Si C composite. A set of scalar damage variables and a new thermodynamic potential expression are introduced in the framework of continuum damage mechanics. In the deduced constitutive equations, the material's progressive damage deactivation behavior during the compression loading is described by a continuous function, and different deactivation rates under uniaxial and biaxial compression loadings are also considered. In damage evolution laws, the coupling effect among the damage modes and impediment effect of compression stress on the development of shear damage in different plane stress states are taken into account. Besides, the general plasticity theory is applied to describing the evolution of inelastic strain in tension and/or shear stress state. The Tsai–Wu failure criterion is adopted for strength analysis. Additionally, the material model is implemented as a user-defined material subroutine(UMAT) and linked to the ABAQUS finite element software, and its performance is demonstrated through several numerical examples.     

Effects of sintering temperature and time on defect evolution and compression properties of Ti-Al3Ti laminated composites

For metal-intermetallic laminated composites, various types of defects often occur during the preparation process. This paper studied the evolution and formation mechanism of defects,such as pores, tunnel cracks, and delamination cracks in Ti-Al₃Ti laminated composites prepared by vacuum hot-pressing method. Moreover, quasi-static and dynamic compression tests were performed to study the effects of pores and delamination cracks on the compression properties of the composites. The resu...     

Dynamic Response Analysis of Bird Strike on Aircraft Windshield Based on Damage-modified Nonlinear Viscoelastic Constitutive Relation

Damage-modified nonlinear viscoelastic constitutive equation and failure criterion are introduced and the three-dimensional incremental forms are deduced based on the updated Lagrangian approach. A simple tensile test model and a split Hopkinson pressure bar model are built to verify the accuracy of the subroutine implemented within the non-linear finite element program LS-DYNA. A numerical model of bird strike on windshield is established to study the responses of windshield under three different bird velocities at three sites. The bird is represented by a cylinder with a hemisphere at each end and the contact-impact coupling algorithm is used in this study. It is found that the implemented subroutine can properly describe the mechanical behavior of polymethyl methacrylate under low and high strain rates and large deformation, and can be used validly.     

Experimental investigation of expansion effect on shock wave boundary layer interaction near a compression ramp

The experiment is conducted to investigate the effect of expansion on the shock wave boundary layer interaction near a compression ramp. The small-angle expansion with an angle degree of 5° occurs at different positions in front of the compression ramp. The particle image velocimetry and flow visualization technology show the flow structures, velocity field, and velocity fluctuation near the compression ramp. The mean pressure distribution, pressure fluctuation, and power spectral density are me...     

A novel unified model predicting flow stress and grain size evolutions during hot working of non-uniform as-cast 42CrMo billets

The cast preformed forming process(CPFP) is increasingly considered and applied in the metal forming industries due to its short process, low cost, and environmental friendliness, especially in the aerospace field. However, how to establish a unified model of a non-uniform as-cast billet depicting the flow stress and microstructure evolution behaviors during hot working is the key to microstructure prediction and parameter optimization of the CPFP. In this work, hot compression tests are performed using a non-uniform as-cast 42 CrMo billet at 1123–1423 K and 0.01–1sà1. The effect laws of the non-uniform state of the as-cast billet with different initial grain sizes on the flow stress and microstructure are revealed deeply. Based on experimental results, a unified model of flow stress and grain size evolutions is developed by the internal variable modeling method. Verified results show that the model can well describe the responses of the flow stress and microstructure to deformation conditions and initial grain sizes. To further evaluate its reliability, the unified model is applied to FE simulation of the cast preformed ring rolling process.The predictions of the rolling force and grain size indicate that it could well describe the flow stress and microstructure evolutions during the process.     

Trajectory Analysis of Fuel Injection into Supersonic Cross Flow Based on Schlieren Method

Trajectory analysis of fuel injection into supersonic cross flow is studied in this paper. A directly-connected wind tunnel is constructed to provide stable supersonic freestream. Based on the test rig, the schlieren system is established to reveal the fuel injection process visually. Subsequently, the method of quantitative schlieren is adopted to obtain data of both fuel/air interface and bow shock with the aid of Photoshop and Origin. Finally, the mechanism based on two influential factors of fuel injection angle and fuel injection driven pressure, is researched by vector analysis. A dimensionless model is deduced and analyzed. The curve fitting result is achieved. The relationship between the data and the two influential factors is established. The results provide not only the quantitative characteristics of the fuel injection in supersonic cross flow but also the valuable reference for the future computational simulation.     

Numerical study of compression corner flowfield using Gao-Yong turbulence model

A numerical simulation of shock wave turbulent boundary layer interaction induced by a 24° compression corner based on Gao-Yong compressible turbulence model was presented.The convection terms and the diffusion terms were calculated using the second-order AUSM (advection upstream splitting method) scheme and the second-order central difference scheme,respectively.The Runge-Kutta time marching method was employed to solve the governing equations for steady state solutions.Significant flow separation-region which indicates highly non-isotropic turbulence structure has been found in the present work due to intensity interaction under the 24° compression corner.Comparisons between the calculated results and experimental data have been carried out,including surface pressure distribution,boundary-layer static pressure profiles and mean velocity profiles.The numerical results agree well with the experimental values,which indicate Gao-Yong compressible turbulence model is suitable for the prediction of shock wave turbulent boundary layer interaction in two-dimensional compression corner flows.      

不同纤维预制体结构对SiC_f/PyC/SiBCN复合材料力学性能的影响

使用不同织造方式(二维机织,法向增强2.5维机织和三维五向编织)制备了3种SiC纤维预制体,采用树脂转移模塑(RTM)和聚合物浸渍裂解(PIP)工艺制备了SiC_f/PyC/SiBCN复合材料。观察复合材料的显微组织,测试弯曲强度、拉伸强度、压缩强度等力学性能,探究不同预制体结构对复合材料力学性能的影响行为。结果表明:同一预制体结构在不同方向的纤维分布不同导致材料力学性能的各向异性;不同预制体结构对材料力学性能有着显著的影响。     

环状针刺C/C复合材料的压缩性能及破坏机理

以碳纤维针刺毡为预制体,采用CVI致密工艺制作准三维C/C薄壁回转体,具有各向异性的力学性能.本文主要对三个主方向的材料压缩性能及破坏机理进行了研究讨论.结果表明:轴向压缩与环向压缩性能相似具有较高的压缩模量.材料的径向压缩表现为假塑性断裂行为,在材料的断裂面上具有大量纤维及基体碎屑,材料发生剪切破坏及基体压溃破坏.材料的轴向压缩与环向压缩表现为脆性断裂行为,材料主要以分层劈裂方式破坏.     

预制体结构对炭/炭复合材料氧化行为的影响

以短纤维树脂模压、炭布叠层和针刺毡为预制体,采用CVD方法制备了3种C/C复合材料,并研究了其氧化行为,计算了氧化反应动力学数据。结果表明在氧化失重率小于60％时,其氧化失重率与氧化时间呈线性关系,而且3种样品在700℃前后具有不同的表观活化能,由此导致不同的控制机制:700℃以下为动力学控制区,700℃以上为扩散控制区。C/C复合材料的氧化速率与预制体结构有关,这主要是因为不同的预制体结构导致形成了不同的热解炭组织,比较起来炭布/CVD炭复合材料的抗氧化性能最差,短纤维树脂模压/CVD和针刺毡/CVD炭复合材料具有较好的抗氧化性能。3种材料的氧化过程基本一致,都是首先从材料内空隙缺陷处开始氧化,伴随着炭纤维和基体炭同时氧化,炭纤维变得越来越细,最后基体炭只剩下很薄的一层,有的基体炭甚至已经氧化脱落而只剩下炭纤维裸露着,或者在炭纤维周围分布着极不均匀的多孔状热解炭。     

编织复合材料预制体铺覆成型的数值模拟

针对平面编织复合材料预制体在曲面铺覆过程中的局部变形,建立了三维有限元模型,利用商业有限元软件Abaqus模拟了预制体在铺覆成型过程中的纤维束变形规律。研究了0°和45°碳纤维织物在球面铺覆过程的变形过程和局部剪切变形。结果表明,纤维束之间的滑动和纤维束起皱是该预制体在球面铺覆过程中的典型变形模式。在0°织物的球形铺覆变形中,0°和90°纤维束的剪切变形角最小,45°方向纤维束的剪切变形角最大;在45°织物的铺覆变形中,0°和90°纤维束的剪切变形角最大,45°方向纤维束的剪切变形角最小。     

纺织复合材料预制体变形研究综述

以具有良好整体性能的织物作为增强体的纺织复合材料克服了传统复合材料层间剪切强度低、抗分层能力差、开裂敏感等缺点,且具有优异的近净成形能力,易于成型。这些优点使得这种复合材料被越来越广泛地应用于航空航天、船舶、汽车、医疗器械等领域。纺织预制体的可变形性对其渗透率及最终复合材料构件的力学性能有着重要的影响。简要介绍了二维和三维织物的结构特点;阐述了织物的拉伸、横向压缩、面内剪切和弯曲变形机理;基于数值模拟和试验方法,综述了国内外预制体变形研究的进展;最后,展望了预制体变形数值模拟的发展方向。     

液体树脂灌注成型工艺中树脂流动前沿特性的估测和分析

 近年来树脂浸泡成型工艺(RIP)越来越多地应用到了航空复合材料制造业上。作为树脂浸泡成型工艺中一种新型的有着良好运用前景的液体树脂灌注 (LRI)成型工艺开始进入了人们的视野。为了增加对LRI工艺的认知和提高对其的监控能力,着重介绍如何在LRI工艺进程中监测树脂流体的流动前峰。树脂流体流动前峰的检测将依赖于一组放置在纤维层中的微型热电偶传感器来完成,通过与光纤传感器测量结果的比较,表明微型热电偶传感器可以利用测量纤维层中不同处的温度变化来监测树脂流体到达该处的时间。测量与分析结果大大提高了对LRI工艺中树脂流体在纤维层层面和沿纤维层厚度两个方向上流动特性的认识,并为将来的模拟计算和对此工艺的进一步研究奠定良好的基础。     

纤维表面状态对C/C-SiC复合材料微观组织和相成分的影响

为了研究纤维表面状态对C/C-SiC复合材料微观组织和相成分的影响,将T300碳纤维在氮气氛围中进行不同温度的热处理后,采用液硅熔渗法制备了C/C-SiC复合材料。采用光电子能谱(XPS)对纤维表面成分进行了分析。结果表明:未处理纤维表面具有较高的氧含量,随着热处理温度的升高,纤维表面氧含量逐渐降低,导致纤维表面含氧官能团数目减少。扫描电镜(SEM)观察发现:未处理纤维增强的C/C预制体,孔隙尺寸较大且孔隙率低;而经1 500℃热处理纤维增强的预制体,孔隙尺寸较小但孔隙率高。随后对C/C预制体进行液硅熔渗处理,并对熔渗反应过程分析发现:由未处理纤维增强的预制体,液硅熔渗反应主要受溶解-沉淀和界面限制的扩散反应过程控制,获得的C/C-SiC复合材料中SiC基体相分布规则且含量较低,同时含有较高的残留Si;而经1 500℃热处理纤维增强的预制体,熔渗反应则主要受溶解-沉淀过程控制,获得的C/C-SiC复合材料中SiC基体含量多且分布较均匀,残留Si含量较少。     

刚性短切碳纤维预制体和酚醛浸渍碳烧蚀体的制备及性能杨

以短切碳纤维、热固性酚醛树脂为原料,经真空成型得到短切碳纤维预制体(Fiberform),再以Fi鄄

berform 为骨架、酚醛树脂溶液为浸渍液,经反应干燥得到酚醛浸渍碳烧蚀体( PICA)。结果表明:Fiberform 具

有明显的各向异性,当Fiberform 的密度由0. 13 g/ cm3增大到0. 18 g/ m3 时,其纵向压缩强度由0. 10 MPa 增大

到0. 39 MPa,横向压缩强度由0. 33 MPa 增大到0. 79 MPa。PICA 具有酚醛气凝胶/ 碳纤维复合型结构,其密度

可以通过控制酚醛树脂溶液浓度来调节。当PICA 的密度由0. 27 g/ cm3增大到0. 43 g/ cm3,其纵向压缩强度由

0. 45 MPa 增大到2. 42 MPa,横向压缩强度由1. 36 MPa 增大到3. 12 MPa。PICA 的隔热性能与Fiberform 相近,

其纵向和横向热导率分别为0. 08 和0. 11 W/ (m·K)。

     

影响碳化硅基复合材料机械性能的工艺因素

介绍了纤维及预制体成型、高温处理、界面技术、基体致密化及后处理等工艺因素对碳化硅基复合材料机械性能的影响。基体密化工艺是影响复膈材料性能最为主要的因素,化学气相渗透工艺制备的碳化硅基复合材料的强度和韧性明显高于其它工艺制备的复合材料,预制体高温处理可提高纤维在基体复合材料及使用过程中的高温稳定性,减少纤维／基体界面的热应力,但高温处理会引起纤维强度大幅度下降,在高温处理前先进行中间相涂层处理,不仅     

热真空环境对常用胶接材料性能的影响

空间的热真空环境是造成光电子器件胶接材料性能退化和放气污染的重要因素.为此,考察了几类典型胶接材料的热真空老化和热真空挥发特性,分析了热真空老化后的力学性能变化及真空挥发产物的主要来源,并对热真空挥发预处理方法进行了验证.结果表明软质的硅橡胶与硬质的环氧树脂胶和丙烯酸树脂胶相比有着更大的质量损失,且含有端羟基的缩聚型硅橡胶和环氧树脂胶真空老化后的模量变化较大.通过真空预处理可以作为降低固化胶真空挥发产物来源的一种有效手段.可为宇航用光电子器件胶接材料的设计选型提供参考依据.