A lightning swept stroke model: A valuable tool to investigate the lightning strike to aircraft

In the context of lightning strike on the Dassault Falcon family of aircraft, the standard zoning of Falcon 50, 900 and 2000, inferred from FAA and EUROCAE WG31 documents [US Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Advisory Circular AC 20-53A, 1985; US Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Advisory Circular AC 20-53B, Draft, 1991; EUROCAE WG 31, Aircraft Lightning Zoning Standard, ED-91, 1998], has been presented. Zoning proves to be quite similar between the three types of aircraft. Thanks to the feed-back on lightning strikes to Falcon, lightning traces have been observed on the fuselage for different flight conditions and aircraft. Observations are compared with the zoning performed by Dassault. A physical model, developed by ONERA, was used to simulate the sweeping of lightning on the fuselage of a Falcon 900. The results are in good agreement with the lightning traces observed on the fuselages.     

Impact and the design of the human-machine interface

In this paper, we consider the concept of the impact of an action or human error. We begin from an informal definition of impact as: the effect that an action or sequence of actions has on the safe and successful operation of a system; and develop a quantitative measure of the impact of specified behaviours. It is important that human-machine interface designers should understand the relationship between operator actions and the hazards associated with a system. We demonstrate how impact can be assessed prior to, or in parallel with, the design of the human-machine interface, and show how impact assessments could be used to allow risk analysts to inform designers about the relationship between operator actions and system hazards. To illustrate our approach we present a simple case study,     

Evaluation of image-type glide slope performance in the presence ofsnow cover

A formulation for the effects that the ground-reflected signal has on the far-field performance of image-type glide slope is developed using geometrical optics. The effects of snow cover are then related to the formulation and analyzed. Results indicate that it is possible for certain types of dry snow to cause glide slope system performance to exceed U.S. Flight Inspection Manual (USFIM) tolerances at depths below existing Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) plowing criteria     

Full-scale crash test and FEM simulation of a crashworthy helicopter seat

Crashworthy seat structure with considerable energy absorption capacity is a key component for aircraft to improve its crashworthiness and occupant survivability in emergencies.According to Federal Aviation Administration(FAA) regulations,seat performance must be certified by dynamic crash test which is quite expensive and time-consuming.For this reason,numerical simulation is a more efficient and economical approach to provide the possibility to assess seat performances and predict occupant responses.A numerical simulation of the crashworthy seat structure was presented and the results were also compared with the full-scale crash test data.In the numerical simulation,a full-scale three-dimensional finite element model of the seat/occupant structure was developed using a nonlinear and explicit dynamic finite element code LS-DYNA3D.Emphasis of the numerical simulation was on predicting the dynamic response of seat/occupant system,including the occupant motion which may lead to injuries,the occupant acceleration-time histories,and the energy absorbing behavior of the energy absorbers.The agreement between the simulation and the physical test suggestes that the developed numerical simulation can be a feasible substitute for the dynamic crash test.      

运输类飞机防止广布疲劳损伤的新规章解读

 针对运输类飞机结构广布疲劳损伤(WFD),跟踪和总结了国内外所开展的一些重要行动及其结果,客观地分析了现行的有关疲劳损伤的适航规章在执行中存在的不安全因素,指出现行的适航要求和长期依赖已有检查手段对维持飞机超出某一期限后的持续适航是不充分的,会产生不可接受的结构破坏和相关事故的危险性,需要对WFD在其发生之前采取主动的预先解决方法。对WFD检查的革新性的改变导致了针对WFD的适航条例的修正。对美国联邦航空管理局(FAA)提议的针对WFD的规章修正案草案中关于设计批准书持有人的行动及其相关的符合性方法作了分析和解读,重点阐明了新规章对WFD的适用性以及在新规章下要求的飞机WFD评定的方法和过程,包括WFD开始检查点和结构更改点的确定、飞机使用限制（初始使用限制和延伸使用限制）的建立、适航限制条款的建立和修订等。在此基础上,提出了当前乃至今后中国民机结构损伤容限设计和分析新的研究方向。     

航空兵部队飞行安全评估系统研究与实践

根据航空兵部队飞行安全的特点,基于“人、机、环境“系统工程理论,并结合航空兵部队的实际,开发了一套航空兵部队飞行安全评估系统.该系统具有客观评估安全形势、发现薄弱环节和引导航空兵部队安全行为的功能.最后,给出了对航空兵部队进行飞行安全评估的应用实例.     

Highly efficient computation method for hazard quantification of uncontained rotor failure

Uncontained Engine Rotor Failure (UERF) can cause a catastrophic failure of an aircraft, and the quantitative assessment of the hazards related to UERF is a very important part of safety analysis. However, the procedure for hazard quantification of UERF recommended by the Federal Aviation Administration in advisory circular AC20-128A is cumbersome, as it involves building auxiliary lines and curve projections. To improve the efficiency and general applicability of the risk angle calculation, a boundary discretization method is developed that involves discretizing the geometry of the target part/structure into node points and calculating the risk angles numerically by iterating a particular algorithm over each node point. The improved efficiency and excellent accuracy for the developed algorithm was validated through a comparison with manual solutions for the hazard quantification of the engine nacelle structures of a passenger aircraft using the guidance in AC20-128A. To further demonstrate the applicability of the boundary discretization method, the proposed algorithm was used to examine the influence of the target size and the distance between the target and rotor on the hazard probability.     

浅析民用运输类飞机机体防冰的适航新规章

2009年8月3日,美国联邦航空局（FAA）在联邦注册报上发布了联邦航空条例FAR25部第25-129号修正案—＂结冰保护的启动＂,对运输类飞机结冰探测方式和结冰保护系统（IPS）工作方式提出了明确要求。阐述了第25-129号修正案颁布前机体防冰及相关规章的演变历史,在对该修正案研究的基础上,提出了新规章推出后对防冰系统适航要求的关键点,以及机体防冰相关规章的发展趋势,供系统设计和适航审查参考。     

The German civil aeronautics programme

The German Federal Government decided in 1999 to continue to support the BMWi-aeronautics research and technology programme for another 4 year period until 2002. The Federal States (Bundesländer) participate in this programme with specific projects of their regional industry and science. Industry is project partner on a cost share basis. Complementarily, the Federal Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF) is responsible for the Deutsche Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) and its institutional support.     

航班延误补偿标准研究

中国现已具备航班延误补偿立法的条件,应由有立法权限的机构在借鉴国内外经验的基础上制定统一的补偿标准。该标准的主要内容应包括延误的界定、延误原因、补偿形式以及实施方式等方面。各航空公司应积极对外公布补偿标准并严格执行。     

民用航空发动机型号审定概念设计阶段风险模型

为了在审定项目概念设计阶段识别潜在风险并规划处理措施以提高审定效率,通过综合条款分类统计、符合性方法及实施风险、技术要点解析等方法建立了典型民用航空发动机概念设计阶段工作模型,并开发了条款工作状态信息表。模型在某型民用航空发动机型号审定的实施识别了278项潜在风险,并针对典型结构完整性条款从要求确定到设计实现各个过程的潜在风险进行了详细分析,验证了模型的有效性。     

Facing harsh realities--in space, air, and war

Current legislative activity in Washington includes plans for hearings and proposed changes to NASA after the publication of the Columbia Accident Investigation Board report in August, 2003. Also reviewed are legislative interest in airline safety and armed forces expansion.     

A Diagnostic Tree Approach for Fault Cause Identification in the Attitude Control Subsystem of Satellites

Space and Earth observation programs demand stringent guarantees ensuring smooth and reliable operations of space vehicles and satellites. Due to unforeseen circumstances and naturally occurring faults, it is desired that a fault-diagnosis system be capable of detecting, isolating, identifying, or classifying faults in the system. Unfortunately, none of the existing fault-diagnosis methodologies alone can meet all the requirements of an ideal fault- diagnosis system due to the variety of fault types, their severity, and handling mechanisms. However, it is possible to overcome these shortcomings through the integration of different existing fault-diagnosis methodologies. In this paper, a novel learning-based, diagnostic-tree approach is proposed which complements and strengthens existing efficient fault detection mechanisms with an additional ability to classify different types of faults to effectively determine potential fault causes in a subsystem of a satellite. This extra capability serves as a semiautomatic diagnostic decision support aid to expert human operators at ground stations and enables them to determine fault causes and to take quick and efficient recovery/reconfiguration actions. The developed diagnosis/analysis procedure exploits a qualitative technique denoted as diagnostic tree (DX-tree) analysis as a diagnostic tool for fault cause analysis in the attitude control subsystem (ACS) of a satellite. DX-trees constructed by our proposed machine-learning-based automatic tree synthesis algorithm are demonstrated to be able to determine both known and unforeseen combinations of events leading to different fault scenarios generated through synthetic attitude control subsystem data of a satellite. Though the immediate application of our proposed approach would be at ground stations, the proposed technique has potential for being integrated with causal model-based diagnosis and recovery techniques for future autonomous space vehicle missions.     

3D visualization to support airport security operations

In the summer of 2000, the National Safe Skies Alliance awarded a project to the Applied Visualization Center at the University of Tennessee to develop a 3D computer tool to assist the US Federal Aviation Administration security group, now the Transportation Security Administration, in evaluating new equipment and procedures to improve airport checkpoint security. At the time of this writing, numerous detection equipment models, three specific airports, and a placement and passenger flow simulation tool for airport security planners have been developed. Similar tools have been constructed for simulating cargo/baggage inspection and other airport security operations. An extension of the original effort to consolidate the tools is currently underway.     

On-the-job training mastery test development

The effectiveness of the national aviation security system is highly dependent upon people, especially those employed as checkpoint screeners. The training of these individuals is critical to their performance on the job. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is very interested in enhancing screener training and further improving their readiness for the job. The FAA's aviation security human factors program has developed and assisted in the development of a number of tests and training tools to aid in the selection and training of screeners. Now the program is concentrating on the development of an on-the-job training mastery test to ensure that screener candidates have acquired all of the checkpoint operations skills and abilities needed to be a successful checkpoint screener     

Mission segment division of the whole aeroengine loading spectrum based on flight actions

This paper studies on a division method of the whole aeroengine loading spectrum flight mission segment and rotor speed mission segment, which is based on the actual flight actions and related to the flight operations of aeroengine and is suitable for the variable-speed aeroengines such as turbojet and turbofan. Through the research, the aeroengine loading spectrum operation-related mission segments can be divided, which can provide important data basis for the life research on the structures wh...     

大型民用飞机货舱哈龙替代品抑制及灭火系统研究

基于美国联邦航空局休斯研究中心环保型飞机货舱哈龙替代品抑制及灭火的研究,阐释了飞机货舱哈龙替代品抑制及灭火系统最低性能标准,总结了氮气、气溶胶、细水雾等三种机载灭火系统最新研究成果,剖析了大型民用飞机货舱哈龙替代品抑制及灭火系统的最新发展趋势,分析了三种哈龙替代品抑制及灭火系统用于飞机货舱的可行性,旨在为我国大型民用飞机货舱哈龙替代品抑制及灭火系统研究提供工程技术参考。     

运输类飞机动力装置溅水试验技术

基于对中国民用航空局（CAAC）运输类飞机适航标准和美国联邦航空管理局（FAA）咨询通告的分析、解读,分别从工程试验与适航验证两个方面,研究了溅水试验程序、试验水池方案设计与滑行速度测量与控制技术,制定了符合适航标准体系的运输类飞机动力装置溅水试验审定程序,以ARJ21-700型支线飞机合格审定试飞为平台,完整进行了相关试验验证。结果表明:所设计的溅水试验程序合理可行,能够完整地验证运输类飞机在机场跑道积水环境下动力装置对适航标准体系的符合性;试飞结果表明CF34-10A发动机配装ARJ21-700型飞机在机场积水环境下起飞构型临界滑行速度为166.6 km/h,发动机风扇、压气机及动力涡轮前温度最大波动值分别为5.1%、1.7%和39 ℃;在飞机着陆构型下,发动机慢车状态相对于最大反推力状态工作稳定性较好,能够满足适航标准规定;项目形成溅水试验程序和技术为后续C919、C929等运输类飞机动力装置相关试验提供了直接的支持。      

抓住机遇迎接挑战实现航空动力跨越发展

发动机是飞机的“心脏”，是推动飞机的整个航空工业蓬勃发展的源动力。我国航空动力相对落后，已成为制约航空工业发展和军民用飞机更新换代的“瓶颈”技术之一。造成这种局面的原因很多，值得我们认真反思，总结经验教训。虽然我国至今尚没有一台发动机走完自行研制的全过程并装备部队，但通过半个世纪的努力，我国具备了一定的研制新机能力和快速发展的技术基础。面对新世纪，挑战和机遇并存，我们必须因势利导，抓住机遇，实现航空动力的跨越发展。本文对此提出了措施和建议。     

Investment Costs of Terrestrial Long-Haul Telecommunication Facilities

The investment costs of long-haul, modern, radio relay and coaxialcable systems, as determined from data submitted to the Federal Communications Commission, are presented. Formulas to determine costs per voice-circuit-mile, and per television-channel-mile, are developed. The specific facilities investigated are the TD-2, TD-3, and TH radio relay systems, and the L-3 12-tube and L-4 20-tube coaxial cable systems. The radio relay systems are significantly, with one exception, less expensive than coaxial cable systems over their design capacity ranges. The L-4 20-tube coaxial cable system (32 400 voice circuits) and the TD-3 radio relaysystem (12 000 voice circuits) have approximately equal investment costs per voice-circuit-mile ($3.40) at full capacity.