加速度灵敏度优于2×10~(-10)/g的SC切10MHz高Q晶体的设计

力一频效应的理论和实验研究证明,晶体谐振器的加速度灵敏度直接与装架的位置和结构有关。本文的目的就是要阐明低灵敏度晶体谐振器的一种新的设计方法。加在晶体振动部份的表面力和体积力的影响都必须加以考虑。本文将详细介绍这种新的设计方案。统计结果表明,目前在工业上在最不合适的轴向上能够达到的加速度灵敏度在3×10~(-11)/g和2×10~(-10)/g之间。这些数值是用相位调制反射计或用传统的振荡器以“2g翻转”测试法在所有方向上进行试验测得的(均以5MHz和10MHz加以说明。)     

基于模态反转的半球谐振陀螺零位自校准方法

针对半球谐振陀螺的零位漂移问题,本文研究了基于模态反转电路控制技术的零位自校准方法。首先,从动力学模型引入阻尼不对称、频率裂解等非理想因素,讨论半球谐振陀螺的工作机理及驻波漂移特性。其次,通过理论分析模态反转的零位校准以及虚拟进动控制的模态反转技术。最后,基于FPGA数字控制平台,设计并实现了半球谐振陀螺零位自校准半实物仿真实验。实验结果表明,基于模态反转的半球谐振陀螺零位校准,实现了半球谐振陀螺的零位从15 降低至2 ,短期零偏稳定性和长期稳定性也分别提高了11.8％和45.86％,有效地抑制了零位漂移,提高了半球谐振陀螺测量精度。     

怎样减小振动对SC切石英晶体振荡器的影响

要给现代化通讯、导航及雷达系统提供必要的频谱纯度,就必须减小石英谐振器的加速灵敏度(γ),例如从γ=10~(-10)/g 减小到γ=10~(-12)/g。为了实现这一目的,当前正在研究几种(仅与谐振器有关的)无源法。专门设计的单谐振器和双谐振器是无源法应用的两个实例。应用电子线路的有源法已经进行了研究,它能进一步使振动影响减到1/50。然而,用来实现这种方法的变容二极管的非线性限制了可能达到的最终减小量。本文介绍一种可供使用的有源法。这种方法的原理是应用 SC 切晶体的线性电压～频率特性,而要点在于把相位适当的振动模拟信号电压直接加在晶体电极上。用几块不同的SC 切晶体所做的一系列试验都确认了这种有源法的效果。把晶体振荡器略加修改,是为了加入补偿电压,而不会改变振荡器的电路原理。补偿测试范围:加速度1至14g,振动频率50至500Hz;补偿电压大小取决于γ的初值,可从-20至+20V(峰-峰值)。初步实验结果表明,在不连续的频率上γ值几乎能降低三个数量级,在50到500Hz 连续频率范围能降低一个数量级。     

Allometry in vestibular responses of anurans

Frogs and toads turn either their heads or bodies opposite to angular accelerations applied around the yaw axis. Thresholds exist for the minimum angular acceleration that induces this vestibulomotor response in individual frogs. These thresholds were recorded for several anuran species that cover a broad range of sizes and life styles. Interspecific variation in the magnitude of the thresholds, which correlated with the ecology and behavior of the species, was documented. Also an allometric relationship was observed between this threshold and body size; the larger the frog, the lower the threshold. In many species, the threshold value for reflexive vestibulomotor responses to angular acceleration was proportional to the -0.4 (+/-0.2) power of body mass. Physical dimensions of the semicircular canals determine, in part, vestibular sensitivity to angular acceleration. Hence changes with growth in the semicircular canals are believed to contribute to the slope of -0.4. The biological significance of this allometry in vestibular responses is discussed and compared to trends in vestibular sensitivity and semicircular canal morphology of other vertebrate classes.     

Otolith formation in a mutant Medaka with a deficiency in gravity sensing.

Mutant Medaka ha exhibit spontaneous mutation that is characterized by frequent inhibition or perturbation in the formation of utricular otoliths and/or semicircular canals. Three major features of otolith morphogenesis were observed in ha strain: 1) The initial appearance of otoliths was delayed, mispositioned, and malformed compared to normal embryos. 2) No utricular otoliths appeared on macula of any ha fry just after hatching. A symmetric state of otoliths was seen only when saccular otoliths were situated on macula in both inner ears. 3) In some fry, formation of utricular otoliths was observed in their later development. However, no new utricular otoliths appeared after fish were seventy or more days old after hatching. These observations show that otolith morphogenesis in ha is very different from that of wild-type. In this study, we classified adult ha into four different phenotypes using the existence or absence of utricular otoliths as our criteria. We concluded that dysfunction of utricular otoliths and semicircular canals cause a defect that affects the gravity-sensing abilities of medaka ha.     

Effects of hypergravity on the development of cell number and asymmetry in fish brain nuclei.

Larval cichlid fish (Oreochromis mossambicus) siblings were subjected to 3 g hypergravity (hg) and total darkness for 21 days during development and subsequently processed for conventional histology. Further siblings reared at 1 g and alternating light/dark (12h:12h) conditions served as controls. Cell number counts of the visual Nucleus isthmi (Ni) versus the vestibular Nucleus magnocellularis (Nm) revealed that in experimental animals total cell number was decreased in the Ni, possibly due to retarded growth as a result of the lack of visual input whereas no effect was observed in the Nm. Calculating the percentual asymmetry in cell number (i.e., right vs. the left side of the brain), no effects of hg/darkness were seen in the Ni, whereas asymmetry was slightly increased in the Nm. Since the asymmetry of inner ear otoliths is decreased under hg, this finding may indicate efferent vestibular action of the CNS on the level of the Nm by means of a feedback mechanism.     

Influence of hypergravity on fish inner ear otoliths: I. Developmental growth profile.

Inner ear stones (otoliths) of larval cichlid fish Oreochromis mossambicus were marked with the calcium-tracer alizarin-complexone (AC) at 1 g earth gravity before and after a 3, 7, 14 or 21 days stay of the animals at hypergravity conditions (hg; 3 g, centrifuge). After the experiment, the otoliths' area between the two AC-labellings was measured with regard to size and asymmetry (size difference between the left and the right stones). Both utricular and saccular otoliths (lapilli and sagittae, respectively) continued growing in a linear way at hg, but growth was significantly slowed down as compared to parallely raised 1 g-control specimens. In case of bilateral asymmetry between the corresponding otoliths its formation in hg-animals became reduced as compared to the 1 g controls. The reduction of asymmetry was much more pronounced in the sagittae than in the lapilli. The latter result supports an earlier hypothesis, according to which especially a low sagittal asymmetry has a functional advantage. In general, the results strongly suggest that otolith growth is continuously regulated in dependence of the environmental gravity vector.     

Fish otolith growth in 1g and 3g depends on the gravity vector.

Size and asymmetry (size difference between the left and the right side) as well as calcium (Ca) content of inner ear otoliths of larval cichlid fish Oreochromis mossambicus were determined after a long-term stay at hypergravity conditions (3g; centrifuge). Both utricular and saccular otoliths (lapilli and sagittae, respectively) were significantly smaller after hyper-g exposure as compared to parallely raised 1g-control specimens and the absolute amount of otolith-Ca was diminished. The asymmetry of sagittae was significantly increased in the experimental animals, whereas the respective asymmetry concerning lapilli was markedly decreased. In the course of another experiment larvae were raised in aquarium hatch baskets, from which one was placed directly above aeration equipment which resulted in random water circulation shifting the fish around ("shifted" specimens). The lapillar asymmetry of the "stationary" specimens showed a highly significant increase during early development when larvae were forced to lay on their sides due to their prominent yolk-sacs. In later developmental stages, when they began to swim freely, a dramatic decrease in lapillar asymmetry was apparent. Taken together with own previous findings according to which otolith growth stops after vestibular nerve transaction, the results presented here suggest that the growth and the development of bilateral asymmetry of otoliths is guided by the environmental gravity vector, obviously involving a feedback loop between the brain and the inner ear.     

Formation of otoconia in the Japanese red-bellied newt, Cynops pyrrhogaster.

Pre-mated adult female newts and fertilized eggs will be flown on the International Microgravity Laboratory-2 flight, in 1994. One objective of the flight will be to observe the influence of microgravity on the development of the gravity-sensing organs in the inner ear. These organs contain sensory hair cells covered by a layer of dense stones (otoconia). Gravity and linear acceleration exert forces on these masses, leading to excitation of the nerve fibers innervating the hair cells. If the production of the otoliths is regulated to reach an optimal weight, their development might be abnormal in microgravity. Ground-based control experiments are reported describing the developmental sequence in which both the otoliths and their associated sensory epithelium and the semicircular canals appear and develop. Three-dimensional reconstruction of serial sections through the otic vesicle of newt embryos at stages 31 through 58 demonstrate the first appearance, relative position and growth of the otoliths. Reports of experiments in which fertilized frog eggs were flown on a Russian Cosmos mission conclude that the utricular otolith is increased in volume, whereas the saccular otolith maintains normal size, suggesting that at least in the utricle, the weight of the otolith might be regulated.     

Adaptations of the vestibular system to short and long-term exposures to altered gravity.

Long-term space flight creates unique environmental conditions to which the vestibular system must adapt for optimal survival of a given organism. The development and maintenance of vestibular connections are controlled by environmental gravitational stimulation as well as genetically controlled molecular interactions. This paper describes the effects of hypergravity on axonal growth and dendritic morphology, respectively. Two aspects of this vestibular adaptation are examined: (1) How does long-term exposure to hypergravity affect the development of vestibular axons? (2) How does short-term exposure to extremely rapid changes in gravity, such as those that occur during shuttle launch and landing, affect dendrites of the vestibulocerebellar system? To study the effects of longterm exposures to altered gravity, embryonic rats that developed in hypergravity were compared to microgravity-exposed and control rats. Examination of the vestibular projections from epithelia devoted to linear and angular acceleration revealed that the terminal fields segregate differently in rat embryos that gestated in each of the gravitational environments.To study the effects of short-term exposures to altered gravity, mice were exposed briefly to strong vestibular stimuli and the vestibulocerebellum was examined for any resulting morphological changes. My data show that these stimuli cause intense vestibular excitation of cerebellar Purkinje cells, which induce up-regulation of clathrin-mediated endocytosis and other morphological changes that are comparable to those seen in long-term depression. This system provides a basis for studying how the vestibular environment can modify cerebellar function, allowing animals to adapt to new environments.     

Changes of vertical eye movements of goldfish for different otolith stimulation by linear acceleration.

Eye movements serves to hold the gaze steady or to shift the gaze to an object of interest. On Earth, signals from otoliths can be interpreted either as linear motion or as tilt with respect to gravity. In microgravity, static tilt will no longer give rise to changes in otolith activity. However, linear acceleration as well as angular acceleration stimulate the otolith organ. Therefore, during adaptation to microgravity, otolith-mediated response such as eye movements alter. In this study, we analyzed the eye movements of goldfish during linear acceleration. The eye movements during rectangular linear acceleration along the different body axis were video-recorded. The vertical eye rotations were analyzed frame by frame. In normal fish, leftward lateral acceleration induced downward eye rotation in the left eye and upward eye rotation in the right eye. Acceleration from caudal to rostral evoked downward eye rotation in both eyes. When the direction of acceleration was shifted 15 degrees left, the responses in the left eye disappeared. These results suggested that otolith organs in each side were stimulated differently.     

The European vestibular experiments in Spacelab-1.

A series of experiments were performed in the Spacelab-1 mission on November/December, 1983, pre-, in-, and postflight. These experiments covered various aspects of the functions of the vestibular system, the inflight tests comprising threshold measurements for linear movements in three orthogonal axes, optokinetic stimulation, vestibulo-ocular reflexes under linear and angular accelerations, caloric stimulation with and without linear accelerations; pre- and postflight tests repeated the inflight protocol with the addition of subjective vertical and eye counter-rotation measurements using a tilt table. One of the most surprising and significant results was the caloric test: strong caloric nystagmus on the two subjects tested was recorded inflight; this was contrary to what was expected from Barany's convection hypothesis for caloric nystagmus.     

Gravitational neurobiology of fish.

In vertebrates (including man), altered gravitational environments such as weightlessness can induce malfunctions of the inner ears, based on irregular movements of the semicircular cristae or on dislocations of the inner ear otoliths from the corresponding sensory epithelia. This will lead to illusionary tilts, since the vestibular inputs are not confirmed by the other sensory organs, which results in an intersensory conflict. Vertebrates in orbit therefore face severe orientation problems. In humans, the intersensory conflict may additionally lead to a malaise, commonly referred to as space motion sickness (SMS), a kinetosis. During the first days at weightlessness, the orientation problems (and SMS) disappear, since the brain develops a new compensatory interpretation of the available sensory data. The present review reports on the neurobiological responses--particularly of fish--observed at altered gravitational states, concerning behaviour and neuroplastic reactivities. Recent investigations employing microgravity (spaceflight, parabolic aircraft flights, clinostat) and hyper-gravity (laboratory centrifuges as ground based research tools) yielded clues and insights into the understanding of the respective basic phenomena.