热冲击作用下钨钒合金的表面开裂及熔化行为

本文研究了机械合金化+热压（HP）烧结制备的钨钒（W-V）合金在热冲击作用下的表面损伤行为。以合金中钒的质量分数作为变量,探究钒质量分数的变化（1%~10%）对钨钒合金抗热冲击性能的影响。利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、能谱仪、纳米压痕仪等多种测试方式,分析表征了HP烧结钨钒合金的组织结构特征及其经过热冲击测试后的表面开裂及熔化行为特征。结果表明:在1 800℃、20 MPa的压力条件下保温2 h可以制备出致密度高、合金化程度高的钨钒合金,且随着钒质量分数的增加,合金样品的致密度有所提高;合金样品中钨基体硬度大于富钒相,在高能电子束模拟的国际热核聚变实验堆（ITER）边界局域模（ELMs）热冲击作用下,钨基体对裂纹扩展的阻碍作用明显强于富钒相;随着钒质量分数的升高,合金的开裂阈值和熔化阈值均降低,本文对相关机理进行了讨论。      

重力对单气泡生长特性的影响

采用VOF (Volume of Fluid)多相流模型, 通过用户自定义函数UDF (User Defined Function)实现相变过程中质量和能量的输运, 对微重力条件下尺寸为10mm × 10mm × 25mm的矩形通道的池沸腾现象进行数值模拟, 得到了微重力及常重力作用下单个气泡生长特性的差异. 模拟结果表明, 微重力条件下气泡周围的流线与温度场的分布有显著差异; 由于表面张力作用, 微重力下的气泡脱离特性与常重力下不同; 在微重力条件下, 气泡直径的变化比较复杂, 并与重力加速度的大小有关; Marangoni流对微重力下的流动影响很大, 使换热系数波动, 而且波动的幅度随重力加速度的减小而增大.      

Swimming behavior of larval Medaka fish under microgravity.

Fish exhibit looping and rolling behaviors when subjected to short periods of microgravity during parabolic flight. Strain-differences in the behavioral response of adult Medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) were reported previously, however, there have been few studies of larval fish behavior under microgravity. In the present study, we investigated whether microgravity affects the swimming behavior of larvae at various ages (0 to 20 days after hatching), using different strains: HNI-II, HO5, ha strain, and variety of different strains (variety). The preliminary experiments were done in the ground laboratory: the development of eyesight was examined using optokinetic response for the different strains. The visual acuity of larvae improved drastically during 20 days after hatching. Strain differences of response were noted for the development of their visual acuity. In microgravity, the results were significantly different from those of adult Medaka. The larval fish appeared to maintain their orientation, except that a few of them exhibited looping and rolling behavior. Further, most larvae swam normally with their backs turning toward the light source (dorsal light response, DLR), and the rest of them stayed with their abdomen touching the surface of the container (ventral substrate response, VSR). For larval stages, strain-differences and age-differences in behavior were observed, but less pronounced than with adult fish under microgravity. Our observations suggest that adaptability of larval fish to the gravitational change and the mechanism of their postural control in microgravity are more variable than in adult fish.     

Water movement on the convex surfaces of porous media under microgravity

A plant growth system for crop production under microgravity is part of a life supporting system designed for long-duration space missions. A plant growth in soil in space requires the understanding of water movement in soil void spaces under microgravity. Under 1G-force condition, on earth, water movement in porous media is driven by gradients of matric and gravitational potentials. Under microgravity condition, water movement in porous media is supposed to be driven only by a matric potential gradient, but it is still not well understood. We hypothesized that under microgravity water in void spaces of porous media hardly moved comparing in void spaces without obstacles because the concave surfaces of the porous media hindered water movement. The objective of this study was to investigate water movement on the convex surfaces of porous media under microgravity. We conducted parabolic flight experiments that provided 20–25?s of microgravity at the top of a parabolic flight. We observed water movement in void spaces in soil-like porous media made by glass beads and glass spheres (round-bottomed glass flasks) in the different conditions of water injection under microgravity. Without water injection, water did not move much in neither glass beads nor glass spheres. When water was injected during microgravity, water accumulated in contacts between the particles, and the water made thick fluid films on the particles surface. When the water injection was stopped under microgravity, water was held in the contacts between the particles. This study showed that water did not move upward in the void spaces with or without the water injection. In addition, our results suggested that the difficulty of water movement on the convex (i.e. particle surfaces) might result in slower water move in porous media under microgravity than at 1G-force.     

Radiation biology in space: a critical review.

A short summary of the results of radiobiological studies in space or on respective particles on ground will be given. Among the various types of radiation in space, the effect of heavy ions with high energy (HZE-particles) are most essential. Thus, radiobiology in space concerns mostly to the effect of these particles, in cells and in whole organism. Cell death, mutation and malignant transformation are the relevant endpoints, with can be studied on ground with heavy ions of different energy with suitable accelerators or in space, especially by the BIOSTACK concept. In space, however, the effect of microgravity has to be considered as well and there are hints, that under weightlessness the biological effect of radiation may be enhanced. There are still open questions to be answered concerning radioprotection of man in space. Further experiments are necessary.     

微重力量值对气液两相流相分布及液相湍流统计量影响的数值研究

气液两相流在空间领域具有广阔的应用前景, 深入理解微重力量值(微重力大小)对相分布和液相湍流的影响十分必要. 采用欧拉elax-elax拉格朗日双向耦合模型深入研究了不同微重力量值对相分布和液相湍流的影响. 液相速度场通过直接数值模拟求解, 气泡的运动轨迹由牛顿运动方程跟踪. 研究表明, 气泡分布和液相湍流与微重力量值均具有直接联系. 在低微重力量值下, 气泡近似均匀分布在槽道内, 且对液相湍流统计量几乎没有影响; 然而当微重力量值较高时, 大量气泡聚集在壁面附近, 液相湍流由于气泡的注入受到极大调制.      

微重力下相变储能单元融化过程数值模拟

为探究微重力环境中,通过肋片强化了传热的相变储能单元中相变材料融化过程,通过数值模拟方法探究了微重力作用时相变材料融化过程中传热特性。通过地面实验与重力作用下数值模拟结果对比验证数值模拟方法的准确性,对比重力和微重力作用2种情况下数值模拟结果以揭示微重力环境中相变材料融化过程的特性。结果表明,当相变储能单元受微重力作用时,相变材料融化速率明显下降,热量主要通过热传导传递,融化的相变材料从顶端膨胀溢出向空间扩散,局部低温区域在相变储能单元中上部。      

Embryogenesis and organogenesis of Carausius morosus under spaceflight conditions

The influence of cosmic radiation and/or microgravity on insect development was studied during the 7 day German Spacelab Mission D1. Eggs of Carausius morosus of five stages differing in sensitivity to radiation and in capacity to regeneration were allowed to continue their development in the BIORACK 22°C incubator, either at microgravity conditions or on the 1 g reference centrifuge. Using the Biostack concept - eggs in monolayers were sandwiched between visual track detectors - and the 1 g reference centrifuge, we were able to separate radiation effects from microgravity effects and also from combined effects of these two factors in space. After retrieval, hatching rates, growth kinetics and anomaly frequencies were determined in the different test samples. The early stages of development turned out to be highly sensitive to single hits of cosmic ray particles as well as to the temporary exposure to microgravity during their development. In some cases, the combined action of radiation and microgravity even amplified the effects exerted by the single parameters of space. Hits by single HZE particles caused early effects, such as body anomalies, as well as late effects, such as retarded growth after hatching. Microgravity exposure lead to a reduced hatching rate. A synergistic action of HZE particle hits and microgravity was established in the unexpectedly high frequency of anomal larvae. However, it cannot be excluded, that cosmic background radiation or low LET HZE particles are also causally involved in damage observed in the microgravity samples.     

Function of the cytoskeleton in gravisensing during spaceflight.

Since astronauts and cosmonauts have significant bone loss in microgravity we hypothesized that there would be physiological changes in cellular bone growth and cytoskeleton in the absence of gravity. Investigators from around the world have studied a multitude of bone cells in microgravity including Ros 17/2.8, Mc3T3-E1, MG-63, hFOB and primary chicken calvaria. Changes in cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix (ECM) have been noted in many of these studies. Investigators have noted changes in shape of cells exposed to as little as 20 seconds of microgravity in parabolic flight. Our laboratory reported that quiescent osteoblasts activated by sera under microgravity conditions had a significant 60% reduction in growth (p<0.001) but a paradoxical 2-fold increase in release of the osteoblast autocrine factor PGE2 when compared to ground controls. In addition, a collapse of the osteoblast actin cytoskeleton and loss of focal adhesions has been noted after 4 days in microgravity. Later studies in Biorack on STS-76, 81 and 84 confirmed the increased release of PGE2 and collapse of the actin cytoskeleton in cells grown in microgravity conditions, however flown cells under 1 g conditions maintained normal actin cytoskeleton and fibronectin matrix. The changes seen in the cytoskeleton are probably not due to alterations in fibronectin message or protein synthesis since no differences have been noted in microgravity. Multiple investigators have observed actin and microtubule cytoskeletal modifications in microgravity, suggesting a common root cause for the change in cell architecture. The inability of the O g grown osteoblast to respond to sera activation suggests that there is a major alteration in anabolic signal transduction under microgravity conditions, most probably through the growth factor receptors and/or the associated kinase pathways that are connected to the cytoskeleton. Cell cycle is dependent on the cytoskeleton. Alterations in cytoskeletal structure can block cell growth either in G1 (F-actin microfilament collapse), or in G2/M (inhibition of microtubule polymerization during G2/M-phase). We therefore hypothesize that microgravity would inhibit growth in either G1, or G2/M.     

Cell fusion in space: plasma membrane fusion in human fibroblasts during short term microgravity.

During short-term microgravity in sounding rocket experiments (6 min.) the cytoskeleton undergoes changes and therefore it is possible that cell processes which are dependent on the structure and function of the cytoskeleton are influenced. A cell fusion experiment, initiated by a short electric pulse, was chosen as a model experiment for this sounding rocket experiment. Confluent monolayers of primary human skin fibroblasts, grown on coverslips, were mounted between two electrodes (distance 0.5 cm) and fused by discharging a capacitor (68 micro F; 250 V; 10 msec) in a low conductive medium. During a microgravity experiment in which nearly all the requirements for an optimal result were met (only the recovery of the payload was delayed) results were found that indicated that microgravity during 6 minutes did not influence cell fusion since the percentage of fused products did not change during microgravity. Within the limits of discrimination using morphological assays microgravity has no influence on the actin/cortical cytoskeleton just after electrofusion.     

液态金属镓微重力下的融化传热特性

相变蓄热适用于周期性热流作用下航天器内部工作单元的温度控制,但是需解决微重力环境下相变材料融化速率低的问题.鉴于液态金属高导热系数和高单位体积潜热的特点,在微重力下将液态金属作为相变材料有望提高融化速率.通过对微重力下液态金属镓融化过程的相界面演化、流线和温度分布特征进行数值研究,分析了腔体尺寸和过热度对融化过程的影响.结果表明:微重力下镓的融化过程中,热传导起主导作用;镓的融化时间比冰和正十八烷分别减少了88.3%和96.4%,储热量分别为冰和正十八烷的1.2倍和2.2倍;融化时间随过热度增加而减小,随腔体半径增大而增大.此外推导出了液相分数随无量纲时间变化的关系.      

微重力板式贮箱推进剂重定位的数值仿真

板式表面张力贮箱内推进剂重定位对确定推进剂分布情况、研究晃动影响、提高控制精度等具有重要意义．为研究板式贮箱内推进剂重定位的规律,对微重力下板式贮箱内液体重定位问题进行数值仿真．计算时使用三维非定常两相流动流体（VOF）模型,对某一板式贮箱寿命末期在不同微重力加速度情况下各种重定位过程进行数值仿真,得到各种工况下重定位的全过程,以及定位后推进剂的分布情况．数值仿真结果为板式贮箱的设计提供有利依据．     

空间微重力条件下偏晶合金的研究

利用我国首次卫星搭载,进行了偏晶合金Zn—Pb、Al—Pb 的空间微重力下的重熔试验,研究了低于临界温度下Al—Pb 合金重熔过程中的物理规律;在临界温度之上重熔了Zn—Pb 合金,发现了Marangoni 对流对合金凝固过程的影响;在液态烧结条件下制备了均匀的粉末Zn—Pb 合金。在微重力下的研究表明:空间微重力条件对消除由于重力引起的宏观偏折和自然对流十分重要,但在重力消失后,非重力的其它因素的影响又显得格外重要。     

微重力下胶原蛋白纤维化及羟基磷灰石结晶的初步研究

在长期空间飞行过程中, 骨质丢失是一个严重问题. 羟基磷灰石(HAP)晶体是骨骼的主要成分, 骨骼中的胶原蛋白纤维在HAP生长结晶过程中起到关键作用. 研究了胶原蛋白纤维化过程在模拟微重力和常重力条件下的变化, 对以胶原 蛋白纤维作为模板生长出的HAP晶体形貌进行了观察. 结果表明, 不同浓度胶原蛋白溶液中形成的胶原蛋白纤维, 其内部孔隙数量和尺寸在模拟微重力条件下要明显大于常重力条件下, 胶原蛋白纤维内部孔隙的分布也不同于常重力条 件下的结果. 以模拟微重力条件下形成的胶原蛋白纤维为模板生长出的HAP 晶体主要为立方体状, 而以常重力条件下形成的胶原蛋白纤维为模板生长出的 HAP晶体形貌主要为板状. 该结果有助于未来进一步阐明空间骨质丢失的机理.      

Effects of microgravity on c-fos gene expression in osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells.

The paper summarizes the data on proliferation and gravity-related gene expression of osteoblasts that were obtained from an experiment conducted under simulated and real microgravity conditions. Simulated microgravity conditions obtained in a clinostat depress proliferation of both osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 and HeLa carcinoma cells. This depression of proliferation occurs in a collagen gel culture in which the flow of culture medium by rotation may be reduced. Interestingly, MC3T3-E1 cells which are probably one of target cells to microgravity are more sensitive than the HeLa cells. Simulated microgravity inhibited the epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced c-fos gene expression in the MC3T3-El cells. To examine in detail the effect of real microgravity on the EGF signal transduction cascade in osteoblasts, MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured in the Cell Culture Experiment Module of the sounding rocket TR-1A6. The EGF-induced c-fos expression in cells was depressed under short-term microgravity conditions in the sounding rocket, while the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) was not affected compared with the controls grown on the ground. These results suggest that an action site of microgravity in the signal transduction pathway may be downstream of MAPK.     

Space Materials Science in China: I. Experiment Studies under Microgravity

The virtual absence of gravity-dependent phenomena in microgravity allows an in-depth understanding of fundamental events that are normally obscured and therefore are difficult to study quantitatively on Earth. Of particular interest is that the low-gravity environment aboard space provides a unique platform to synthesize alloys of semiconductors with homogeneous composition distributions, on both the macroscopic and microscopic scales, due to the much reduced buoyancy-driven convection. On the other hand, the easy realization of detached solidification in microgravity suppresses the formation of defects such as dislocations and twins, and thereby the crystallographic perfection is greatly increased. Moreover, the microgravity condition offers the possibilities to elucidate the liquid/solid interfacial structures, as well as clarify the microstructure evolution path of the metal alloys (or composites) during the solidification process. Motivated by these facts, growths of compound semiconductors and metal alloys were carried out under microgravity by using the drop tube, or on the scientific platforms of Tiangong-2 and SJ-10. The following illustrates the main results.      

相变装置二维方腔内空穴分布规律研究

为了解微重力条件下空穴对相变传热过程的影响,在焓法的基础上增加了基于温度排序算法的空穴模型,在求解过程分析了温度场和空穴之间的相互作用;建立了相变装置的二维模型;研究了空穴在周期外热流条件下的移动规律。结果表明,从初始时刻到第8个轨道周期,低温区空穴逐渐消失并在高温区出现,空穴沿等温线方向扩散并最终积聚在高温边界附近,空穴的移动使传热路径上的热阻增大,导致相变装置冷热边界的传热温差增加了3℃。     

乳液冷冻干燥法制备壳聚糖/聚乳酸复合材料

亲水性细胞外基质聚糖和疏水性脂肪族聚酯材料之间的复合是生物材料研究面临的巨大挑战。本研究以亲水性壳聚糖(CS)的醋酸溶液为水相,疏水性聚乳酸(PLA)的CHCl3溶液为油相,Tween80为表面活性剂,采用乳液冷冻干燥法制备了CS/PLA复合材料。FTIR分析发现,复合材料中CS和PLA组分间存在强烈的氢键相互作用。SEM观察表明,控制PLA的体积分数不高于50%,则复合材料的孔隙结构相互贯通,CS和PLA分布均匀。CS/PLA复合材料的孔隙率介于85%~90%,并且随PLA用量的增加,孔隙率略有下降。当PLA用量体积分数由25%增加到75%时,复合材料的力学性能介于CS和PLA的力学性能之间,其压缩强度由0.20 MPa增加到0.33 MPa,压缩模量由2.84 MPa增加到4.83 MPa。这种CS/PLA两亲复合体系为新型生物材料的设计和构建提供了新方法。     

侧向微重力环境下板式表面张力贮箱内推进剂晃动行为分析

侧向微重力是航天器在轨飞行时在东西位置保持和南北位置保持状态时所处的加速度环境.由于航天器贮箱内推进剂在侧向加速度环境下的重定位过程易产生晃动,因此侧向加速度环境对贮箱内推进剂管理装置(PMD)的管理能力的要求更高.为确保板式贮箱对推进剂的在轨管理能力,需要开展一系列的数值仿真与试验对PMD的管理能力进行验证.本文以板...     

Polarization imaging of dust cloud particles: Improvements and applications of the PROGRA2 instrument

The imaging system of the -PROGRA2 instrument allows to obtain maps of polarization and brightness of levitating dust clouds with a theoretical resolution of 10 μm per pixel. The measurements are conducted in microgravity during parabolic flights and on the ground by air-draught. It is then possible to measure the contribution of individual particles (grains, aggregates and agglomerates.) The size distribution can be retrieved, as well as the variation of polarization for a given phase angle with size for particles larger than 10 microns. Two different kinds of particles are considered: compact grains and (aggregates and agglomerates of) fluffy particles. Opposite results are obtained for these two kinds of particles, concerning the dependence of polarization with size and color in the visible domain for gray materials. These results, coupled with such remote sensing observations in the solar system, can then help to better understand the physical properties of solid particles and their variation in cometary comae, as well as in the Earth's atmosphere.