Potential starter/generator technology for future aerospaceapplication

This paper presents a search and comparative review of the literature available on variable speed constant frequency (VSCF) technologies. In particular, most of the progress made in the past ten years, using power electronics and electric machines for VSCF systems is reported. Two VSCF systems, based on induction and switched reluctance machine technologies, are presented. The research on the singly- and doubly-fed induction machines has focused on VSCF for wind power generation; whereas, that on switched reluctance machines has been directly studied as a VSCF technology in aircraft system. Results obtained so far favor the switched reluctance machine over the induction machine. Based on the foregoing comparative review, it is recommended that the induction machine be fully investigated as a VSCF drive in aircraft system. The findings should then be compared with the counterpart SRM system. Issues of comparison may include fault tolerance and redundancy, power density, torque requirements, overload ratings, temperature range and cooling, efficiency and stability over expected operating speed range     

Potential starter/generator technologies for future aerospaceapplications

This paper presents a search and comparative review of the literature available on variable speed constant frequency (VSCF) technologies. In particular, most of the progress made in the past ten years, using power electronics and electric machines for VSCF systems, is reported. Two VSCF systems, based on induction and switched reluctance machine technologies are presented. The research on the singly- and doubly-fed induction machines has focused on VSCF for wind power generation, whereas that on switched reluctance machines has been directly studied as a VSCF technology in aircraft systems. Results obtained so far favor the switched reluctance machine over the induction machine. Based on the foregoing comparative review, it is recommended that the induction machine be fully investigated as a VSCF drive for aircraft systems. The findings should then be compared with the counterpart SRM system. Issues of comparison may include fault tolerance and redundancy, power density, torque requirements, overload ratings, temperature range and cooling, efficiency and stability over expected operating speed range     

适用于无轴承开关磁阻电机的功率变换器设计

 无轴承开关磁阻电机不仅具有开关磁阻电机的优点,而且拓宽了无轴承技术的应用范围。而功率变换器是无轴承开关磁阻电机的重要组成部分,其向电机绕组提供电流,以产生所需转矩和悬浮力,对电机旋转和悬浮性能有重要影响。根据无轴承开关磁阻电机电磁转矩和悬浮力控制原理,详细分析了其对功率变换器的要求,提出了主绕组功率变换器和悬浮绕组功率变换器的设计原则,并分析了其各种工作模式和数学模型。最后通过对实验样机的调试,给出了实验结果,实现了无轴承开关磁阻电机的稳定悬浮。     

基于新型定子极面结构的开关磁阻电机转矩脉动抑制研究

为抑制开关磁阻电机(SRM)转矩脉动,提出了一种新型定子极面结构,将传统均匀气隙结构改成两段式的非均匀气隙结构。以一台11 kW、1 000 r/min、12/8极SRM为例,通过建立二维场路耦合时步有限元模型,对此类结构进行了验证与优化。结果表明:此类结构能够在保证电机效率基本不变的情况下,有效抑制转矩脉动,为进一步提升SRM的设计与运行水平,提供了有益的参考。     

开关磁阻调速电动机的运行控制

 开关磁阻调速电动机（SRD）是由双凸极型磁阻电动机、功率逆变器、转子位置检测器、定子绕组电流检测器以及运行控制器等部件组成的系统。它可以看作是大步距角、带位置闭环控制的步进电机的一种发展。 SRD结构如图1（α）所示。为避免磁拉力,定、转子齿数均为偶数。在各定子齿上设有集中绕组,正对两齿上的绕组联成一相。考虑电机出力,结构合理及定子绕组供电频率等因素,一般采用定子齿数比转子齿数多2个的结构。图中是所研制的定子8齿、转子6齿的样机结构（简称为8/6结构）。图1（b）为功率逆变电路。其中C_s为直流电源,T₁～T₄为四相绕组主开关,D₁～D₄为相应的续流二极管。     

Design and implementation of a sensorless switched reluctance drivesystem

This paper presents a new sensorless switched reluctance drive system. The drive system can perform well when the system is operated in the pulse-width modulated (PWM) region. By suitably shaping an induced voltage in an inactive phase which is adjacent to an energized phase of a switched reluctance motor (SRM), the shaft position of the rotor can be easily obtained. As a result, the position sensor can be eliminated. First, the theoretical analysis of the proposed method is presented. By systematic theoretical analysis, a voltage signal which can easily estimate the shaft position of the motor is derived. This signal is only related to the input dc voltage of the converter, and the self and mutual inductances of the motor. Then, a new method to measure the self and mutual inductances of the SRM is proposed. After that, the design for a simple circuit which can synthesize the required voltage signal for rotor position estimation is presented. Next, how a 32-bit microprocessor system is used to execute the position and speed estimation, speed-loop control, and current-commands generation is shown. A closed-loop drive system is thus achieved. Several simulated and experimental results validate the theoretical analysis. A new direction in the design and implementation of a sensorless switched reluctance drive system is presented     

飞机用开关磁阻起动/发电系统负载影响研究

组合起动/发电(IS/G)系统是多/全电飞机(M/A EA)的关键子系统,而开关磁阻电机(SRM)被认为是实现飞机IS/G系统的首选机型。研究了负载对开关磁阻起动/发电(SR S/G)系统电能质量及稳定性的影响。针对多电飞机电气系统的特点,所涉及的负载被划分为三类:传统负载、特殊负载和恒功率负载,给出了突加、突卸负载时SRM的输出电压和相电流曲线。同时,对恒功率负载下系统的稳定性进行了理论分析和仿真验证。     

Nonlinear controller design for switched reluctance drive systems

A nonlinear speed-loop controller for a switched reluctance motor (SRM) drive system is proposed. The details of the controller design and analysis are discussed. In addition, to extend the controllable speed range, the commutating angle of the drive system is suitably adjusted as the motor speed goes beyond base-speed. By using a 32-bit microprocessor, a fully digital drive system including a digital speed-loop controller and a digital current-loop controller is implemented here. The hardware circuit of the drive system is very simple. The system has satisfactory performance in both the pulsewidth modulated (PWM) region and the single pulse region. The adjustable speed range of the system is from 10 r/min to 3000 r/min. In addition, the proposed drive system performs well in tracking ability, load disturbance rejection capability, and robustness. Several experimental results are presented to validate the theoretic analysis.     

无轴承开关磁阻电机控制系统的设计与实现

介绍了无轴承开关磁阻电机的绕组结构和悬浮力原理,简要推导了数学模型。结合数学模型的复杂性详细分析了控制策略,根据控制策略设计了基于TMS320LF2407A的高速DSP芯片为核心控制器件的数模混合控制电路。样机实验结果不仅验证了理论分析的正确性,也表明了所设计控制电路的有效性和可靠性。     

控制策略对无轴承开关磁阻电机定子振动的影响

 介绍了无轴承开关磁阻电机(BSRM)的基本原理和3种负载控制策略,分析了3种负载控制策略确定控制参数的方法。由于脉动的径向电磁力是开关磁阻电机定子振动和噪声的根源,将麦克斯韦张量法和磁路法结合起来计算了不同控制策略下无轴承开关磁阻电机定子极受到的径向电磁力。3种控制策略求解过程所引入的约束条件不同,即使在相同的负载条件下,计算出的主绕组和悬浮绕组电流及超前角也各不相同,电机定子极径向电磁力特性也各异。通过时域分析和频域分析的方法研究了定子极径向电磁力特性,得到了3种控制策略对定子振动的影响。最后通过实验验证了理论分析所得结论的正确性。     

Detailed Design of a High Speed Switched Reluctance Starter/Generator for More/All Electric Aircraft

The basic concepts and advantages of more/all electric aircraft (M/AEA) are briefly addressed. The combined starter/generator (CS/G) system is introduced as a key technology to enable M/AEA. Some important performance requirements for CS/G system are obtained. Based on these requirements, a high speed switched reluctance machine (SRM) is designed to operate as a starter/generator. The entire design process is mainly divided into two stages: electromagnetic design and thermal design. In electromagnetic design stage, the electromagnetic structure and dimensions of the machine and the number of phase winding turns per pole are obtained; the topology and main technical details of the converter are briefly introduced as well. In thermal design stage, a liquid-cooling system is designed based on the thermal analysis of the machine. In the end, the performances of the designed SRM are basically verified by simulation. To get high performances, the exciting angles are optimized in two different operating modes respectively, and the optimized performances in the motoring mode are given as well.     

低压电动车开关磁阻电机隔离驱动技术

在传统的低压电动车开关磁阻电机(SRM)驱动系统的设计中,优先考虑的问题是系统的体积和成本。通常在MOSFET驱动电路、相电流和母线电压采样电路设计中直接忽略了数字地和功率地的隔离问题,使得整个驱动系统的可靠性大打折扣。在保持传统的非隔离驱动系统中驱动电路和电阻采样电路的基础上,提出采用高速光耦实现PWM控制信号与MOSFET驱动信号的隔离,采用线性光耦实现相电流和母线电压采样信号与控制器AD采样信号之间的隔离。该方式可以在尽量不增加系统体积和成本的情况下,实现数字地和功率地隔离,从而进一步提升低压电动车SRM驱动系统的可靠性,具有广阔的应用前景。     

基于遗传算法和转矩分配函数的开关磁阻电机转矩脉动抑制

开关磁阻电机(SRM)特殊的双凸极结构导致其运行时会产生很强的转矩脉动。传统的转矩分配函数(TSF)控制方法虽然可以在一定程度上起到抑制转矩脉动的作用,但是受到开关频率、功率电源电压值等物理条件的限制,仍会存在较大的转矩脉动。为此,提出了一种基于遗传算法的SRM TSF控制方案。利用遗传算法良好的寻优能力,在指数型TSF控制的基础上,将转矩脉动作为优化目标来寻取最优的开关角。将1台四相8/6极的SRM作为研究对象,搭建了以TMS320F28335为控制核心的试验平台。试验结果验证了基于遗传算法的TSF控制方法可以有效减小SRM的转矩脉动。     

基于特殊位置检测的开关磁阻电机无位置传感器控制策略

针对开关磁阻电机调速系统(SRD),提出了一种基于特殊位置检测的开关磁阻电机(SRM)转子位置估算方法。通过在线计算每相绕组实时磁链数据,检测出各相转子到达特殊位置的时刻。提出了基于特殊位置检测的电机转子位置重构策略,对电机瞬时转子位置进行还原。在提出的转子位置估算方法基础上,设计了SRD转速闭环控制系统。样机试验表明,提出的转子位置估算策略具有较高的检测精度与较宽的转速使用范围。基于关键位置检测的转速闭环无位置传感器控制策略具有较快的动态响应和较强的鲁棒性。     

新型混合励磁磁悬浮开关磁阻电机基础研究

为了实现磁悬浮开关磁阻电机(BSRM)转矩和悬浮力的自然解耦,提出了一种新型混合励磁磁悬浮开关磁阻电机(HEBSRM)。新型HEBSRM由12/14极BSRM、 环形永磁体和径向磁轴承三部分组成。12/14极BSRM的转矩极和悬浮极之间嵌有隔磁环,使转矩磁通路径完全独立于悬浮磁通路径,从而在结构上实现转矩与悬浮力解耦。此外,详细推导了电机径向悬浮力的数学模型,并且通过有限元分析验证了新型HEBSRM结构的合理性。     

基于PWM控制的开关磁阻电机中低速无位置传感器控制方法

无位置传感器的中低速运行控制是开关磁阻电机研究的难点问题。为实现中低速阶段对转子位置的连续估计,提出一种基于PWM控制的无位置传感器方法。该方法将开通关断角所对应的参考信号与高频三角载波进行交截,并将得到的PWM信号作为不对称半桥功率变换器的开关管驱动信号。通过对PWM信号进行频谱分析可知,该PWM注入方式等效于注入载波频率的高频正弦信号。然后,对电流信号进行滤波及坐标变换处理,解算出连续的转子位置信息。针对电感曲线正弦度不高的问题,通过移相相减的方法消除二次谐波,简化了位置估计过程。该方法无需额外注入高频正弦信号,易于工程实现,并具备高频信号注入法的精度。最后针对一台12/8结构样机,进行了相应的仿真和实验,验证了该方法的可行性。     

Quantitative speed control for SRM drive using fuzzy adapted inverse model

Quantitative and robust speed control for a switched reluctance motor (SRM) drive is considered to be rather difficult and challenging owing to its highly nonlinear dynamic behavior. A speed control scheme having two-degree-of-freedom (2DOF) structure is developed here to improve the speed dynamic response of an SRM drive. In the proposed control scheme, the feedback controller is quantitatively designed to meet the desired regulation control requirements first. Then a reference model and a command feedforward controller based on an inverse plant model are employed to yield the desired tracking response at nominal case. As the variations of system parameters and operating conditions occur, the prescribed control specifications may not be satisfied any more. To improve this, the inverse model is adaptively tuned by a fuzzy control scheme so that the model-following tracking error is significantly reduced. In addition, a simple disturbance cancellation robust controller is added to improve the tracking and regulation control performances further.     

Motor drive technologies for the power-by-wire (PBW) program:options, trends and tradeoffs. I. Motors and controllers

The Power-By-Wire (PEW) program involves the replacement of hydraulic and pneumatic systems currently used in aircraft with an all-electric secondary power system. One of the largest loads of the all-electric secondary power system will be the motor loads which include pumps, compressors and Electrical Actuators (EAs). Issues of improved reliability, reduced maintenance and efficiency, among other advantages, are the motivation for replacing the existing aircraft actuators with electrical actuators. The EA system contains the motor, the power electronic converters, the actuator and the control system, including the sensors. This paper and a companion paper give a comparative literature review in motor drive technologies, with a focus on the trends and tradeoffs involved in the selection of a particular motor drive technology. The reported research comprises the induction motor (IM), the brushless dc motor (BLDCM) and the switched reluctance motor (SRM) drive technologies. Each of the three drives has the potential for application in the PEW program. Many issues remain to be investigated and compared between the three motor drives, using actual mechanical loads expected in the PBW program     

Sensorless synchronous reluctance drive with standstill starting

This paper presents a novel sensorless synchronous reluctance drive system. Based on the dynamic model of the synchronous reluctance motor (SRM), a new rotor position estimator is proposed. This estimator is only related to the rate change of the stator currents. It is not related to the parameters, speed, voltage, and external load of the motor. As a result, the estimator is simple and robust. Based on the proposed estimator, a sensorless synchronous reluctance drive has been implemented. This drive system can start from standstill and accelerate to a rated speed; the traditional open-loop starting method, therefore, is unnecessary. A digital signal processor, TMS-320-C30, is used to implement the estimating and control algorithms. Experimental results show that the proposed system works well. The adjustable speed range can be from 1 r/min to 1800 r/min. Moreover, by adding the position-loop controller the proposed system can perform as a position control drive as well. Several experimental results validate the theoretical analysis.     

基于小波变换的开关磁阻电机系统功率变换器故障诊断

适用于开关磁阻电机(SRM)驱动系统的功率变换器是决定系统可靠性的关键环节,功率变换器的长时间故障运行会导致整个系统的崩溃,因此,功率变换器的故障诊断具有重要的作用。采用离散小波变换方法,提取故障相电流的平均值与标准差的比值作为诊断特征量,对功率变换器斩波管和位置管的4种故障类型进行分析和讨论,实现了故障类型的确定与故障器件的定位。最后通过仿真和试验验证了所提的故障诊断方法具有良好的可行性和有效性。