通信导航融合定位技术发展综述

详细分析了蓝牙、Wi-Fi、超宽带、移动通信网络等多种无线网络通信导航融合定位技术的发展现状，并阐述了其面临的挑战，提出了多网融合方法可以提升室内无缝高精度位置服务的可靠性。利用5G移动通信网络，与北斗/GNSS卫星导航系统结合，可以实现相互增强。最后，从天地一体定位导航与授时体系和仿生通信定位导航两方面介绍了通信导航融合定位技术的未来发展趋势。     

Navigation system of pilotless aircraft via GPS

The pilotless aircraft has wide applications in measuring earth, surveying mineral sources, fireproofing in the forest, observing floods and so on. In this paper, after briefly introducing positioning and navigation technologies for pilotless aircraft-a new kind of navigation system for pilotless aircraft using GPS (Global Positioning System) is presented. An overall plan of the navigation system is discussed, and its technology cruxes are analysed. Its hardware and software are designed and implemented, and experimental results are given. The navigation system not only has autonomous navigation capability, but can also achieve navigation aided by telecontrol system. It can supervise flying by telemetering system and displaying predetermined air line and flight path maps on the computer monitor. It can run in simple GPS receiver mode or in the differential GPS mode by means of available telecontrol channel. These are, no doubt, of great value for the navigation of pilotless aircraft     

通信导航融合定位技术发展综述

详细分析了蓝牙、Wi-Fi、超宽带、移动通信网络等多种无线网络通信导航融合定位技术的发展现状,并阐述了其面临的挑战,提出了多网融合方法可以提升室内无缝高精度位置服务的可靠性。利用5G移动通信网络,与北斗/GNSS卫星导航系统结合,可以实现相互增强。最后,从天地一体定位导航与授时体系和仿生通信定位导航两方面介绍了通信导航融合定位技术的未来发展趋势。     

导航通信融合定义、方式与典型系统

随着人们对定位安全和定位准确性要求的提升,仅仅依赖卫星导航系统已经不能满足用户在各种复杂环境下的个性化定位需求,在此背景下,通信导航一体化技术应运而生。移动通信网络具有覆盖广、用户数量大和安全保密性好等优点,将通信系统作为卫星导航系统的有效补充,可以有效提升导航系统的性能。导航通信融合技术已经成为导航领域未来发展的重要技术热点,但目前缺乏清晰的导通融合架构和导通融合方式。从导通融合的技术层面进行划分,提出了波形融合、信息融合、硬件融合三种导通融合方式,分析了通信系统的辅助信息对导航系统精度和抗干扰能力的影响,以及两种典型的导通融合系统的优缺点,并对其未来的发展进行了展望,补充了导航通信融合技术的基础理论,对导通融合技术的发展具有重大意义。     

导航通信融合定义、方式与典型系统

随着人们对定位安全和定位准确性要求的提升，仅仅依赖卫星导航系统已经不能满足用户在各种复杂环境下的个性化定位需求，在此背景下，通信导航一体化技术应运而生。移动通信网络具有覆盖广、用户数量大和安全保密性好等优点，将通信系统作为卫星导航系统的有效补充，可以有效提升导航系统的性能。导航通信融合技术已经成为导航领域未来发展的重要技术热点，但目前缺乏清晰的导通融合架构和导通融合方式。从导通融合的技术层面进行划分，提出了波形融合、信息融合、硬件融合三种导通融合方式，分析了通信系统的辅助信息对导航系统精度和抗干扰能力的影响，以及两种典型的导通融合系统的优缺点，并对其未来的发展进行了展望，补充了导航通信融合技术的基础理论，对导通融合技术的发展具有重大意义。     

陆基超远程无线电导航发展研究

定位导航和授时(PNT)系统是保障现代社会正常运转必不可少的基础设施,为了提供可靠的PNT信息服务,需要研发不依赖于卫星导航的PNT系统。介绍了国内外陆基超远程导航系统的发展情况,提出了发展基于甚低频无线电信号的陆基超远程无线电系统架构、关键技术及发展建议,陆基超远程导航系统可以在卫星导航不可用时提供备份,对于构建冗余可靠的国家PNT体系、保障PNT信息的安全及可靠性具有重要意义。     

Receiver-channel based adaptive blind equalization approach for GPS dynamic multipath mitigation

Aiming at mitigating multipath effect in dynamic global positioning system (GPS) satellite navigation applications, an approach based on channel blind equalization and real-time recursive least square (RLS) algorithm is proposed, which is an application of the wireless communication channel equalization theory to GPS receiver tracking loops. The blind equalization mechanism builds upon the detection of the correlation distortion due to multipath channels; therefore an increase in the number of correlator channels is required compared with conventional GPS receivers. An adaptive estimator based on the real-time RLS algorithm is designed for dynamic estimation of multipath channel response. Then, the code and carrier phase receiver tracking errors are compensated by removing the estimated multipath components from the correlators’ outputs. To demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed approach, this technique is integrated into a GPS software receiver connected to a navigation satellite signal simulator, thus simulations under controlled dynamic multipath scenarios can be carried out. Simulation results show that in a dynamic and fairly severe multipath environment, the proposed approach achieves simultaneously instantaneous accurate multipath channel estimation and significant multipath tracking errors reduction in both code delay and carrier phase.     

一种适用于跑步状态的惯性/零速/GPS室内外无缝组合导航定位方法

目前,行人导航定位技术已经深入社会的众多领域,受到诸多学者的广泛关注。针对行人跑步状态,研究了一种惯性/零速/GPS室内外无缝组合导航定位方法。首先提出了可靠的、适用于行人跑步零速检测的方法,有效提高了在行人跑步状态下的零速检测的准确性。针对GPS信号容易受到高楼、高架等环境的干扰及在室内容易完全丢失的特点,提出了基于BP神经网络的GPS可用信号筛选方法,提高了GPS信息的可靠性与精准性。在此基础上,研究了基于可变量测的Kalman滤波器,实现了惯性/零速/GPS信息的有效融合,显著提高了在行人跑步状态下的导航定位精度。试验结果表明,所提出的这种适用于跑步状态的惯性/零速/GPS室内外无缝组合导航定位方法的平均定位误差可减小到行人跑步总里程的1%以内。     

Online INS/GPS integration with a radial basis function neural network

Most of the present navigation systems rely on Kalman filtering to fuse data from global positioning system (GPS) and the inertial navigation system (INS). In general, INS/GPS integration provides reliable navigation solutions by overcoming each of their shortcomings, including signal blockage for GPS and growth of position errors with time for INS. Present Kalman filtering INS/GPS integration techniques have some inadequacies related to the stochastic error models of inertial sensors, immunity to noise, and observability. This paper aims to introduce a multi-sensor system integration approach for fusing data from INS and GPS utilizing artificial neural networks (ANN). A multi-layer perceptron ANN has been recently suggested to fuse data from INS and differential GPS (DGPS). Although being able to improve the positioning accuracy, the complexity associated with both the architecture of multi-layer perceptron networks and its online training algorithms limit the real-time capabilities of this technique. This article, therefore, suggests the use of an alternative ANN architecture. This architecture is based on radial basis function (RBF) neural networks, which generally have simpler architecture and faster training procedures than multi-layer perceptron networks. The INS and GPS data are first processed using wavelet multi-resolution analysis (WRMA) before being applied to the RBF network. The WMRA is used to compare the INS and GPS position outputs at different resolution levels. The RBF-ANN module is then trained to predict the INS position errors and provide accurate positioning of the moving platform. Field-test results have demonstrated that substantial improvement in INS/GPS positioning accuracy could be obtained by applying the combined WRMA and RBF-ANN modules.     

GPS定位技术在个人数字助理上实现技术的研究

GPS全球定位系统是全球性的卫星导航定位系统,可以提供实时的经纬度位置和时间等信息。本文叙述了利用GPS定位信息在个人数字助理上实现显示持有此个人数字助理人位置的技术。首先介绍了实现定位功能的个人数字助理的硬件配置和利用GPS接收板接收定位信息的方法;然后详细介绍了实现嵌入式地理信息系统用到的地理数据的组织,显示模块的设计和电子地图的分块处理;最后介绍了采用直线优化Dijkstra算法实现最短路径搜索。     

Constructive neural-networks-based MEMS/GPS integration scheme

This article exploits the idea of developing an alternative data fusion scheme that integrates the outputs of low-cost micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) inertial measurements units (IMUs) and receivers of the global positioning system (GPS). The proposed scheme is implemented using a constructive neural network (cascade-correlation network (CCNs)) to overcome the limitations of conventional techniques that are predominantly based on the Kalman filter (KF). The CNN applied in this research has the advantage of having a flexible topology if compared with the recently utilized multi-layer feed-forward neural networks (MFNNs) for inertial navigation system (INS)/GPS integration. The preliminary results presented in this article illustrate the effectiveness of proposed CCNs over both MFNN-based and Kalman filtering techniques for INS/GPS integration.     

Automobile Navigation: Where is it Going?

Automobile navigation systems based on dead reckoning, map matching, satellite positioning and other navigation technologies are under active development. ``Map intelligent' systems achieve high relative accuracy by matching dead-reckoned paths with road geometry encoded in a digital map data base that may also serve other functions such as vehicle routing and geocoding. Satellite-based navigation systems achieve high absolute accuracy but require dead reckoning augmentation because of signal aberrations in the automotive environment. Future systems will probably include multiple navigation technologies. Issues influencing the design of future systems include safety concerns regarding the driver interface, and the future availability of comprehensive map data bases, real-time traffic data, and mobile data communication links necessary for on-board generation of optimum routes.     

GPS/BDS组合定位精度分析

随着定位技术的不断发展及多系统导航定位技术的逐步推广,多系统组合导航定位已经成为了GNSS导航定位领域中的主要发展趋势。主要阐述了GPS/BDS组合相对定位的观测方程和数学模型,并根据实测数据对比分析,从卫星可见性、精度因子、定位精度和均方根误差等方面对GPS、BDS及GPS/BDS组合定位系统的定位性能、定位精度进行了比较。研究结果表明,较单一的GPS和BDS系统定位,采用GPS/BDS组合定位可有效提高卫星可见数目和DOP值,且稳定性更好。GPS/BDS组合定位的定位精度也明显优于单一系统,这对GNSS高精度导航定位具有重要的参考价值。     

GPS／GLONASS共用PDOP研究

对全球卫星定位系统的DOP因子进行了分析。对GPS/GLONASS共用系统的可用性和PDOP因子进行了理论分析和软件仿真,对星座的定位特性进行了评估。分析结果表明,GPS/GLONASS共用系统相对于单一的GPS系统在可用性和PDOP因子方面都有很大的改善,从而可以进一步改善定位精度,这就为GPS/GLONASS组合导航的进一步研究和应用奠定了基础。     

一种基于无线信号辅助的室内无死角定位算法

针对传统惯性导航系统定位误差随时间积累的问题,提出了一种基于无线信号辅助定位的室内无死角定位算法。该算法首先利用加速度计、陀螺仪、磁力计和气压计等传感器数据实现三维定位,然后利用无线信号对惯导定位中的位置偏差进行实时校正,再通过航向最优估计算法对航向误差进行修正,在位置和航向上增强惯导系统的实用性。利用实验室自主研发的微惯性测量单元固定在腰部脊椎位置进行实验验证,结果显示基于无线信号辅助的室内无死角定位算法精度达到1%以内,与纯惯导技术相比,能够提供更持久和准确的三维位置信息。     

Multi-sensor optimal data fusion for INS/GPS/SAR integrated navigation system

INS/GPS/SAR integrated navigation system represents the trend of next generation navigation systems with the high performance of independence, high precision and reliability. This paper presents a new multi-sensor data fusion methodology for INS/GPS/SAR integrated navigation systems. This methodology combines local decentralized fusion with global optimal fusion to enhance the accuracy and reliability of integrated navigation systems. A decentralized estimation fusion method is established for individual integrations of GPS and SAR into INS to obtain the local optimal state estimations in a parallel manner. A global optimal estimation fusion theory is studied to fuse the local optimal estimations for generating the global optimal state estimation of INS/GPS/SAR integrated navigation systems. The global data fusion features a method of variance upper finiteness and a method of variance upper bound to ensure that the global optimal state estimation can be achieved under a general condition. Experimental results demonstrate that INS/GPS/SAR integrated navigation systems achieved by using the proposed methodology have a better performance than INS/GPS integrated systems.     

低成本多传感器组合导航系统在小型无人机自主飞行中的研究与应用

为了满足小型无人机自主控制系统对导航系统性能的要求,研究低成本的基于微机电系统的捷联惯性导航系统(MEMS-SINS)/全球定位系统(GPS)/磁强计组合导航系统。提出一种利用磁强计辅助MEMS-SINS的静基座初始姿态确定方法,采用四元数误差模型对MEMS-SINS/GPS/磁强计组合导航系统进行信息融合的建模,采用基于正交三角(QR)分解的平方根无色卡尔曼滤波(UKF)非线性估计方法对组合导航系统进行数据融合,克服由于计算机舍入误差引起的状态协方差阵的计算值失去非负定性甚至对称性,通过小型无人机的自主飞行试验,证实MEMS-SINS/GPS/磁强计组合导航算法满足小型无人机自主控制系统的要求。     

面向空间导航系统设计的GPS量测仿真增强研究(英文)

在星载导航系统的初步方案规划和算法设计阶段,出于对潜在的折中考虑,高保真的GPS软件仿真器是一种必要且可行的实验室测试手段。本文研究开发了面向空间导航系统设计的GPS量测软件仿真器,它主要针对L1C/A码和载波信号,也就是说该仿真器使用MATLAB编程语言产生C/A码伪距量测和载波量测。论文推导了基于地心惯性坐标系(ECI)的数学模型,用来仿真GPS星座并产生GPS量测数据;在星历数据选择、空间电离层模型和伪距率计算等方面,深入研究并应用一系列增效措施以合理化实现该仿真器。建立的增强型GPS量测仿真器推进了我们现有的星载GPS/INS组合导航系统设计工作,将进一步提升在星载导航系统设计领域的研究。     

泛在无线信号定位辅助信息的标准化研究

目前利用泛在无线信号进行定位时所需要的特定辅助信息的数据格式和传输方式还没有出台相关标准,这在某种程度上制约了导航定位产业的发展。针对这一问题,提出了通过对卫星导航定位领域广泛使用的RTCM SC-104和NMEA 0183这两种国际标准格式进行扩展,使其包含泛在无线信号定位相关的辅助信息,并将其通过NTRIP协议进行播发,从而实现辅助信息数据格式和传输方式的标准化。该研究有利于传统高精度GNSS定位和泛在无线信号定位的融合,并为实现泛在(无处不在)的室内外一体化定位提供技术支撑。     

基于5G的通导融合位置认证系统性能分析

随着无人化智能移动装备在工业、交通等安全敏感领域的普及应用,民用导航定位系统中的定位安全问题日益突出。位置认证是对终端的物理位置声明进行认证的过程,是导航定位安全技术的重要组成部分。基于第五代(5G)移动通信网络的通导融合位置认证系统具有覆盖范围广、认证精度高、用户容量大、建设运维成本低等多重优势。本文首先介绍了多基站位置认证系统的检测判决原理,提出了漏检平均距离的定义作为位置认证系统精度的量化评价指标。在此基础上,通过数值仿真分析了信号带宽、基站同步误差、信噪比对位置认证系统精度的影响,并利用5G信道模型评估了典型场景下的位置认证系统的性能。结果表明,在具备3个以上的视距基站时,基于5G的通导融合位置认证系统可以实现米级的位置认证精度。