基于高轨航天器的GNSS接收机技术

全球导航卫星系统(Global Navigation Satellite System,GNSS)应用于高轨航天器时,因轨道高于导航卫星,可见星数量急剧减少,空间信号功率微弱,信号的快速捕获和跟踪十分困难。文章对高轨地球同步轨道(Geosynchronous Earth Orbit,GEO)接收技术进行了研究。以中国实践十七号卫星为研究对象,采用官方正式发布的发射天线方向图对GEO下GNSS信号特征及可用性开展研究分析,并针对高轨道航天器GNSS信号微弱的特点,采用长时间积分处理的梳状滤波方法、差分相干累加比特同步算法和基于动力学模型补偿的扩展卡尔曼滤波自主定轨算法设计GNSS接收机,并在半物理仿真平台进行了测试验证。试验结果表明:GNSS接收机捕获灵敏度优于-173dBW,跟踪灵敏度优于-175dBW,定轨位置精度优于50m,速度精度优于0.01m/s。     

基于高轨航天器的GNSS接收机技术

全球导航卫星系统（GlobalNavigationSatelliteSystem,GNSS）应用于高轨航天器时,因轨道高于导航卫星,可见星数量急剧减少,空间信号功率微弱,信号的快速捕获和跟踪十分困难。文章对高轨地球同步轨道（GeosynchronousEarthOrbit,GEO）接收技术进行了研究。以中国实践十七号卫星为研究对象,采用官方正式发布的发射天线方向图对GEO下GNSS信号特征及可用性开展研究分析,并针对高轨道航天器GNSS信号微弱的特点,采用长时间积分处理的梳状滤波方法、差分相干累加比特同步算法和基于动力学模型补偿的扩展卡尔曼滤波自主定轨算法设计GNSS接收机,并在半物理仿真平台进行了测试验证。试验结果表明：GNSS接收机捕获灵敏度优于-173dBW,跟踪灵敏度优于-175dBW,定轨位置精度优于50m,速度精度优于0.01m/s。     

一种适用于高轨空间的GNSS矢量跟踪方案设计

高轨空间中全球卫星导航系统（GNSS）信号可用性严重变差，对GNSS接收机的跟踪性能提出更高要求。利用GNSS信号传播链路模型分析了高轨空间GNSS信号特点，对比了标量跟踪和矢量跟踪这2类典型跟踪环路在高轨空间的适用性，进而设计了一种适用于高轨空间的GNSS矢量跟踪方案。该方案通过估计载噪比确定量测噪声方差阵，以对各通道量测信息进行加权处理来获得高精度的导航参数；并根据高轨航天器的动态性能确定过程噪声方差阵，利用轨道动力学模型对导航参数进行一步预测，从而实现了对各通道信号跟踪参数的准确预测及联合跟踪。仿真验证表明:所设计的跟踪方案可实现高轨空间中强信号对弱信号的辅助跟踪，从而提高了高轨空间中弱信号的跟踪性能及可用性，并对中断信号具有一定的桥接能力。      

GNSS遥感探测卫星星座设计

随着全球导航卫星系统（Global Navigation Satellite System,GNSS）掩星大气探测技术的兴起,GNSS遥感探测数据在气象数据资源中逐步占据重要地位,但是目前的掩星探测数量远不能满足数值天气预报等应用的需求,未来更需要充分利用GNSS信号资源,开展更大规模的GNSS掩星卫星星座探测.本文以世界气象组织发布的大气海洋数据需求为参考,提出新一代GNSS遥感探测星座任务需求与设计约束.在理想大气模型假设下,利用几何解析方法研究了探测卫星星座构型参数对探测性能的影响,并建立了新一代GNSS遥感探测卫星星座设计基本准则.以风云卫星为子星座,给出了星座规模同为40颗的三种GNSS遥感探测微纳卫星星座设计方案.研究结果表明,具备该规模的探测星座可满足数值天气预报等气象应用的最低数据需求,三种构型方案中,由高、中、低倾角三组Walker子星座与风云卫星子星座组建的GNSS遥感探测星座探测性能最优.      

基于QoS保障的低轨卫星星座设计

低轨卫星星座设计是部署低轨卫星网络的前提和关键。然而，不均匀的地面用户分布和不合理的卫星资源配置对卫星网络的服务质量提出了重大挑战。针对以上问题，通过构建服务质量(QoS)指标体系，提出了一种基于QoS保障的低轨卫星星座设计方法。首先，建立了低轨卫星网络模型和星座覆盖模型，通过星间链路的建链准则来定义星座抗毁性指标。其次，通过建立用户链路以及定义用户匹配度来分析星座对目标区域用户的资源匹配情况。接着，建立了以QoS指标为约束最大化效费比的低轨卫星星座设计优化问题，定义的QoS指标包括信噪比、误码率、抗毁性以及星座覆盖率和用户匹配度。此外，通过遗传禁忌智能算法求得了所设计的低轨卫星星座的轨道参数。仿真结果表明，提出的低轨卫星星座设计方案在满足指定QoS约束的同时具有最大星座效费比。     

基于低轨稀疏星座的蓝绿激光对潜定位研究

潜艇只在必要时刻才浮出水面，对实时通信和导航定位造成极大制约。蓝绿激光具有深水穿透性高、衰减系数低等优势，已在机载和星载平台对潜艇通信中得到验证。借鉴GNSS导航信号产生原理，结合蓝绿激光通信测距一体化与低轨卫星自身精密定轨，提出了基于蓝绿激光通信的低轨卫星对潜定位算法。通过在激光通信中增加载波相位调制，实现潜艇激光接收器的伪距测量，联合其高程测量信息实现水下定位。以一带一路海域，特别是中国南海区域为服务对象，优化星座参数设计了3颗卫星组成的低轨稀疏星座。潜艇在星座覆盖区域内保持静态，间隔1~3min完成至少两次通信测距和导航电文接收，联合两组观测数据、精密星历及高程测量信息进行定位解算。仿真结果显示，在卫星过境期间，考虑卫星定轨精度，激光在空气、水下传播误差等因素，潜艇可在水下实现X、Z方向定位误差优于100m，Y方向误差约100~150m的高精度定位，对提升潜艇的战场作战能力具有意义。     

联合北斗导航与星间链路的大椭圆卫星定轨方法

传统的地面测控和GNSS均无法实现HEO卫星全弧段的跟踪观测.在分析北斗导航信号及其星间链路信号对典型HEO的观测几何及覆盖特性的基础上,利用北斗导航及其星间链路对HEO测控支持形成互补的特点,提出了一种卫星导航与星间链路相结合的自主导航方法.对HEO定轨进行分段划分并基于EKF设计了卫星导航与星间链路数据融合定轨的自主导航算法.分析结果表明,本文提出的方法能够从全弧段上改善HEO的观测几何,定轨精度比仅使用卫星导航提高了2个数量级,并且仅需较少的星间链路资源.      

星间链路联合磁测约束的低轨星座自主导航

为解决星座仅依靠星间链路测量进行自主导航时的整体旋转和漂移问题,提出一种星间链路联合磁测约束的低轨星座自主导航方法.通过星间观测相机和磁强计,获得同轨道相邻卫星视线矢量与地磁场方向之间的角距和地磁场模值,为低轨星座引入空间基准信息.在非秩亏性分析的基础上,分别建立状态方程和量测方程,利用扩展卡尔曼滤波方法进行整星座的最优状态估计.仿真结果表明,星座卫星自主导航位置精度优于20m,速度精度优于0.05m·s-1,自主导航运行时间维持180天,能够满足低轨卫星星座自主导航的应用需求.      

载波相位/捷联惯导组合对高轨飞行器的导航

高轨飞行器可用卫星数目较少,信号空间链路损耗大,使用伪距进行测量的精度较低.提出基于GNSS(Global Navigation Satellite System)卫星载波相位与捷联惯导紧组合方法对高轨机动飞行器进行自主导航.该方法将连续跟踪的卫星初次可用时的整周模糊度的浮点解作为状态变量,通过平方根UKF建立了组合导航非线性滤波模型,提出了基于整周浮点解交集的滤波器故障检测方法.研究表明,提出的组合导航方法充分利用了载波相位高测量精度和系统性误差缓变的特点,提高了系统的可靠性和精度.     

基于双基雷达原理的GNSS海面反射信号建模方法

全球导航卫星系统反射(GNSS-R)技术应用过程中接收机的测试验证需要反射信号产生源,以降低成本。信号的模型是GNSS-R信号产生源中的核心。针对缺乏相应模型的问题,提出了一种根据双基雷达原理建立GNSS海面反射信号模型的方法。首先,在分析GNSS海面反射信号特征的基础上,选取了恰当的海面反射点。然后,计算了雷达方程中的散射系数和散射面积,从而得到相应反射点的反射信号功率。最后,对所求得的反射信号参数进行仿真验证。验证的结果表明,反射信号的相关功率曲线与ZV模型理论曲线的相关系数优于0.98,能够有效地用于GNSS海面反射信号的生成。因此,该方法可为GNSS-R信号产生源的研制提供一定的理论支撑。     

基于信道复用方法的GNSS共视信号模拟

全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）共视（CV）技术应用中需要对GNSS共视信号进行模拟仿真,可以降低对共视接收机和共视算法进行测试过程中的成本。为此,提出了一种基于信道复用方法的GNSS共视信号的双路信号模拟方法。首先,对GNSS共视技术原理进行了分析。然后,根据GNSS直射信号的模拟思路,设计了基于GNSS直射信号模拟器的GNSS共视信号模拟方法,对共视信号传播过程中可能产生的误差进行了分析。最后,对零基线、短基线、长基线3种场景下仿真的共视信号,以及实场采集的试验数据进行了验证分析。验证的结果表明,仿真的GNSS共视信号定位准确,定位精度在米级;共视比对结果均方根值（RMS）精度优于12 ns,可以进行共视法时间传递,证明了提出的共视信号模拟方法能够有效地用于GNSS共视信号生成。对GNSS共视信号模拟器、共视接收机的研制和共视算法的研究具有一定的理论参考意义和实际应用价值。      

GNSS模拟器中频调制卡设计与实现

GNSS(Global Navigation Satellite System)信号模拟器能够根据用户所设置的GNSS系统和信号形式、载体动态和环境参数,精确模拟出载体收到的卫星信号,这为GNSS系统级仿真试验和接收机的测试提供一种高效的工具.主要研究兼容多系统多频点的卫星信号模拟器中频信号发生器和数字信号处理技术,提出了数字合路与功率控制的方法和信号相位精确模拟的途径;在基于PCIE+DSP+FPGA+DAC架构的中频板卡上完成了与PC通信、波形控制参数计算和更新、基带信号调制以及模拟中频信号的产生;最后给出了与相应的GNSS接收机的对接结果,验证了所产生中频信号的正确性和信号质量.     

一种地基GNSS接收机差分码偏差估算方法

GNSS不同频点间的码伪距作差会引入信号的差分码偏差(DCB),包括GNSS卫星及地面接收机的DCB.本文提出一种地基GNSS接收机差分码偏差参数估算方法,首先由电离层文件参数作线性插值,计算出电离层延迟误差.之后对IGS站观测文件进行加权最小二乘法估计,得到GPS卫星和地面GNSS接收机的L1C频点和L2P频点间码偏...     

Deformation monitoring using GNSS-R technology

GNSS reflectometry (GNSS-R) has been widely studied in recent years for various applications, such as soil moisture monitoring, biomass analysis, and sea state monitoring. This paper presents the concept of a novel application of using GNSS-R technology for deformation monitoring. Instead of installing GNSS on the deformation body to sense the movement, GNSS-R deformation monitoring system estimates the deformation from receiving GNSS signal reflected by the deformation body remotely. A prototype of GNSS-R deformation monitoring system has been developed based on GNSS software receiver technology. A 3D geometrical model of GNSS signal reflection has been used to reveal the relationship between the change of carrier phase difference and deformation. After compensating the propagation path delay changes caused by satellite movement, the changes in the remaining carrier phase difference are linked to the deformation. Field tests have been carried using the GNSS-R system developed and the results show sub-centimeter level deformation can be observed with the new technology. Unlike other GNSS deformation monitoring methods, GNSS-R receivers are not installed on the slope which makes this new technology more attractive.     

Demonstration of a high sensitivity GNSS software receiver for indoor positioning

Advances in signal processing techniques contributed to the significant improvements of GNSS receiver performance in dense multipath environments and created the opportunities for a new category of high-sensitivity GNSS (HS-GNSS) receivers that can provide GNSS location services in indoor environments. The difficulties in improving the availability, reliability, and accuracy of these indoor capable GNSS receivers exceed those of the receivers designed for the most hostile urban canyon environments. The authors of this paper identified the vector tracking schemes, signal propagation statistics, and parallel processing techniques that are critical to a robust HS-GNSS receiver for indoor environments and successfully incorporated them into a fully functional high-sensitivity software receiver. A flexible vector-based receiver architecture is introduced to combine these key indoor signal processing technologies into GSNRx-hs™ – the high sensitivity software navigation receiver developed at the University of Calgary. The resulting receiver can perform multi-mode vector tracking in indoor environment at various levels of location and timing uncertainties. In addition to the obvious improvements in time-to-first-fix (TTFF) and signal sensitivity, the field test results in indoor environments surrounded by wood, glass, and concrete showed that the new techniques effectively improved the performance of indoor GNSS positioning. With fine GNSS timing, the proposed receiver can consistently deliver indoor navigation solution with the horizontal accuracy of 2–15 m depending on the satellite geometry and the indoor environments. If only the coarse GNSS timing is available, the horizontal accuracy of the indoor navigation solution from the proposed receiver is around 30 m depending on the coarse timing accuracy, the satellite geometry, and the indoor environments. From the preliminary field test results, it has been observed that the signal processing sensitivity is the dominant factor on the availability of the indoor navigation solution, while the GNSS timing accuracy is the dominant factor on the accuracy of the indoor navigation solution.     

An iterative LiDAR DEM-aided algorithm for GNSS positioning in obstructed/rapidly undulating environments

This paper describes a new algorithm to aid stand-alone GNSS positioning in areas of bad signal reception using a Digital Elevation Model (DEM). Traditional Height-Aiding (HA) algorithms assume either a preset (fixed) value for the receiver elevation or rely on the elevation value that corresponds to the nearest available position fix. This may lead in erroneous receiver elevation estimates that, under circumstances, are inefficient to aid effectively GNSS positioning. In this study, the receiver elevation is updated at every iteration step of the navigation solution through dynamic interpolation of the elevation model. The algorithm, because of its ability to extract and fully exploit the elevation information derived from a digital model, it can prove particularly useful in forested areas with steep-sloped terrain. Extended test runs were undertaken to validate the correctness of the mathematical model and the feasibility of the algorithm and associated software. Particularly, analysis of a dataset acquired in a forested, rapidly undulating environment reveals significant average improvement in all performance metrics of positioning, namely the GNSS position availability (50%), accuracy (56%) and external reliability (86%) compared to the Standard Point Positioning (SPP) solution. Moreover, it was found that the method can cope successfully in marginal operating conditions with situations of bad satellite geometry and satellite signals affected by interference due to tree canopy.     

Guidepost-based autonomous orbit determination method for GEO satellite

Guidepost-based navigation system is a novel autonomous orbit determination method for the GEO satellite. The system is achieved by using the camera imaging function to obtain the guidepost images and the GNSS signal receiver to obtain the pseudoranges between the GEO and the navigation satellites. Due to the high altitude of GEO satellite and the time-varying sunlight condition in the space environment, it may be difficult to obtain object image points and the distance measurements of GNSS because of the weak visibility of the guideposts. To deal with the problem, a novel integrated orbit determination system is presented. The Earth landmarks, the in-orbit spacecraft and GNSS navigation satellites whose line-of-sights and the distance can be easily obtained are used at the same time as information for the GEO satellite navigation based on the observability conditions analysis. The observability of the GEO satellite navigation system is analyzed through the physical observability, the mathematical observability and the engineering observability through the observing geometry, the rank of observability matrix and the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) respectively. Besides, the maximum correntropy unscented Kalman filter (MCUKF) algorithm is applied to improve the estimation stability of the system in the presence of non-Gaussian noises. The simulation indicates the feasibility of the proposed scheme.