铷频标物理系统的改进研究

物理系统是铷频标的核心部件,通过分析影响频率稳定度的因素,对物理系统内部结构进行了改进。改进后的物理系统采用分离滤光的三泡结构,增加了光学滤光技术,此外,物理系统还选用了磁控管微波腔。经测试,改进后的铷频标温度系数为9.7×10^-14/℃,频率稳定度约为1×10^-12/τ（1s≤τ≤10 000s）。     

LaBr3(Ce)元件破损在线监测关键核素确定及效率校准

常用的元件破损在线监测方法受外在因素影响较大,以γ能谱中关键裂变产物核素比活度进行在线定量分析是一种可靠的元件破损监测方法。针对新型LaBr₃(Ce)元件破损监测仪,设计了元件破损模拟实验,对逸出的裂变产物采用HPGe和LaBr₃(Ce)探测器进行了对比测量。通过不同冷却时间γ能谱的核素分析,确定了¹³⁵Xe,⁸⁸Kr,¹³⁸Xe,⁸⁸Rb,¹³⁸Cs等可作为LaBr₃(Ce)元件破损γ能谱监测的关键核素。同时,制备了覆盖能量范围(250～2 400)keV,含⁶⁰Co,¹³⁷Cs,¹³³Ba;²⁴¹Am,¹⁵²Eu;¹⁰⁹Cd,⁸⁸Y,⁵⁷Co及²⁴Na的4组放射性标准溶液,在建立的效率校准系统上,校准了LaBr₃(Ce)在线监测仪的效率。在反应堆一次异常情况分析中,已校准的LaBr₃(Ce)元件破损监测仪对关键核素的现场分析结果与HPGe的取样分析结果一致,表明效率校准结果准确,校准方法可靠。     

LaBr3(Ce)元件破损在线监测关键核素确定及效率校准

常用的元件破损在线监测方法受外在因素影响较大，以γ能谱中关键裂变产物核素比活度进行在线定量分析是一种可靠的元件破损监测方法。针对新型LaBr₃(Ce)元件破损监测仪，设计了元件破损模拟实验，对逸出的裂变产物采用HPGe和LaBr₃(Ce)探测器进行了对比测量。通过不同冷却时间γ能谱的核素分析，确定了¹³⁵Xe，⁸⁸Kr，¹³⁸Xe，⁸⁸Rb，¹³⁸Cs等可作为LaBr₃(Ce)元件破损γ能谱监测的关键核素。同时，制备了覆盖能量范围(250～2 400)keV，含⁶⁰Co，¹³⁷Cs，¹³³Ba；²⁴¹Am，¹⁵²Eu；¹⁰⁹Cd，⁸⁸Y，⁵⁷Co及²⁴Na的4组放射性标准溶液，在建立的效率校准系统上，校准了LaBr₃(Ce)在线监测仪的效率。在反应堆一次异常情况分析中，已校准的LaBr₃(Ce)元件破损监测仪对关键核素的现场分析结果与HPGe的取样分析结果一致，表明效率校准结果准确，校准方法可靠。     

空间微波部件内二次电子累积及其与传输特性的关系

针对微放电过程中的电子累积效应,探索二次电子累积对微波部件传输特性的影响,提出二次电子累积“等效介质”的理论模型,通过将电子累积等效为“特殊介质”,从介质的角度探索电子累积对传输特性的影响,推导得到不同电子累积密度所形成不同“等效介质”的相对介电常数。仿真和计算结果表明,微放电过程中,电子累积密度从0增长至10¹⁶/m³数量级时,传输特性基本不发生变化; 但是当电子累积密度达到10¹⁷/m³数量级时,阻抗变换器的通带内回波损耗恶化了15dB;随着电子累积密度继续增大,“等效介质”对电磁波的反射迅速增强,微波部件的传输特性急剧恶化;在电子累积密度达到4×10¹⁷/m³时,电磁波在阻抗变换器中的传输处于完全截止状态。为了进一步探讨导致传输特性恶化的深层原因,发现在电子累积密度达到4×10¹⁷/m³时,在2.5~5GHz的频率范围内,电子累积形成“等效介质”的相对介电常数呈现为负值,电磁波传输截止,“等效介质”表现出单负介电常数超材料的特性,即导致阻抗变换器传输特性恶化的原因是单负介质材料的形成。研究有益于更深入地认识微放电形成过程中的深层物理机理及其对宏观电性能的影响,为寻求更加有效的抑制方法提供理论依据。     

GPS/GLONASS/GALILEO多星座组合导航系统研究

通过对多星座组合导航系统的分析,对多星座组合导航定位算法进行了研究。由于GPS、GLONASS、GALILEO系统分别采用了不同的坐标系,文中利用坐标系变换将不同星座统一到同一个坐标系中,采用增加状态变量的方法实现了组合系统的时间统一,从而实现了多星座间的时空统一;针对多星座组合系统的可见卫星数目大大增加的特点,采用最小二乘的方法实现了用户的导航定位解算,提高了用户的定位精度。通过对GPS/GLONASS/GALILEO多星座组合导航系统的仿真研究,其结果表明:与GPS单星座相比,GPS/GLONASS/GALILEO多星座组合导航系统,同一时间内可见卫星数目大大增加,PDOP值明显减小,有效提高了导航定位精度,具有良好的定位性能和可靠性。     

RTCA协议下北斗完好性降效参数算法设计及检验

目前我国北斗导航增强系统的完好性参数设计缺少针对差分信息有效性的降效参数设计,不满足航空无线电委员会（RTCA）提出的接口协议,无法同国际其他GNSS星基增强系统相兼容。根据RTCA接口协议,针对我国卫星导航系统的完好性降效参数处理算法进行了研究,利用北斗实测数据分析了完好性降效参数对用户增强服务的影响,验证了算法的有效性。结果表明,正常情况下,北斗导航系统增强服务三维定位精度可达到113m。当用户丢失部分差分改正信息时,定位精度约144m,精度下降约274%,利用完好性降效参数对过期差分信息进行降效处理,优化定位权阵,可将定位精度提高至117m,达到正常增强服务水平。     

基于GPS/北斗组合系统的高轨卫星定位技术研究

针对目前高轨GPS信号可用性差及定位精度低的特点, 对GPS/北斗组合系统的 高轨卫星定位技术进行研究, 对比分析了单GPS系统与GPS/北斗组合系统的卫 星可见性和几何精度因子. 结果表明, GPS/北斗组合系统比单GPS系统的卫星可 见性好, 且定位精度高. 同时通过提出在星载接收机上采用高精度原子钟, 可实现三星定位, 降低对接收机的技术要求.      

空地量子密钥分发网络中数据协调方案

在空地量子密钥分发网络中，空中平台的硬件设备限制使得后处理阶段数据传输速度以及处理能力减弱。针对空中平台的特性，提出了一种适合空地量子密钥分发网络的数据协调方案。首先，采用量子纠错技术减少原始密钥的误码率；其次，设计了一种新方法用来制备低密度奇偶校验（LDPC）译码算法中的随机置换序列；最后，兼顾LDPC译码算法性能和算法硬件实现复杂度，选取了软判决中最小和译码算法。仿真分析表明:量子纠错处理后的原始密钥误码率明显减少，错误率由29.5%减少为4.4%；使用新方法生成随机置换序列，在保证序列随机性的前提下效率提升，生成长度为10 000的随机置换序列所用时间约为0.019 s；LDPC译码算法中最小和译码算法性能适中且硬件实现简单。      

CHAMP卫星加速度计标校参数序列的谱分析

给出了利用能量守恒方法求定CHAMP卫星加速度计标校参数的基本原理和算法．对2001年8月-2003年12月共约两年半的CHAMP卫星加速度计数据进行了标校,导出了尺度、偏差和偏差漂移参数的时间序列,分别采用最小二乘谱分析和抗差谱分析对这些时间序列进行了分析．结果表明,尺度、偏差和偏差漂移参数都有明显的周期变化,但各主周期项略有差异．尺度的主周期是441d、220d、126d和13．4d的周期变化,其中220d和441d的周期变化的贡献相对较大．偏差中有明显的220d、126d和13．4d周期变化,各周期变化的贡献几乎相当;偏差漂移的主周期是220d、13．4d和9d的周期变化,其中13．4d的周期变化最为显著,几乎比其他周期项变化高出一个数量级．另外尺度和偏差参数还有明显的长期变化,而偏差漂移参数的长期变化不明显．     

关于北斗卫星导航系统的被动式定位算法比较研究

我国北斗卫星导航系统空间卫星共有2或3颗,无法单独满足被动导航定位的要求．针对这种卫星稀少的情况提出了3种被动式定位算法: 2星定位算法、 3星3参数定位算法和3星4参数定位算法, 这些算法分别采用气压测高方法增加观测数据和采用数学模型描述接收机钟差的方法减少定位方程求解的未知数;探讨了北斗卫星导航系统备份星的可用性和对导航定位精度的贡献;还提出了准差分修正技术,提高了定位精度．实验证明, 3种算法都取得了100m以内的定位结果,可以满足一般用户定位需求．     

Biological modulation of the terrestrial carbon cycle: Isotope clues to early organic evolution

The characteristic difference of some 20 to 30 ‰ in the ¹³C/¹²C rations of reduced (organic) and oxidized (carbonate) carbon as observed in the contemporary environment can be traced back over 3.5 (if not 3.8) Ga of recorded Earth history. There is little doubt that the enrichment of isotopically light carbon in fossil organic matter ultimately derives from the bias in favor of ¹²C during photosynthetic carbon fixation (notably the RuBP carboxylase reaction of the Calvin cycle). Accordingly, the mainstream of the sedimentary δ ¹³C_org record can be most reasonably explained as geochemical evidence of the isotope-discriminating properties of the principal CO₂-fixing enzymatic reaction of the assimilatory pathway, thus giving eloquent testimony to an extreme degree of evolutionary conservatism in the biochemistry of autotrophic carbon fixation.     

Solar radiation variability in the last 1400 years recorded in the carbon isotope ratio of a mediterranean sea core

We present measurements and data analysis of the carbon stable isotopes (δ¹³C) in the planktonic Globigerinoides ruber extracted from the GT90/3 shallow water Ionian sea core, dated with high precision. It is commonly accepted that δ¹³C variations in symbiontic foraminifera mainly record the effects of productivity and of photosynthetic activity, varying with the ambient light level. Therefore from this time series we can deduce information on the sea surface illumination at the time of the planktonic foraminifera growth. The profile (359 points) covers the period 590–1979 AD, with a resolution of 3.87 years and it is an extension of the time series (215 points) previously published in this journal. The spectral analysis of the longer time series confirms the presence of the 11 y signal, with amplitude 0.08‰ (peak-to-trough), found in the shorter time series in phase with the sunspot solar cycle; furthermore it shows the presence of two centennial cycles of 100 and 200 years, with amplitude 0.08‰ and 0.02‰ respectively. These components are identified at high significance level by Monte Carlo singular spectrum analysis (MC-SSA). A comparison between the δ¹³C profile and the historical aurorae series (600–1500 AD) shows that the long-term δ¹³C variations are at least partially generated by the solar activity modulation and in phase with the solar output, as represented by the solar wind interaction with the magnetosphere.     

Hot atoms in cosmic chemistry

High energy chemical reactions and atom molecule interactions might be important for cosmic chemistry with respect to the accelerated species in solar wind, cosmic rays, colliding gas and dust clouds and secondary knock-on particles in solids. “Hot” atoms with energies ranging from a few eV to some MeV can be generated via nuclear reactions and consequent recoil processes. The chemical fate of the radioactive atoms can be followed by radiochemical methods (radio GC or HPLC). Hot atom chemistry may serve for laboratory simulation of the reactions of energetic species with gaseous or solid interstellar matter. Due to the effective measurement of 10⁸–10¹⁰ atoms only it covers a low to medium dose regime and may add to the studies of ion implantation which due to the optical methods applied are necessarily in the high dose regime.

Experimental results are given for the systems: C/H₂O (gas), C/H₂O (solid, 77 K), N/CH₄ (solid, 77K) and C/NH₃ (solid, 77 K). Nuclear reactions used for the generation of 2 to 3 MeV atoms are: ¹⁴N(p, ) ¹¹C, ¹⁶O(p, pn) ¹¹C and ¹²C(d,n) ¹³N with 8 to 45 MeV protons or deuterons from a cyclotron. Typical reactions products are: CO, CO₂, CH₄, CH₂O, CH₃OH, HCOOH, NH₃, CH₃NH₂, cyanamide, formamidine, guanidine etc. Products of hot reactions in solids are more complex than in corresponding gaseous systems, which underlines the importance of solid state reactions for the build-up of precursors for biomolecules in space. As one of the major mechanisms for product formation, the simultaneous or fast consecutive reactions of a hot carbon with two target molecules (reaction complex) is discussed.     

Neoplastic transformation of hamster embryo cells by heavy ions

We have studied the induction of morphological transformation of Syrian hamster embryo cells by low doses of heavy ions with different linear energy transfer (LET), ranging from 13 to 400 keV/μm. Exponentially growing cells were irradiated with ¹²C or ²⁸Si ion beams generated by the Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator in Chiba (HIMAC), inoculated to culture dishes, and transformed colonies were identified when the cells were densely stacked and showed a crisscross pattern. Over the LET range examined, the frequency of transformation induced by the heavy ions increased sharply at very low doses no greater than 5 cGy. The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of the heavy ions relative to 250 kVp X-rays showed an initial increase with LET, reaching a maximum value of about 7 at 100 keV/μm, and then decreased with the further increase in LET. Thus, we confirmed that high LET heavy ions are significantly more effective than X-rays for the induction of in vitro cell transformation.     

Radiation stability of organic matter in liquid and frozen H2O, NH3 and water-ammonia mixtures

The redox properties of irradiated liquid and frozen H₂O, NH₃ and H₂O/NH₃ mixtures at 298 K and 77 K, resp., towards some simple organic molecules have been checked by injecting carrierfree ¹¹C atoms and analyzing their chemical state by means of radiochromatography. The reactions and the stability of organic products versus radiation dose (in this study by MeV protons) depend on temperature, phase state, mobility of radicals, their concentration and reactivity. Especially dangerous are the reactive OH and O₂H radicals which oxidize organic material to inorganic CO₂. Highest stability has been found at low temperatures (solid state, reduced mobility of radicals) and for systems containing H-donors (H₂O/NH₃ mixtures), which reduce the concentration of oxidizing radicals. The fact that many bodies in space consist of H₂O-ice with NH₃ and CH₄ additives at temperatures between 10 and 150 K is promising in view of the survival of organic matter under high doses of radiation.     

Sources of inner radiation zone energetic helium ions: Cross-field transport versus in-situ nuclear reactions

Radial transport theory for inner radiation zone MeV He ions has been extended by combining radial diffusive transport, losses due to Coulomb friction and charge exchange reaction with local generation of ³He and ⁴He ions due to nuclear reactions taking place on the inner edge of the inner radiation zone. From interactions between high energy trapped protons and upper atmospheric constituents we have included a nuclear reaction yield helium flux source that was numerically derived from a nuclear reaction model originally developed at the Institute of Nuclear Researches of Moscow, Russia and implemented in the computer system at the University of Campinas, Brazil. Magnetospheric transport computations have been made covering the L-shell range L=1.0 to 1.6 and the resulting MeV He ion flux distributions show a strong influence of the local nuclear source mechanism on the inner zone energetic He ion content.     

Effect of track structure and radioprotectors on the induction of oncogenic transformation in murine fibroblasts by heavy ions

The oncogenic potential of high-energy ⁵⁶Fe particles (1 GeV/nucleon) accelerated with the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron at the Brookhaven National Laboratory was examined utilizing the mouse C3H 10T1/2 cell model. The dose-averaged LET for high-energy ⁵⁶Fe is estimated to be 143 keV/μm with the exposure conditions used in this study. For ⁵⁶Fe ions, the maximum relative biological effectiveness (RBE_max) values for cell survival and oncogenic transformation were 7.71 and 16.5 respectively. Compared to 150 keV/μm ⁴He nuclei, high-energy ⁵⁶Fe nuclei were significantly less effective in cell killing and oncogenic induction. The prostaglandin E₁ analog misoprostol, an effective oncoprotector of C3H 10T1/2 cells exposed to X rays, was evaluated for its potential as a radioprotector of oncogenic transformation with high-energy ⁵⁶Fe. Exposure of cells to misoprostol did not alter ⁵⁶Fe cytotoxicity or the rate of ⁵⁶Fe-induced oncogenic transformation.     

^(137)Cs,^(60)Co大面积航空平面源的制备技术CSCD

用于校准航空γ谱仪的137Cs,60Co大面积航空平面源对传统的涂刷制源技术提出了挑战,为确保平面上的均匀性,借鉴现代网格点阵喷涂技术,将137Cs,60Co两种放射性标准溶液分别定量滴注在底衬滤纸上,晾干后热塑封并用环氧树脂将塑封片固定在梯形铝板上,由8块梯形铝板拼接为边长1m的正六边形航空平面源。制备的航空平面源的扩展不确定度(k=2)为4%,不均匀性优于10%。