CST气动外形参数化方法研究

 类别形状函数变换(CST)方法是通过类别函数和形状函数来表示几何外形的新型气动外形参数化方法。通过考察参数化过程线性系统的条件数以及对翼型的表示误差,研究了Bernstein多项式阶数(BPO)对CST方法单值性和精度的影响,并将CST方法与B样条法、Hicks-Henne法和参数化翼型(PARSEC)法的参数数量和表示精度进行了对比。使用基于CST参数化方法的远场组元(FCE)激波阻力优化方法对超声速机翼进行外形优化,优化后的机翼其激波阻力降低达61%。研究结果表明:CST方法具有参数少,精度高的优点;为保证表示精度,同时避免病态参数化过程,应使用4阶以上、10阶以下的Bernstein多项式定义形状函数。     

基于参数敏感性分析的反设计方法

在基于类别形状函数变换(CST)的反设计方法中,通过考察CST参数化与反设计过程,完成了基于参数敏感性分析的反设计,实现了翼型的快速、准确反设计;研究了Bernstein多项式阶数进化对反设计过程敏感性的影响。研究结果表明,在亚音速状态下,采用反设计方法能使设计压力分布较好逼近目标压力分布;在跨音速状态出现激波时或在计算过程出现迭代发散时,加入阶数进化手段后的敏感性分析方法能改善激波区域的敏感度,使迭代较好收敛。方法能够反映各种光滑翼型压力残差和翼型几何外形改变的关系,在给定状态下用初始翼型快速且比较准确地拟合目标翼型。     

小型无人机翼型优化设计

采用类别形状函数变换（CST）方法对翼型参数化描述;利用Fluent软件,进行翼型升力系数和阻力系数的气动计算;以升阻比最大为优化目标,通过拉丁超立方设计生成样本点,建立了径向基神经网络（RBF）代理模型;使用粒子群优化算法（PSO）,在Isight平台上,实现对Clark Y翼型优化的整个过程。优化翼型升阻比比原始翼型提高了约10%,表明此种方法是可行的,可用于小型无人机设计的工程中。     

基于改进CST参数化方法和转捩模型的翼型优化设计

为提高翼型优化设计效率,增大设计空间,采用B样条基函数替代传统的形状类别函数(CST)方法中的Bezier多项式,增强了对翼型参数化表达的局部控制能力并提高了翼型局部表达精度。为了确保翼型在优化设计过程中的几何光顺特性和代理模型的准确性,采用小波分解技术提出了多分辨率翼型的局部光顺方法。采用基于本征正交分解(POD)的流场数值代理模型,并结合γ-Reθt转捩模型实现了快速准确的气动力与流动转捩预测。采用小波技术光顺的CST翼型参数化建模、POD流场数值计算代理模型以及γ-Reθt转捩模型,结合遗传算法建立了完整的翼型气动优化设计系统。针对低速层流翼型与超临界翼型进行优化设计,优化设计后的翼型升阻比分别提高了47.42%和45.85%,且对改进前后参数化建模方法的优化性能进行了对比,结果表明本文构建的翼型气动优化设计系统具备很高的优化效率。     

工程翼型气动特性数据挖掘与建模

以伊利诺伊大学香槟分校UIUC的工程翼型库为研究对象,首先通过几何数据直接对比以及基于型函数/类函数变换(CST)的参数化方法实现了重复翼型和数据异常翼型的清洗;接着,对CST参数的取值分布规律进行分析发现其近似呈正态分布,对CST参数之间的关联规律进行挖掘得到翼型参数之间的相关性,并对CST参数进行聚类分析,其结果基本与工程翼型的分类一致;进一步,采用级差分析方法、SOM自组织映射方法和Apriori方法分析了CST参数与典型工况翼型气动特性之间的关系.其中,级差分析方法给出了各CST参数对气动特性影响的显著程度,SOM和Apriori方法则分析了CST参数和气动特性之间的相关性;最后,分别使用支持向量机(SVM)和深度神经网络(DNN)构建了CST参数与典型工况下气动特性之间的预测模型,在拟合和泛化能力方面,深度神经网络模型明显优于SVM模型.本文所得到的数据挖掘及建模结果可为工程翼型气动特性分析与设计提供支撑.     

CSRT与CST气动外形参数化方法对比

类别形状修正函数变换(CSRT)方法是在类别形状函数变换(CST)方法的基础上添加修正函数以克服其不具备局部性的缺点发展而来的新型参数化方法。通过考察参数化过程中翼型的表示误差和线性系统条件数,对CSRT和CST参数化方法的表示精度和数值单值性进行了对比。使用基于以上两种参数化方法的远场组元(FCE)激波阻力优化算法对超声速翼身组合体进行了零升激波阻力优化,结果对比得到:基于CSRT方法的两级优化具有更好的优化效果,激波阻力系数降低了34.7%。研究表明:CSRT方法需要比CST方法更多的参数数量以达到相似的精度,随参数数量的增长,CSRT参数化过程的病态化程度远低于CST方法;CSRT参数化方法可以结合适当的优化算法进行气动外形二级优化,其效果优于使用相同参数数量的CST参数化方法所进行的单级整体优化。     

基于CST-GAN的翼型参数化方法

翼型参数化方法对于翼型制造、气动和隐身等的优化设计具有非常重要的作用,为进一步提高参数化方法的表示能力,避免在优化过程中产生奇异外形进而提升翼型优化设计效率,结合外形控制能力更加灵活的类别形状函数变换方法（CST）及能够学习数据潜在分布的生成对抗网络模型（GAN）,基于现有翼型数据库构建了一种新型翼型参数化方法：CST-GAN。通过考察生成翼型的几何质量及其表示误差,研究设计维度对CST-GAN翼型参数化的影响,并与Bezier、B样条及主成分分析（PCA）方法的表示精度进行了对比,最后基于该方法开展翼型优化设计。结果表明,该方法可以生成光滑、有效的几何外形,并能实现对翼型较为精确的描述。与其他几种常用参数化方法相比,CST-GAN方法具有较快的优化收敛速度和较好的优化效果,有助于改善优化效率,节约计算成本。此外,该方法鲁棒性强、易于实现,有拓展至三维机翼及整机的参数化建模并进行气动优化设计的应用潜力。     

基于CST参数化方法气动优化设计研究

翼型及机翼优化设计中,设计变量的个数对优化算法的收敛速度及代理模型的精度有很大的影响.因此,在精确描述翼型的同时,发展较少设计变量的翼型参数化方法对翼型优化设计有着重要的意义.本文基于CST(class function/shape function transformation)翼型参数化方法对Kriging模型的预测精度进行研究,并采用改进的粒子群优化算法构建气动优化设计系统.某亚声速机翼单点减阻设计及超临界翼型的稳健性设计表明该系统具有较高的设计质量,方法可靠,有较高的工程应用前景.     

基于高斯过程回归和遗传算法的翼型优化设计

针对高升阻比风力机翼型前缘曲率半径较大的问题,传统的翼型参数化方法前缘控制能力不足,且基于面元法XFOIL预测精度差的问题,利用增强类函数/形函数转换（CST）参数化方法控制翼型的形状变化、拉丁超立方实验设计、计算流体力学（CFD）流场计算模块、高斯过程回归模型和遗传算法,提出了基于高可信度Reynolds average Navier-Stocks（RANS）和高斯回归模型辅助遗传算法的翼型优化设计方法。结果表明:基于高斯回归模型的翼型优化方法,可以将优化所用CFD计算次数降低一阶,从而大幅度提升优化设计效率。由标准算例超临界翼型RAE2822的降阻设计表明,在百次量级的CFD次数阻力降低43.16%,激波被削弱且升力、力矩和面积严格满足约束。由风力机翼型NACA64618的最大化升阻比优化设计表明,所设计翼型不仅在设计攻角和副设计攻角处升阻比大大增加,在整个小攻角范围内其气动性能都得到了提升,且两个主设计点,无不良阻力的产生。      

高空长航时无人机翼型设计方法研究

使用解析形状函数法表示翼型,将求解绕翼型流场的N-S方程解与遗传算法相结合,可用于高空长航时无人机翼型的设计.设计实践表明,设计的新翼型满足设计要求,且获得比原始翼型高得多的升阻比,采用的翼型设计方法是正确和有效的.     

The effect of inlet conditions on the flow and heat transfer in multiple rotating cavity with axial throughflow

This paper discusses experimental results from two different build configurations of a heated multiple rotating cavity test rig.Measurements of heat transfer from the discs and tangential velocities are presented.The test rig is a 70% full scale version of a high pressure compressor stack of an axial gas turbine engine.Of particular interest are the internal cylindrical cavities formed by adjacent discs and the interaction of these with a central axial throughflow of cooling air.Tests were carried out for a range of non-dimensional parameters representative of high pressure compressor internal air system flows(Re up to 5×106 and Rez up to 2×105).Two different builds have been tested.The most significant difference between these two build configurations is the size of the annular gap between the(non-rotating) drive shaft and the bores of the discs.The heat transfer data were obtained from thermocouple measurements of surface temperature and a conduction solution method.The velocity measurements were made using a two component,LDA system.The heat transfer results from the discs show differences between the two builds.This is attributed to the wider annular gap allowing more of the throughflow to penetrate into the cavity.There are also significant differences between the radial distributions of tangential velocity in the two builds of the test rig.For the narrow annular gap,there is an increase of non-dimensional tangential velocity V/Ωr with radial location to solid body rotation V/Ωr=1.For the wider annular gap,the non-dimensional velocities show a decrease with radial location to solid body rotation.      

Research on Auto-detection for Remainder Particles of Aerospace Relay Based on Wavelet Analysis

Aerospace relay is one kind of electronic components which is used widely in national defense system and aerospace system. The existence of remainder particles induces the reliability declining, which has become a severe problem in the development of aerospace relay. Traditional particle impact noise detection (PIND) method for remainder detection is ineffective for small particles, due to its low precision and involvement of subjective factors. An auto-detection method for PIND output signals is proposed in this paper, which is based on direct wavelet de-noising (DWD), cross-correlation analysis (CCA) and homo-filtering (HF), the method enhances the affectiv-ity of PIND test about the small particles. In the end, some practical PIND output signals are analysed, and the validity of this new method is proved.     

Preparation of Highly Dispersed Antimony-doped Tin Oxide Nano-powder via Ion-exchange Hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 and Azeotropic Drying

Antimony-doped tin hydroxide colloid precipitates have been synthesized by hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 using: (1) an ion-exchange hydrolysis to remove chlorine ions, and (2) isoamyl acetate as an azeotropic solvent to obviate water. The obtained dried powder is of high dispersivity without any need for further grinding. The size and dispersivity of the final particles are investigated with the aid of TG-DTA, BET, XRD and TEM. After having calcined, the antimony-doped tin oxide nanopowder possesses a tetragonal rutile structure with high dispersivity, uniform particles and low hard agglomeration.     

Effects of Mo on the Microstructure and Hydrogen Sorption Properties of Ti-Mo Getters

The effects of Mo on the microstructure evolution, porosity and hydrogen sorption properties of Ti-Mo getters are investigated in this work. The results show that the addition of Mo prolongs the densification process of Ti-Mo getters and results in a significant amount of sintered pores. With the Mo content increasing, the porosity of getters firstly increases reaching the maximum value as it at- tains about 7.5wt.%, and then drops. At the room temperature, the hydrogen sorption property of getters increases progressively with the Mo content increasing, but the tendency is not very clear before its content lies below 2.5wt.%. When the Mo content achieves about 7.5wt.%, the hydrogen sorption property proves to be the best. The discussion is made about the above mentioned phenomena inclusive of hydrogen sorption properties of getters under different activation conditions (from 500-750 ℃).     

超声速燃烧数值模拟中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型

高精度数值模拟有助于理解超声速湍流燃烧中湍流与化学反应的相互作用,可为发动机燃烧室等工程应用设计提供可靠的预测模型。除直接数值模拟外,目前在湍流燃烧应用中使用的大涡模拟和雷诺平均Navier-Stokes模拟均需要借助模型模化发生在湍流小尺度上的流动与化学反应过程对湍流大尺度运动的影响。现有的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型大致可分为:火焰面类模型和概率密度函数类模型,2类模型在不同的应用中各自具有优势和局限性。此外,现有模型大都基于低马赫数燃烧,而超声速燃烧中通常会伴随快速混合、局部熄火和再着火以及激波等复杂过程,这为发展其中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型提出了更多的挑战。     

适于低轨卫星IP网络的单核共享树组播算法(英文)

为了解决低轨卫星IP网络中现有典型源组播算法的信道资源浪费问题,本文提出了一套单核共享树组播算法,即核心群合并共享树(CCST)和加权核心群合并共享树(w-CCST)算法。CCST 算法包括动态近似中心(DAC)选核方法和核心群合并组播路径构建方法。DAC方法专为周期、规律运动的低轨卫星网络提出,不需要复杂的星上计算。在核心群合并方法中,以核节点作为初始核心群,通过核心群和剩余组成员的最短路径方法逐步扩展直至整棵组播树构建完成,从而使得组播树的树代价最小,大大提高了网络的带宽利用率和组播传输效率。w-CCST 算法中所提出的加权因子可以调整树代价和端到端传播时延之间的折衷程度,因此,可以通过调整加权因子来适度增大树代价、降低端到端传播时延以支持某些端到端时延要求苛刻的实时组播业务。最后,与低轨卫星 IP 网络中典型算法进行了性能比较,仿真结果说明,CCST 算法的平均树代价比其它算法显著降低,w-CCST 算法的平均端到端传播时延小于 CCST 算法。     

Jet Vectoring Control Using a Novel Synthetic Jet Actuator

A primary air jet vectoring control system with a novel synthetic jet actuator (SJA) is presented and simulated numerically. The results show that, in comparison with an existing traditional synthetic jet actuator, which is able to perform the duty of either “push” or “pull”, one novel synthetic jet actuator can fulfill both “push” and “pull” functions to vector the primary jet by shifting a slide block inside it. Therefore, because the new actuator possesses greater efficiency, it has potentiality to replace the existing one in various appli- cations, such as thrust vectoring and the reduction of thermal signature. Moreover, as the novel actuator can fulfill those functions that the existing one can not, it may well be expected to popularize it into more flow control systems.     

Nonlinear Adaptive Slewing Motion Control of Spacecraft Truss Driven by Synchronous V-gimbaled CMG Precession

The slewing motion control of a truss arm driven by a V-gimbaled control-moment-gyro (CMG) is a nonlinear control problem. The V-gimbaled CMG consists of a pair of gyros that must precess synchronously. The moment of inertia of the system, the angular momentum of the gyros and the external disturbances are not exactly known. With the help of feedback linearization and recursive Lyapunov design method, an adaptive nonlinear controller is designed to deal with the unknown items. Performance of the proposed controller is verified by simulation.     

An SOR Implicit Time-accurate Scheme in Calculating Unsteady Flows

A new time-accurate marching scheme for unsteady flow calculations is proposed in the present work. This method is the combination of classical Successive Over-Relaxation (SOR) iteration method and Jacobian matrix diagonally dominant splitting method of LUSGS. One advantage of this algorithm is the second-order accuracy because of no factorization error. Another advantage is the low computational cost because the Jacobian matrices and fluxes are only calculated once in each physical time step. And, the SOR algorithm has better convergence property than Gauss-Seidel. To investigate its accuracy and convergency, several unsteady flow computa- tional tests are carried out by using the proposed SOR algorithm. Roe’s FDS scheme is used to discritize the inviscid flux terms. Un- steady computational results of SOR are compared with the experiment results and those of Gauss-Seidel. Results reveal that the numerical results agree well with the experimental data and the second-order accuracy can be obtained as the Gauss-Seidel for unsteady flow computations. The impact of SOR factor is investigated for unsteady computations by using different SOR factors in this algorithm to simulate each computational test. Different numbers of inner iterations are needed to converge to the same criterion for different SOR factors and optimal choice of SOR factor can improve the computational efficiency greatly.