即将建成的“宇宙城堡”——国际空间站

经过十多年的建造,世界上投入资金最大、参与国家最多、建造周期最长、技术水平最高、应用范围最广的国际空间站于2011年2月基本建成。它包含13个增压舱,其中8个是用于科学实验和航天员居住,1个为空间站提供初始推进、姿控、通信和储存,4个用于对接。另外,还装有7段桁架结构、4对巨型太阳能电池阵、1个移动服务系统、舱外仪器设     

The intergovernmental agreement on the International Space Station

After Russia joined the ISS programme in 1994 it was realized that a new intergovernmental agreement would be needed in order to clarify the roles and responsibilities of all the partners. The Head of the Russian delegation to the negotations on the agreement between 1994 and 1998 here describes the various steps taken to reach it. As well as requiring legislation on new areas such as national criminal jurisdiction, the negotiations had to take account of the differing legal norms and cultures in all the various countries party to the agreement, but principally Russia and the USA. The final part of the article presents an up-to-date overview of the vital statistics and capabilities of, and type of work expected to be performed on, the ISS.     

The Mode of Gravitational Orientation for the International Space Station

The results of the determination of the uncontrolled attitude motion of the International Space Station during its unmanned flight in 1999 are presented. The data of onboard measurements of three components of the angular velocity are used for this determination. These data covering an interval of slightly less than one orbit were jointly processed by the least squares method, by integrating the equations of motion of the station relative to its center of mass. As a result of this processing, the initial conditions of the motion and the parameters of the mathematical model used were estimated. The actual motion of the station has been determined for 20 such intervals during April–November. Throughout these intervals, the station rotated about the axis of the minimum moment of inertia, the latter executing small oscillations relative to the local vertical. Such a mode, known as the mode of gravitational orientation of a rotating satellite or the mode of generalized gravitational orientation, was planned before the flight. The measurements were made to verify it. The quasistatic component of the microaccelerations aboard the station is estimated for this mode.     

空间站空间因特网与空间通信链路设计

为改善在空间站长期值守的航天员的业务生活,提出建立空间站网吧,为航天员提供因特网服务的构想。为此分析研究空间站空间因特网服务系统及其关键技术,提出空间站空间因特网服务系统构建方案。结合这一系统构建方案,一是研究解决了支持复杂异构网络运行的空间因特网网络协议设计技术,空间站空间因特网直接采用TCP/IP协议,并通过系统设计,较好地克服了TCP/IP协议不能适应空间通信链路的难题,支持采用基于TCP/IP协议的商用货架(COTS)软、硬件产品,可明显降低空间站空间因特网服务系统建设与维护成本;二是研究解决了涉及空间站测控通信网运行安全和空间信息安全的空间通信链路设计技术,空间站在同一条空间通信链路同时传输空间因特网数据和空间站测控通信数据,空间通信链路采用CCSDS的AOS协议,并通过建立虚拟的物理信道,解决了空间因特网数据和空间站测控通信数据的安全隔离问题,能满足空间站测控通信网运行安全和空间信息安全的要求。     

The International Space Station: a pathway to the future

Nearly six years after the launch of the first International Space Station element, and four years after its initial occupation, the United States and our 6 international partners have made great strides in operating this impressive Earth orbiting research facility. This past year we have done so in the face of the adversity of operating without the benefit of the Space Shuttle. In his January 14, 2004, speech announcing a new vision for America's space program, President Bush affirmed the United States' commitment to completing construction of the International Space Station by 2010. The President also stated that we would focus our future research aboard the Station on the long-term effects of space travel on human biology. This research will help enable human crews to venture through the vast voids of space for months at a time. In addition, ISS affords a unique opportunity to serve as an engineering test bed for hardware and operations critical to the exploration tasks. NASA looks forward to working with our partners on International Space Station research that will help open up new pathways for future exploration and discovery beyond low Earth orbit. This paper provides an overview of the International Space Station Program focusing on a review of the events of the past year, as well as plans for next year and the future.     

A study of metabolic balance in crewmembers of Skylab IV

A metabolic balance study was conducted on the three crewmembers of the 84-day Skylab IV earth orbital mission. Dietary intake was controlled, monitored, and kept very nearly constant for a period commencing 21 days prior to flight, throughout flight, and for a period of 18 days postflight. Within the first 30 days of flight urine calcium rose to a level approx. 100% above preflight levels and remained elevated for the remainder of the flight. Fecal calcium excretion increased more slowly but continued to accelerate throughout the flight and did not return to baseline levels during the postflight period. Urinary nitrogen increased to 25-30% above preflight levels within one month following launch and thereafter gradually subsided toward control values. The overall losses of calcium averaged approx. 200 mg per day throughout the mission while nitrogen losses averaged 590 mg. Various other indices of musculoskeletal deterioration are discussed and correlated. The parallelism between the effects of weightlessness and bed rest is reviewed. It is noted, that no evidence is yet available as to the identity of the initial biological response to the absence of gravity.     

空间站的变结构鲁棒稳定控制

针对空间站的参数不确定性和环境干扰，提出将变结构控制技术应用于空间站姿态稳定控制系统的设计，所得闭环系统具有良好的动态特性和较强的鲁棒性，能够有效地克服各种不确定性因素和外界干扰的影响，同时控制器结构简单、工程易实现。     

空间站大型机构研究综述

分析了空间站大型机构的基本类型。综述了盘绕式太阳帆版展开机构、周边式对接机构、转位机构,以及大型机械臂的工作原理、性能特点、关键技术、适用范围和典型应用性能。讨论了空间环境机构的共性技术及主要发展趋势,可为我国空间站的建设与发展提供参考。     

空间站应用的发展及存在问题

简要介绍了国外载人空间站应用的发展和国际空间站应用的现状,重点总结和分析空间站应用面临的挑战性问题,包括应用人时不足,建设进度推迟,有效载荷配置不到位,运输能力不够,供电欠缺,设备和器材无序安装与存放,缺少合理建造与应用的综合规划和协调程序,以及潜在的设备故障与人为失误,同时,给出了解决这些问题的思路和途径。     

空间站应用的发展及面临的挑战

空间站应用是建造空间站的出发点和落脚点。没有应用就没有空间站。然而．国外载人空间站发展的实践表明．至今空间站应用存在一系列挑战性问题．需要解决。     

空间站姿态控制和动量管理研究

空间站在利用控制力矩陀螺 (CMG)进行姿态控制的过程中 ,由CMG产生的内力矩使空间站角动量重新调整分配 ,会引起控制力矩陀螺角动量随时间的累积 ,从而导致角动量的饱和。本文在空间站姿态控制与动量管理 (ACMM )线性化模型基础上 ,首先建立了不考虑扰动抑制下的控制系统稳定模型 ,其次分析了考虑扰动抑制下的控制器设计 ,引入线性系统有关理论 ,利用内模原理实现对扰动抑制的鲁棒控制 ,最后通过仿真验证了系统的有效性     

The main results of EVA medical support on the Mir Space Station

The aim of this paper is to review the main results of medical support of 78 two-person extravehicular activities (EVAs) which have been conducted in the Mir Space Program. Thirty-six male crewmembers participated in these EVAs. Maximum length of a space walk was equal to 7 h 14 min. The total duration of all space walks reached 717.1 man-hours. The maximum frequency of EVA's execution was 10 per year. Most of the EVAs (67) have been performed at mission elapsed time ranging from 31 to 180 days. The oxygen atmosphere of the Orlan space suit with a pressure of 40 kPa in combination with the normobaric cabin environment and a short (30 min) oxygen prebreathe protocol have minimized the risk of decompression sickness (DCS). There has been no incidence of DCS during performed EVAs. At the peak activity, metabolic rates and heart rates increased up to 9.9-13 kcal/min and 150-174 min-1, respectively. The medical problems have centred on feeling of moderate overcooling during a rest period in a shadow after the high physical loads, episodes with tachycardia accompanied by cardiac rhythm disorders at the moments of emotional stress, pains in the muscles and general fatigue after the end of a hard EVA. All of the EVAs have been completed safely.     

“国际空间站”系统特点分析

介绍了＂国际空间站＂的总体设计;分析了＂国际空间站＂系统设计的特点和不足,其中包括重视成熟技术和冗余设计,众多系统故障暴露出技术薄弱性,机器人系统自动化水平有待提高,以及许多先进技术规划未能实施;提出了发展中国空间站的启示与建议,如借鉴国外协力合作系统先进设计经验和科学评估安全性方法,权衡技术继承性与先进性,注重空间站系统设备的设计、维修、机器人开发和延寿问题。     

空间站天地往返运输系统初探

随着中国载人航天工程的首战告捷和 ２１世纪的来临，空间站技术作为航天技术的重要组成部分，其重要性日渐突出。作为空间站大系统工程的一个重要的分系统，天地往返运输系统的主要任务是为空间站运送人员和进行物资补给，在条件许可时也可兼做空间试验。本文主要对空间站大系统的天地往返运输系统进行分析，并提出一套相应的发展策略。讨论时所遵从的一个重要原则是：对天地往返运输系统的研究应与整个空间站大系统的规模相配套，根据空间站的规模及要求来制定发展途径。 １９７１年４月 １９日前苏联发射了礼炮１号空间站。这标志着人类…     

空间站舱内空气速度分布的CFD分析

为了设计一个合适的通风系统，建立了某型空间站座舱和送风设备的CFD模型。基于这些模型，采用k—ε湍流模型获得了舱内空气在不同流量，不同散流器送风方向和不同散流器布置方式等条件下的流速分布，简要分析了空间站向飞船提供热支持时，舱间通风对舱内空气速度分布的影响。分析结果表明：（1）散流器的送风方向对流速的分布影响很大，45度进风方式的流速分布明显优于30度的进风方式；（2）推荐的三种散流器布置方式均可以获得满意的流速分布，关键是能否根据不同的空气流量提供合适的散流器出口速度；（3）设计合理的舱间通风能够改善舱内空气流速的分布；（4）提供的数据可以直接用于该型空间站通风系统的设计。     

国际空间站内部主动热控系统

阐述了国际空间站内部主动热控系统工作原理.给出了命运号实验舱内部主动热控系统双回路系统的构成,以及内部主动热控系统的泵组、泵旁路组件、管路、三路混合阀、系统流量控制组件、机柜流量控制组件、手动流量控制阀、冷板、有效载荷/再生换热器、温度传感器、维修检测单元换热器、多路复用器/信号分离器等主要组件的功能.国际空间站内部主动热控系统集成度高,相互冗余,维护和更换易,其设计理念对空间流体回路设计有参考意义.     

国际空间站上使用的两种计算机

欧空局为国际空间站研制了两个新型的计算机 :容错计算机 ( FTC)和标准有效载荷计算机 ( SPLC) ,它们可以满足空间站对计算机的需要 ,可以方便地构成各分种布式数据管理结构。文中介绍这两种不同类型的计算机设计     

通风系统参数对居住舱人活动区气流分布影响的研究

为系统研究通风系统参数对空间站居住舱人活动区内气流分布的影响,建立了空间站居住舱人活动区及供风管道的物理模型,并采用CFD方法对人活动区流场进行了数值仿真,同时提出舱内名义平均速度vnt=m/√A1A2作为衡量舱内气流分布的特征参数.结果表明:(1)增加散流器阻力,可改善散流器出口流量的均匀性;(2)舱内名义平均流速综合反映了供风流量、散流器截面积和人活动区水平截面积的影响.经过研究发现,在人活动区通风系统设计过程中,要获得满足空间站要求的流速分布,应尽量选择高于30°的进风角度,同时选择合适的舱内名义平均流速值,而名义平均流速值大小与回风口形式、进风角度及散流器位置有关,并受到散流器出口速度小于1.012m/s的限制.     

加公司将为国际通信卫星公司提供在轨“加油”服务

国际通信卫星公司和加拿大麦克唐纳·德特威勒联营公司3月15日宣布签订协议,将由麦德联营正在研制的一种天基维护飞行器为国际通信卫星公司的在轨卫星提供燃料补加服务。     

Contributions of the International Space Station towards future exploration missions

When the idea of a large space station in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) was conceived in the 1980s, it was primarily planned as an orbiting laboratory for microgravity research. Some even thought of it as an industrial plant in space. Whereas the latter did not materialize because of various reasons, the former is absolutely true when you talk about the International Space Station (ISS). Since the transition to a six astronaut crew in 2009 and the completion of its assembly in 2011, it has been intensively used as laboratory in a wide field of scientific topics. Experiments conducted on ISS have yielded first class results in biology, physiology, material science, basic physics, and many more. While its role as a laboratory in space is widely recognized, the awareness for its potential for preparing future exploration missions beyond LEO is just increasing. This paper provides information on how the ISS programme contributes to future exploration efforts, both manned and unmanned. It highlights the work that has been done or is currently underway in the fields of technology, operations, and science. Further potentials and future projects for exploration preparation are also shown. A special focus lies on experiments and projects primarily funded by the German Aerospace Center (DLR) or with strong German participation in the science team.