Assessment of safety in space power wiring systems

Wiring system failures have resulted from arc propagation in the wiring harnesses of many aircraft and space vehicles. These failures occur when the insulation becomes conductive upon the initiation of an arc. In some cases, the conductive path of the carbon arc track displays a high enough resistance such that the current is limited, and therefore may be difficult to detect using conventional circuit protection. Often, such wiring failures are not simply the result of insulation failure but are due to a combination of wiring system factors. Inadequate circuit protection, unreliable system designs, and careless maintenance procedures can contribute to a wiring system failure. This paper approaches the problem with respect to the overall wiring system, in order to determine what steps can be taken to improve the reliability, maintainability, and safety of space power systems. Power system technologies, system designs, and maintenance procedures which have contributed to past wiring system failures are discussed. New technologies, design processes, and management techniques which may lead to improved wiring system safety are introduced     

一种机载无线电连接器的设计与试验

目前,无线技术发展相对成熟,对于飞机系统有巨大的应用前景,能有效避免有线传输方式带来的重量大、布线难和连接器易故障等问题。文中提出一种无线连接器,基于无线通信技术和无线传能技术,完成信息和能量的无线传输,并完成样机开发和功能与应用场景测试实验。试验结果表明,该无线连接器在10 mm内具备15 W的负载供电能力,且通讯传输波特率可达115 200 bps,可以有效避免有线电连接器对外界因素敏感易失效等问题,为机载系统连接器的设计提供新的解决方案。     

飞机电缆敷设

在飞机上 ,电线电缆的合理敷设是减小设备间电磁耦合的有效措施。本文分析了扭绞线、屏蔽线和同轴电缆的抗干扰特性 ,介绍了电线电缆的分类 ,以及各类线间的最小间距。最后 ,讨论了电缆屏蔽层的接地方式对电磁耦合的影响     

Causes of aircraft electrical failures

The results of a survey of data on failures of aircraft electronic and electrical components that was conducted to identify problematic components are reported. The motivation for the work was to determine priorities for future work on the development of accident investigation techniques for aircraft electrical components. The primary source of data was the Airforce Mishap Database, which is maintained by the Directorate of Aerospace Safety at Norton Air Force Base. Published data from the Air Force Avionics Integrity Program (AVIP) and Hughes Aircraft were also reviewed. Statistical data from these three sources are presented. Two major conclusions are that problems with interconnections are major contributors to aircraft electrical equipment failures, and that environmental factors, especially corrosion, are significant contributors to connector problems     

Structural health monitoring techniques for aircraft composite structures

In order for composite materials to be used more extensively in load carrying aircraft structures, they have to be maintained in a safe and economical manner. Critical flaws may be induced in the structure requiring repair before the next scheduled inspection. Continuous monitoring will significantly increase operational safety. The information acquired in real-time would also benefit the understanding on fracture mechanics of composites, improving the confidence in their use and broadening their applications. The cost of inspection is approximately one-third of acquiring and operating composite structures. In order to compete in the increasingly demanding area of aircraft structures cost effective techniques need to be developed. Large areas need to be scanned rapidly without removal of individual components, minimising the disruption of the structure’s operation. In this paper a review of currently used inspection methods is presented and some examples are described where Lamb wave based scanning techniques have been used to identify internal damage in multi-layered composite structures.     

海洋环境下机载电连接器腐蚀分析与失效机理

为分析海洋环境对机载航空电连接器的腐蚀情况的影响,将电连接器进行自然暴晒试验和实验室多应力加速试验,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线能谱仪(EDS)和光学显微镜等表征手段对试验件腐蚀程度、腐蚀区的微量元素定性定量分析。结果显示,电连接器的中间轴身和头部高应力接触区易发生腐蚀。电连接器主要的腐蚀方式有电应力腐蚀和电化学腐蚀。高温、高盐、高湿和高辐射的海洋环境加速了电连接器被腐蚀的过程。被腐蚀的电连接器局部镀层破损甚至脱落,基底材料暴露在外且被腐蚀和破坏,并形成大量的金属盐腐蚀产物,导致失效概率增加。出现失效的主要原因是电连接器的接触电阻增加、绝缘性能降低、电偶腐蚀、应力松弛和蠕变。     

基于模式重要度的航空电源系统可靠性估计

针对航空电源系统可靠性分析的需要,研究现有典型系统的结构特点,提出基于模式重要度的系统可靠性估计方法。该方法首先根据航空电源各子系统的组成,采用蒙特卡罗方法对各子系统可靠性进行分析。根据子系统中各部件的模式重要度,建立子系统可靠性估计模型,进而获取并联系统和总系统的可靠性估计模型。该方法结合了蒙特卡罗方法的优势和系统本身的结构特点,既解决了复杂航空电源系统可靠性分析的难题,又克服了单纯采用蒙特卡罗方法对其进行分析时,仿真效率较低的问题。最后,采用所提出的方法对两种类型的电源系统进行仿真分析,并与单纯蒙特卡罗方法仿真分析结果进行比较,验证了该方法的可行性和有效性。     

民用飞机配电网络过流保护分析方法研究

飞机配电网络过流保护分析是验证飞机电网设计合理性、可靠性和安全性的重要内容之一.因此,主要对飞机配电网络过流保护分析方法进行了研究,并提出了一种特性曲线法.该特性曲线法基于导线载流特性曲线和电网保护装置过流保护动作特性曲线,分析方法简单、实用,可用于支持合格审定阶段飞机配电网络设计验证.     

EWIS 电气安装标准件的应用

随着新型飞机的研制,各主机单位对飞机上EWIS集成方案也有了新的想法,对EWIS线束的敷设布局、固定支撑方式等提出了更加合理、高维修性和减重的要求。通过介绍电气安装标准件的应用及使用注意事项,为EWIS的安装设计提供新思路,提高飞机空间的利用率,同时电气安装标准件的组合设计达到增加布线通道、增强线束防护、降低飞机质量的效果,实现最大的可靠性、系统间最小的干扰和耦合、检查和维护(包括清洁)的可达性,以及伤害预防。高可靠、体积小、质量轻、耐环境的EWIS电气安装标准件产是飞机上EWIS安装固定解决方案的首选产品。     

飞行力学和飞行控制试飞技术

为了适应高增益,全权限数字电传操纵系统飞行试验的需要,利用已研制成功的多台地面飞行模拟器和ＢＷ－１纵向,ＩＦＳＴＡ三自由度空中飞行模拟试验机,模型自由飞研究以及具有现代先进水平的机载数据采集记录和地面实时监控系统等设备和技术手段,进行了电传飞机的飞行品质和飞控稳定性等问题的研究,包括试飞输入设计,电传飞机飞行品质,电传飞控系统稳定裕度等。最后,提出了对下一代飞机飞行力学和飞行控制方面需要研究的试飞     

Construction of Fuel and Oil Quantity Sensors for High-Performance Aircraft

This paper describes the materials and methods of construction of fuel and oil quantity sensors designed to be used in the severe environments of todays high-performance aircraft. The sensors are based on the use of magnetically activated reed switches suitably compensated by resistors. In order to provide physical and electrical protection, the switches and resistors are encapsulated in a fuel and oil resistant electrical insulation formed of alternate layers of polyimide film and compatible fluorocarbon polymers.     

民用飞机设备和管线路设计优化工具的研究

为了解决飞机研发过程中,管线路及设备设计自动化程度低的问题。基于CATIA V5进行二次开发,使用API接口和VB语言实现相关工具的搭建,并主要在以下几个方面开展研究：一是在飞机初步设计阶段进行设备的快速布置;二是基于电气设备及周围零部件的空间布置,进行单一DMU管线路通道拓扑,通过EWIS隔离代码定义,规划线束通道的类型,自动分析通道之间的物理隔离距离,并依据EWIS隔离要求规范与自动分析的物理隔离距离进行分析,从而输出全机管线路通道之间的间隙检查结果及分析报告,为后续的通道拓扑优化提供相应的接口及设计规范;三是进行主通道及分支通道拓扑,通过定义通道的直径、通道内布置线缆的规格及不同形式布线的概率,开发工具自动计算EWIS线缆的总长度,并由公式快速计算出该线缆敷设方案的重量,供全机设计时参考。     

数字化导管加工与常规导管加工对比浅析

通过数字化导管加工与常规导管加工在协调方法、工艺过程、检测方法等方面对比分析,得出数字化导管制造可以缩短制造周期、降低生产成本的结论,能够适应现代飞机快速研制及改型需求,形成现代飞机导管制造核心竞争力。     

基于CST软件仿真的线束隔离研究

在民用飞机电气线路互联系统(EWIS)设计中,通过物理隔离防止电弧和电磁干扰(EMI)是适航审定的重要内容。以隔离距离为研究对象,基于电磁仿真软件CST,构建多种模型,对不同类型线缆间、不同电信号线路进行了仿真,证明了物理隔离不但是防止电弧产生的有效方式,而且能够极大地降低电磁干扰,同时使用屏蔽线缆和多芯扭绞等防护方法,也是降低电磁干扰的有效措施。     

航空电气电弧、短路危害及保护研究

航空电气电弧、短路可能会导致难以挽回的损失,研究航空电气电弧、短路的危害及其保护措施具有 重要意义。通过试验室搭建民用飞机典型的115V/400Hz三相交流电气线路,选取金属导体作为多余物,采 用试验法对飞机电气电弧、短路故障现象进行研究,验证和分析传统热断路器的工作特性,确认电气电弧、短路 故障对电气线路和设备产生的危害程度;同时,分析三种更好的电气电弧、短路保护方法。结果表明:传统热断 路器仅对短路故障具有保护作用,对电气电弧不能产生保护作用;三种新的保护方法电弧检测和保护时间过 长,电弧已对导线和设备产品造成不可恢复的损坏。     

基于军事需求工程的军用飞机EWIS设计需求分析

针对军用飞机电气线路互联系统(Electrical Wiring Interconnection System,EWIS)的设计特点和现状,明确了EWIS功能定位。在分析军事需求工程(Military Requirement Engineering,MRE)体系框架、过程和方法基础上,以海军飞机EWIS需求开发为例,设计了基于MRE的EWIS需求开发过程和统一需求描述模型,构建了需求体系框架,提出了基于数据的需求管理过程,为军用飞机EWIS设计提供参考依据。     

A flat panel display upgrade solution replaces military CRTtechnology

Successful technology insertion programs must satisfy many system constraints in order to incorporate new capabilities into aging avionics systems while meeting program cost requirements. Such constraints frequently include form, fit, and functional replacement specifications, as well as power and electrical performance restrictions. This paper describes a technology insertion program undertaken with the goal of replacing the 30-year-old azimuth indicator display of a radar warning receiver system. This necessitated the use of electroluminescent (EL) display technology to replace the analog cathode ray tube display currently used in the system. Because of the prohibitively high cost of aircraft wiring modifications, the replacement display was required to be completely form, fit, and functionally equivalent to its replacement. The form, fit, and functional equivalency requirement imposed the following system constraints: (1) power consumption of less than 10 Watts; (2) the need to maintain the same stroke-deflection current electrical interface; and (3) the need to meet the maintenance and repair budget of the existing display unit. Additional requirements included night-vision compatibility and full sunlight readability. The display was also required to be MIL-STD-1553 Remote Terminal communication capable. All requirements posed a challenging technology insertion problem to program personnel. The case study described in this paper illustrates the approach to meeting the particular requirements of this technology insertion program     

飞机电源系统故障诊断方法综述及发展趋势

飞机电源系统是机上一切用电设备的电能来源,其安全性与可靠性至关重要。在环保和高效发展需求的背景下,现代航空工业正在推进以电能为核心的多电/全电飞机技术的研究和应用。电驱动装置和电力电子器件的广泛使用导致飞机电源系统结构的复杂化,对飞机的可靠性、安全性、测试性和维修性提出了更高的要求,研究飞机电源系统的故障诊断技术具有重要意义。首先介绍了飞机电源系统的组成结构和各自功能,概述了飞机电源系统的发展历程,对比了国内外典型电源系统的特征,总结了飞机电源系统中的主要故障模式、故障特点和失效原因,并提出了一种飞机电源健康管理系统的设计架构,然后综述了国内外基于模型和基于数据的故障诊断方法研究进展,从准确度、数据需求量、适用性和实现难易程度等方面评述了各类诊断方法的特点,最后指出了飞机电源系统故障诊断技术面临的挑战和发展趋势。     

直流航空接触器熔焊故障分析及预防建议

直流航空接触器由于其体积小、负载大、高可靠性、长寿命等特点,广泛应用于航空器各大系统的电气部件中,是现代航空器的重要电气控制部件。直流航空接触器在断开和闭合过程中,触头会受到电侵蚀,当侵蚀达到一定程度后,动静触头将焊接在一起,接触器也将失去控制,造成航空器电源等重要系统故障。本文通过对某机型起动机接触器熔焊故障情况及触头熔焊分析,结合 2016—2019 年该型接触器平均故障万时率,统计其故障发生的时机和原因。结果表明：该直流航空接触器的维护属于时控件寿命曲线态势分布,建议对其按时控件管理。     

关于飞机系统模拟试验中流量计在线校准技术的探讨

在飞机系统地面模拟试验中,各类液体流量计及其流量显示仪表在液压、飞控、电源等系统试验中得到了广泛使用。从流量计连接方式、液体介质、流量显示方式三个方面分析了传统实验室的液体流量计计量方式所存在的弊端,同时,研究发现在各飞机试验系统中某些位置的液体流量计体积较大、安装复杂、不便拆卸。为解决上述问题,列举了3种在线校准液体流量计的方法,以避免流量计拆卸和安装,提高了工作效率,具有实用价值。