Particle simulation of grid system for krypton ion thrusters

The transport processes of plasmas in grid systems of krypton (Kr) ion thrusters at different acceleration voltages were simulated with a 3D-PIC model, and the result was compared with xenon (Xe) ion thrusters. The variation of the screen grid transparency, the accelerator grid current ratio and the divergence loss were explored. It is found that the screen grid transparency increases with the acceleration voltage and decreases with the beam current, while the accelerator grid current ratio and divergence loss decrease first and then increase with the beam current. This result is the same with Xe ion thrusters. Simulation results also show that Kr ion thrusters have more advantages than Xe ion thrusters, such as higher screen grid transparency, smaller accelerator grid current ratio, larger cut-off current threshold, and better divergence loss characteristic. These advantages mean that Kr ion thrusters have the ability of operating in a wide range of current. Through comprehensive analyses, it can be concluded that using Kr as propellant is very suitable for a multi-mode ion thruster design.     

Numerical modeling of spacecraft electric propulsion thrusters

There is a clear current trend towards the replacement of small chemical thrusters used for spacecraft control by electric propulsion thrusters. These thrusters use a variety of mechanisms to convert electrical power into thrust and, in general, provide superior specific impulse in comparison to chemical systems. Electric propulsion has been under development for the last 40 yr, and almost all thrusters are designed based on experience and experimentation. The present article considers the progress made in numerical simulation of electric propulsion thrusters. Due to the wide range of such devices, attention is restricted to electric propulsion thruster types that are presently in use by orbiting spacecraft. The physical regimes created in these thrusters indicate that a variety of numerical methods is required for accurate numerical simulation ranging from continuum formulations to kinetic approaches. Successes of numerical simulation models are demonstrated through specific examples. It is concluded that numerical simulations can be expected to play a more prominent role in the design and evolution of future electric propulsion thrusters.     

双组元微型变轨发动机

介绍了本所研制的微型变轨发动机,其主要技术特点是双组元差动式电磁阀、层板喷注器、Ｃ／Ｃ推力室以及喷注器与推力室的焊接联接。试车表明,该发动机性能稳定、工作可靠,满足设计要求。     

姿控推进系统发动机关机的管路瞬变特性

从一维液体瞬变管路方程出发，采用有限差分格式的特征线方法，针对某姿控推进系统发动机真实氧化剂管路的关机瞬变特性进行了数值研究，对系统不同部位的动态特性进行了计算，喷注前的最大瞬变压力达到储箱压力的3倍，得到的结果与试车数据是一致的，对液体发动机管路工程设计具有参考价值，表明该方法可以方便地对包括许多管路，阀门和推力室的复杂系统进行动态特性分析。     

基于新型终端滑模的航天器执行器故障容错姿态控制

针对受干扰的刚体航天器冗余执行器存在故障与控制受限的姿态跟踪控制问题,提出一类基于新型指数形式的非奇异快速滑模面（ENFTSM）与趋近律的姿态容错控制器设计方法。当部分推力器发生故障时,假设剩余推力器具有输出饱和特性且能提供足够推力保证航天器执行任务,相比一般终端滑模控制器,本文设计的控制器不仅能使系统状态以更快的速度到达平衡点,且不需要在线对执行器故障信息进行检测和分离。基于Lyapunov方法证明本文设计的控制器能保证闭环系统稳定,且能有效地抑制外部干扰、控制受限和执行器故障等约束。最后对提出的控制算法进行了数值仿真,其结果表明了该控制器的有效性。     

基于新型终端滑模的航天器执行器故障容错姿态控制简

 针对受干扰的刚体航天器冗余执行器存在故障与控制受限的姿态跟踪控制问题,提出一类基于新型指数形式的非奇异快速滑模面（ENFTSM）与趋近律的姿态容错控制器设计方法。当部分推力器发生故障时,假设剩余推力器具有输出饱和特性且能提供足够推力保证航天器执行任务,相比一般终端滑模控制器,本文设计的控制器不仅能使系统状态以更快的速度到达平衡点,且不需要在线对执行器故障信息进行检测和分离。基于Lyapunov方法证明本文设计的控制器能保证闭环系统稳定,且能有效地抑制外部干扰、控制受限和执行器故障等约束。最后对提出的控制算法进行了数值仿真,其结果表明了该控制器的有效性。     

Soft landing stability analysis of a Mars lander under uncertain terrain

Safe soft landing of the lander is vital to the Mars surface exploration mission. Analysis and verification of the landing stability under uncertain terrain play an important role in lander design. However, the effect of uncertain terrain is ignored in most existing studies, making the analysis incomprehensive and increasing the risk of landing failure in practice. In this paper, a Mars lander with 10 attitude control thrusters is introduced and its dynamics model is then established considering...     

小型固体运载火箭六自由度弹道仿真

针对控制系统采用侧喷流发动机和栅格舵的新型小型多级固体运载火箭开展六自由度弹道仿真研究。给出侧喷流发动机安装模型和推力模型以及开关机控制规律,阐明气动力和气动力矩计算方法;并建立了固体发动机推力模型,以及完整的六自由度弹道动力学和运动学模型。仿真结果表明:建立的六自由度弹道仿真模型能正确反映运载火箭飞行特性;研究的固体运载火箭满足将300kg有效载荷送入200km太阳同步轨道的运载能力要求;姿态控制系统满足运载火箭姿态控制精度要求;侧喷流推进剂质量分配合理,为总体方案论证和初步设计提供了理论依据。     

霍尔推进系统扭矩特性分析及应用设计

为降低霍尔推进系统产生的扭矩长期作用于航天器对姿态控制造成的干扰,对其扭矩特性进行分析和优化设计,通过对扭矩的产生机理进行模型化分析,得到了放电参数对扭矩大小及方向的影响关系。分析表明,1kW～5kW功率级霍尔推力器工作时,会产生量级为10-4N?m的扭矩,通过控制励磁电流方向可改变扭矩方向。针对典型的全电推进飞行任务,通过提出霍尔推进系统扭矩主动控制设计,实现了对系统产生的扭矩进行相互抵消或者叠加利用,降低了系统的应用风险。     

微型姿控固体推力器阵列点火算法

对用于微型卫星姿态控制的固体推力器阵列的组合点火问题进行了研究,分析了微型固体推力器阵列的工作性能,建立了组合点火问题的数学模型,设计了基值组合算法和阵列规划算法两种点火算法,并利用Matlab/Simulink对设计的算法进行了仿真.结果表明:阵列规划算法计算准确,快速有效,并且提高了阵列中推力器的利用率.      

Attitude stabilization with actuators subject to switching restrictions: an approach via exact relay control methods

On-off thrusters are frequently used as actuators for attitude control. Typically these thrusters are subject to switching constraints. A limit cycle is the normal steady state operation mode of such attitude control systems. This contribution deals with controller design for precision attitude stabilization using actuators whose switching restrictions are explicitly considered. An exact approach is presented using ideas from established relay control methods. The design procedure is illustrated with an attitude controller design to attain a limit cycle with prescribed characteristics     

霍尔推力器能量损失系统性评价方法

霍尔推力器典型效率在50%左右,其余能量在电离、加速、耦合等过程中耗散掉,为了明确推力器优化设计的重点方向,需要定量地研究各个物理过程中损失的能量。因此,本文从能量损失分析的角度入手研究影响霍尔推力器效率的典型物理过程及机理,建立了针对霍尔推力器能量损失的系统性评价方法,为霍尔推力器设计及优化提供理论支撑。从霍尔推力器能量转化过程入手,并以能量的最终作用对象及性质作为分类的标准,建立了新的能量损失体系,认为霍尔推力器损失的能量主要有：径向羽流动能、阳极沉积热能、壁面沉积热能、电离能、阴极耦合损失。针对各项损失能量建立了实验评估方法,实验结果显示,阳极热沉积、壁面热沉积、羽流发散导致的能量损失是制约霍尔推力器效率的主导因素,其占比分别达到5.2%、24.7%、6.1%。实验测得所有输出功率占输入阳极放电功率比例达到102.1%,经不确定度分析,认为是阳极热沉积、电离能、阴极耦合损失的高估导致的,但该方法诊断得到的各项损失相对数量级关系是确定的,利用实验校核了方法的可行性,为霍尔推力器性能以及设计水平的评价提供了新的视角。     

槽道式侧推器水动力性能研究进展和展望

侧推器在从事港口作业、科考、救援和海洋资源开发等具有较高操纵性要求的船舶和海洋平台上具有广泛的应用。本文分别对槽道式侧推器的水动力性能预报方法、螺旋桨设计、槽道口减阻降噪设计、做功能力影响因素、空化噪声和脉动压力、减摇作用以及操纵效能等方面的研究进展进行了回顾；重点对影响侧推器做功能力的因素进行了梳理，将其分为槽道口形状、槽道内流场情况、船舶航速与康达效应、槽道及船体形状、侧推器同其他推进器的相互干扰、自由液面和限制水域等几个方面，并对现有相关研究工作进行了阐述。最后对侧推器水动力性能研究方面需要进一步深化以及可以拓展的方向进行了展望。     

一种基于动态补偿技术的微小稳态推力还原方法

新型微推力器是未来微纳卫星的生力军,其设计、研制和应用都离不开推力性能测量的工程支撑。在设计和研究阶段,新型微推力器稳态力输出时间与机械式直接测量系统稳态调整时间之间存在匹配问题,无法利用测量系统的稳态响应直接还原推力大小。提出一种基于动态补偿技术的稳态推力还原方法,通过分析稳态力工作时间、稳态力大小与测量系统稳态响应之间的关系,提出了动态补偿器的设计原则和推力还原步骤,并进行了实验验证。研究结果表明：当稳态推力实际工作时间大于测量系统周期的0.25倍,且小于测量系统稳态调整时间时,可利用动态补偿器设计原则建立新的等效测量系统,使最终的输出达到稳态,并利用最终的稳态响应均值还原推力大小。     

基于章动原理实施推力器标定

为了保证在实施大的变轨过程中卫星的安全，必须进行推力器对偶性检验。卫星设计部门和地面工作人员根据卫星的特点，利用姿态数据及章动原理建立了一套标定推力器对称性的方法。此方法在地球同步三轴稳定卫星轨道维持过程中得到实际检验，效果良好。     

电弧喷射推力器化学非平衡数值模拟

为了准确把握电弧喷射推力器工作过程物理机理与特征,采用化学非平衡模型对不同压缩室直径下低功率氮电弧喷射推力器工作情况进行了数值模拟。模型考虑了工作过程中的分解反应、电离反应和复合反应,化学动力学模型为4组分,4反应的有限速率化学反应模型。采用二阶精度NND格式数值求解耦合电磁源项和化学反应源项的N S方程组,采用有限控制容积积分方法求解由麦克斯韦方程组推导出的电磁场方程。数值模拟的结果揭示了推力器内部电弧能量输入作用和高温电离气体的离解电离状况,给出了不同压缩室直径下推力器的推力、比冲和推进效率。结果分析表明,压缩室直径对推力器性能具有较大影响。     

推力器故障的刚体航天器自适应变结构容错控制

 针对刚体航天器存在未知惯量参数、推力器故障以及控制受限的姿态控制问题,提出了一类自适应变结构容错控制方法,显式地引入推力器输出的饱和幅值,以确保控制输出在其要求界的范围内;同时,引入控制参数在线自适应调整技术,提高了控制律对参数、干扰以及故障变化的自适应能力;对设计者而言,推力器故障信息不需要进行在线检测和分离。此外,进一步考虑存在推力偏差对系统性能的影响,设计控制器参数使得闭环系统对这类推力偏差具有L₂增益稳定性。最后,将设计的控制器应用于航天器的姿态机动控制,仿真结果表明该控制器能有效地抑制外部干扰、参数不确定性和推力器各种故障的约束,在完成姿态机动的同时,保证其控制输出满足饱和受限界的要求。     

Research on vacuum plume and its effects

In vacuum environment, the exhaust flow of attitude control thrusters would expand freely and produce the plume, which possibly causes undesirable contamination, aerodynamic force and heating effects to the spacecraft. Plume work station (PWS) is developed by Beihang University (BUAA) for numerically simulating the vacuum plume and its effects. An approach which combines the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method and difference solution of Navier-Stokes (N-S) equations is applied. The internal flows in nozzles are simulated by solving the NS equations. The flow parameters at nozzle exit are used as the inlet boundary condition for the DSMC calculation. Experimental studies are carried out in a supersonic low density wind tunnel which could simulate the 60-80 km altitude environment to investigate the plume and its effects. To demonstrate the capability of PWS, numerical simulations are performed for the vacuum plume of several typical attitude control thrusters. The research results are of great help for the engineering design.     

低功率电弧喷射推力器实验研究

为深入了解低功率电弧喷射推力器的启动特性和工作性能，对不同推进剂和不同结构尺寸的推力器进行了广泛的多启动实验研究。研究中建成了推进剂供给系统和真空模拟系统，研制了电源处理单元和小推力测量装置，开发了实验数据采集系统，完成了实验推力器结构设计和材料选择，并分别采用氩、氮、氨为推进剂成功地进行了点火实验。研究表明，推进剂性质对推力器启动特性和工作特性具有重大影响，推力器优化设计应该针对具体的推进剂进行并考虑适当宽广的流量范围。     

A brief review of alternative propellants and requirements for pulsed plasma thrusters in micropropulsion applications

Technological miniaturization has enabled the development of small satellites weighing as little as 1 kg. Unfortunately, there is still a lack of suitable efficient micropropulsion systems at these scales. The pulsed plasma thruster is a structurally simple form of electric propulsion. This simplicity also makes it ideally suited for miniaturization. Its history can be traced back to applications in satellites that are much larger than micro/nano-satellites. The vast majority of modern pulsed plasma thrusters use solid polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) as a propellant. Unfortunately, at lower discharge energy levels such as those necessitated by the power limitations of micro/nano-satellites, PTFE has a tendency to exhibit carbon deposition, which can ultimately lead to thruster failure. In this new era of small satellites, it is important to consider alternative propellants in the miniaturization of pulsed plasma thrusters. This brief review discusses the needs and limitations of small satellites and alternative propellants that may be able to meet these needs. Such propellants may be able to offer advantages such as a longer thruster lifetime, a higher specific impulse, or a higher thrust-to-power ratio. This would enable the development of different types of pulsed plasma thrusters that can be tailored towards specific mission requirements.