Needs in space education for the 21st century

There is increasingly broad concern in the USA today about the quality, vibrancy and appeal of science and technical education in general and space education in particular. There needs to be a robust link between the educational community (i.e. the primary and secondary schools as well as colleges and universities) and a well-defined space research and exploration agenda that is strongly supported by the space industry, NASA and other relevant US governmental agencies. Without such a renewal of mission and new goals it will be difficult to re-invigorate and expand quality space education programs. A workshop was therefore convened in 2003 to analyze the problem, discuss new initiatives, organize a survey inviting suggestions from a range of relevant players and draw conclusions on what the USA needs to do to improve space education in the 21st century. Although the focus of this workshop was on space education in the USA the international dimensions of this problem were also addressed and the firm conclusion was reached that similar issues and concerns apply in Europe, Canada, Japan and other spacefaring nations. This article is an edited version of a White Paper subsequently produced to highlight the problem, summarize the proceedings of the workshop and present the results of the survey. Greater clarity in the definition of national space goals, the upgrading of teachers’ skills and an increase in technical scholarships are among the steps recommended.     

The space life sciences strategy for the 21st century

In the past, space life sciences has focused on gaining an understanding of physiological tolerance to spaceflight, but, for the last 10 years, the focus has evolved to include issues relevant to extended duration missions. In the 21st century, NASA's long-term strategy for the exploration of the solar system will combine the assurance of human health and performance for long periods in space with investigations aimed at searching for traces of life on other planets and acquiring fundamental scientific knowledge of life processes. Implementation of this strategy will involve a variety of disciplines including radiation health, life support, human factors, space physiology and countermeasures, medical care, environmental health, and exobiology. It will use both ground-based and flight research opportunities such as those found in current on-going programs, on Spacelab and unmanned biosatellite flights, and during Space Station Freedom missions.     

The National Space Biomedical Research Institute's education and public outreach program: Working toward a global 21st century space exploration society

Space Exploration educators worldwide are confronting challenges and embracing opportunities to prepare students for the global 21st century workforce. The National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI), established in 1997 through a NASA competition, is a 12-university consortium dedicated to space life science research and education. NSBRI's Education and Public Outreach Program (EPOP) is advancing the Institute's mission by responding to global educational challenges through activities that: provide teacher professional development; develop curricula that teach students to communicate with their peers across the globe; provide women and minority US populations with greater access to, and awareness of science careers; and promote international science education partnerships.A recent National Research Council (NRC) Space Studies Board Report, America's Future in Space: Aligning the Civil Program with National Needs, acknowledges that “a capable workforce for the 21st century is a key strategic objective for the US space program… (and that) US problems requiring best efforts to understand and resolve…are global in nature and must be addressed through mutual worldwide action”. [1] This sentiment has gained new momentum through a recent National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) report, which recommends that the life of the International Space Station be extended beyond the planned 2016 termination. [2] The two principles of globalization and ISS utility have elevated NSBRI EPOP efforts to design and disseminate science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) educational materials that prepare students for full participation in a globalized, high technology society; promote and provide teacher professional development; create research opportunities for women and underserved populations; and build international educational partnerships.This paper describes select EPOP projects and makes the case for using innovative, emerging information technologies to transfer space exploration knowledge to students, engage educators from across the globe in discourse about science curricula, and foster multimedia collaborations that inform citizens about the benefits of space exploration for life on Earth. Special references are made to educational activities conducted at professional meetings in Austria, Canada, France, China, Greece, Italy, Russia, Scotland and Spain.     

面向21世纪的中国航天——在首届世界空间周庆祝大会上的讲话

今天，我们欢聚一堂，隆重庆祝第一个由联合国确定的纪念世界航天事业的伟大节日──“世界空间周”。我谨代表中国国家航天局向世界所有航天工作者和关心、支持航天事业的各界人士表示热烈的祝贺！此时此刻世界各国政府以及航天工作者也正以不同方式庆祝着人类共同的节日！ 航天技术是探索、开发和利用太空以及地球以外天体的综合性工程技术，它包括空间技术、空间应用和空间科学，是当今世界高科技群体中最具影响力的科学技术之一。随着人类社会的不断发展，它越来越广泛地渗入到人类生产和生活的各个领域，并发挥着极其重要的作用；它使…     

新世纪初的世界航天保险

近几年来，世界航天保险市场动荡不安，特别是美国2001年“9．11”事件带动了整个保险市场保险费率的急剧上扬。由于发射失败或在轨卫星出现故障导致保险索赔数量的增加，航天保险的保险费率更是创下了历史新高，1999—2002年骤增129％。     

New roles in space for the 21st century: a Uruguayan view

In the economic and social circumstances of the 21st century globalized world, there is a need to rethink the traditional roles and positions in space of international intergovernmental organizations, states, both developed and developing, and humankind itself. Uruguay provides an example of a non-typical country that has managed to carve an important niche for itself in the field of space law. Although globalization is an irreversible phenomenon, which has had a devastating effect on the weakest countries, following the attacks of 11 September 2001 insecurity has become globalized for everyone. From the point of view of a state such as Uruguay, this crisis must be looked upon as an opportunity to renew and inspire intelligence, education and culture. In this way—and by continuing to argue for a global space organization—it can contribute to making the Space Age an era of global and planetary solidarity for the benefit of humankind.     

Global and European challenges for space law at the edge of the 21st century

An international symposium, ‘Global and European Challenges for Air and Space Law at the Edge of the 21st Century’, organised by the Institute of Air and Space Law (Cologne) and the German Aerospace Center (DLR), took place from 8 to 10 June 2005 in Cologne. The conference assembled space law experts from industry, academic and international institutions world-wide. Areas of discussion were national space legislation, the current relationship of ESA and the EU, and common issues in air and space law with regard to future aerospace applications. This report examines the common denominators underlying all these three areas.     

21世纪初期航天遥感技术发展展望

文章回顾了航天遥感技术的发展历史 ,介绍了几项有代表性的航天遥感计划及其所涉及的关键技术 ,对航天遥感技术在21世纪前10年至20年的可能发展予以展望     

A Franco–German view of Europe's ambition in space for the 21st century

Europe has at last started to integrate the assets of its broad set of actors into a comprehensive European Space Strategy. But will this first approach be ambitious enough to strengthen Europe as a global actor? In this contribution, the individuals responsible for strategy in the French and German space agencies seek an answer to this question. They do so by reviewing the historical background to European space efforts, and its role in shaping present-day activities; setting forth a vision of how Europe should proceed in space, and measuring current progress in drafting a European space strategy against this vision.     

Convergence and technology acceleration in non-safety aeronautical mobile-satellite communications: Policy for the 21st century

Commercial activities from outer space have largely consisted of satellite communications. Whilst the maritime and land-mobile services can now be regarded as mature, the next growth area is anticipated in the provision of non-safety aeronautical mobile-satellite services, a service which is now poised to expand significantly in an era marked by competition and convergence of communications technologies. This article highlights and analyses pertinent institutional, legal and regulatory issues, describing what the law is, while making recommendations relating to what the current law should become if the rules were changed to accord with good policy.     

Development Trend and Strategy of Space Technology in the 21st Century

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简析奥巴马关于21世纪太空探索战略的演讲

<正>1演讲概要2010年4月15日,奥巴马总统在肯尼迪航天中心就21世纪太空探索战略发表演讲。其主要内容是:誗为实现21世纪太空探索目标,奥巴马政府将制定新的太     

Space radiation concerns for manned exploration.

Spaceflight exposes astronaut crews to natural ionizing radiation. To date, exposures in manned spaceflight have been well below the career limits recommended to NASA by the National Council of Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP). This will not be the case for long-duration exploratory class missions. Additionally. International Space Station (ISS) crews will receive higher doses than earlier flight crews. Uncertainties in our understanding of long-term bioeffects, as well as updated analyses of the Hiroshima. Nagasaki and Chernobyl tumorigenesis data, have prompted the NCRP to recommend further reductions by 30-50% for career dose limit guidelines. Intelligent spacecraft design and material selection can provide a shielding strategy capable of maintaining crew exposures within recommended guidelines. Current studies on newer radioprotectant compounds may find combinations of agents which further diminish the risk of radiation-induced bioeffects to the crew.     

21世纪的推进动力——RS-68

RS-68是世界上第一台基于成本作为独立变量(CAIV)而研制的液体推进系统,也是美国自20年前航天飞机主发动机(SSME)以来获取飞行许可的第一种新型发动机.洛克达因公司在一次性使用的推进系统方面具有超过50年的悠久的、成功的历史,如红石超过85次的飞行、宇宙神超过569次的飞行、雷神/德尔它超过669次的飞行和土星/阿波罗的一、二、三级超过32次的飞行.当然,还有超过300台SSME的发射和一百万秒的试验这样无可匹敌的、可重复使用发动机飞行历史.     

21世纪初主要国家的航天发展战略及其影响

论述了 2 1世纪初 ,世界主要航天国家 (如美国、欧洲、俄罗斯、日本和印度 )的航天发展战略与政策 ,包括航天计划、重点领域和投资情况 ;分析了上述国家航天政策调整对本国和对世界航天发展的影响 ,最后 ,对我国我国航天工业的发展提出了建议。     

21世纪国外深空探测发展计划及进展

21世纪初期,国外深空探测计划层出不穷,各类深空探测器不断升空。文章主要概述新世纪各航天国家或地区的深空探测计划,并分别论述对月球、火星和其他行星以及小天体的探测计划及其进展,最后进行综合分析研究。     

Modeling international cooperation in human space exploration for the twenty-first century.

The policy process of international cooperation in space exploration. including optimistic and pessimistic scenarios for the twenty-first century, is modeled and examined in this study. In the optimistic scenario, international cooperation involves a balanced and interdependent distribution of capabilities between states, their respective national space agencies and communities of space scientists and space engineers. Cooperation is characterized by interstate participation in critical path components and joint research and development. In the pessimistic scenario, international cooperation is structured and dominated politically and economically by powerful states vis-a-vis weaker states. Cooperation is limited to coordination of separate nationally approved projects and augmentation of capabilities in noncritical path components. On the basis of these two scenarios, policy predictions and implications relevant to exploration missions in the twenty-first century, such as a human-tended lunar base and human missions to Mars, are presented and discussed.