航空电气电弧、短路危害及保护研究

航空电气电弧、短路可能会导致难以挽回的损失,研究航空电气电弧、短路的危害及其保护措施具有 重要意义。通过试验室搭建民用飞机典型的115V/400Hz三相交流电气线路,选取金属导体作为多余物,采 用试验法对飞机电气电弧、短路故障现象进行研究,验证和分析传统热断路器的工作特性,确认电气电弧、短路 故障对电气线路和设备产生的危害程度;同时,分析三种更好的电气电弧、短路保护方法。结果表明:传统热断 路器仅对短路故障具有保护作用,对电气电弧不能产生保护作用;三种新的保护方法电弧检测和保护时间过 长,电弧已对导线和设备产品造成不可恢复的损坏。     

Inspection processes must compliment systems inspected [aircraft maintenance]

If the goal is to improve either aviation or shuttle safety and systems reliability, then modern methods of wire systems diagnostics, prognostics, mediation, repair, and validation are a must. This requires using modern non-destructive evaluation (NDE) procedures and equipment which yields information that supports the operator's wire health management program and feeds into his aging aircraft or shuttle containment processes. Commonly used wire inspection processes do not compliment aircraft electrical systems making it difficult to diagnose wiring problems or manage wiring systems health. The wire inspection tools in common use today can be represented by the volt/ohm meter, the meg/ohm meter, and visual techniques. The two meters only measure conductivity, connectivity, and insulation breakdown strength. Visual techniques, mirror and flashlight methods only reach about 25% of the aircraft wiring and subjectively identify only physical faults of the insulation and simple damaged components. Little can be determined relative to the wire, insulation, bundle, connector, connector pins, backshell, wire supports, grounding, shielding, or intended electrical systems performance. All items where data is necessary to analyze and manage the health of the system. Guidance material is currently not available for the electrical repairman for even a simplified zonal inspection. The user community also reports gross shortcomings in the guidance supplied by the manufacture's maintenance and repair manuals.     

Reliability evaluation of avionics system with imperfect fault coverage and propagated failure mechanisms

Fault tolerance designs are essential techniques for systems that require high levels of reliability, such as aircraft or spacecraft control system. Imperfect Fault Coverage (IFC) may lead to the failure of a system or subsystem even with adequate redundancy. Previous studies of IFC mostly concentrated on evaluating Coverage Factor (CF), whereas the system failure behaviors with IFC have rarely been involved. Failures that occur in low-layer may be covered by high-layer. However, if the coverage is imperfect, uncovered failure will have functional and physical impact on the system behavior. In this thesis, the failure behavior and reliability of IFC of multi-layer systems are studied and a Binary Decision Diagram (BDD)-based modeling and simulation method are proposed to evaluate system reliability. As a case, the failure behavior of an aero engine electronic controller with IFC is studied. The results show that the IFC may impact system behavior without taking the IFC into account, the system maintenance intervals may reduce, and thus the maintenance costs will increase.     

机场助航灯光故障在线巡检系统设计

提出了一种机场助航灯光故障在线巡检系统，可以对机场助航灯具开路、输入功率过小、隔离变压器桶进水、隔离变压器二次开路等故障进行在线巡检：通过在线巡检，机场助航工作人员可发现灯具故障并及时进行维护．从而保障飞机起飞降落的飞行安全，提高机场助航灯光维护的工作效率。     

长寿命热障涂层的剥落机理及抗剥落结构设计

涂覆于高温合金热端部件表面的热障涂层,具有隔热防护作用,属新一代燃气轮机的关键核心技术。等离子喷涂制备的热障涂层隔热性能好,但长时间高温服役后存在开裂剥落问题,引发基体烧蚀、造成巨大经济损失。因此,发展长寿命热障涂层是该技术领域的重大难题。本文从等离子喷涂热障涂层的独特层状结构特征入手,阐述涂层在高温服役中结构和性能的演变规律,揭示涂层剥落失效机理,总结长寿命热障涂层设计方法。研究表明,等离子喷涂热障涂层呈现以连通2D孔隙为主的层状多孔结构,具有优异的隔热功能和协调应变能力。然而,涂层在高温服役中发生烧结,2D孔隙大量消失,涂层显著刚化,使热障涂层开裂驱动力急剧增加,引发微观裂纹扩展并贯通形成大尺度裂纹,导致涂层最终剥落失效。据此,分别从降低开裂驱动力和增加开裂阻力两方面着手,总结抗开裂新结构涂层设计方法,为研发长寿命热障涂层指明了发展方向。在未来研究中,如何保证涂层高隔热和长寿命并同时兼顾经济性,是发展新一代高性能热障涂层的重点方向。     

Mir: a health report

The current equipment and safety status of the Russian space station Mir is discussed. Mir has operated past its expected life expectancy and has been having an increasing number of equipment failures and problems. The Russian system of addressing equipment repairs and maintenance is examined along with implications for the future International Space Station.     

船舶轴带无刷双馈电机短路电流分析与保护设计

当船舶轴带无刷双馈电机(BDFG)功率绕组发生三相短路故障时,短路电流会对系统造成较大的危害。因此,有必要设计专门的保护电路保障系统的安全。利用空间旋转坐标系,建立船舶轴带BDFG功率绕组三相短路时的动态方程,并依据磁链守恒定律研究系统短路电流的变化特性。通过分析短路电流的各个分量,提出加入撬棒电阻和直流卸载电路的保护方式来卸载过电流,并进一步研究加入保护电路后的电流变化特性。以1台30 kVA的BDFG为仿真对象,运用MATLAB/Simulink进行模型仿真和理论值计算,验证了保护电路的有效性,对船舶轴带BDFG电气安全设计具有指导意义。     

Civil aircraft warning systems: who's calling the shots?

In spite of the common requirement for civil flight deck crew to rapidly and effectively manage failures, there are significant differences in the design of electronic warning systems (EWS) and the failure management tools available to the crew of the flagship aircraft of the three major civil manufacturers. This paper reports early findings of an ongoing research programme addressing some of the human factors issues of these designs. The paper overviews certain characteristics of these designs, in particular the distribution of control between crew and automation over system functions. The paper concludes that these differences reflect implicit assumptions about the role of the pilot which should be made explicit, and suggests that direct control over failure resolution may be less important than awareness of system state. It is suggested that new perspectives on design may be required to support the further development of EWS.     

飞机故障的运行后果及成本分析方法

系统故障的运行后果分析技术是飞机运行可靠性分析的重要分支,可为维修任务的成本效益分析提供有力支撑。为了研究飞机系统故障对运行后果及成本的影响,从系统故障运行后果的相关性分析入手,首先,梳理飞机系统故障类型和放行情况对运行后果的影响;然后,结合航线维修现行做法及事件树思想提出一种支持评估飞机系统故障的运行后果及其相关成本的方法,建立基于飞机系统故障的运行后果与成本评估模型;最后,以某型号飞机燃油系统为例,验证所提方法的可行性和适用性。结果表明：本文所提方法合理有效,可为评估故障运行后果提供支持,为飞机的设计、运行和维护提供一定的参考。     

空间用精密导电滑环的研制

精密导电滑环是空间航天器姿态控制系统执行机构的核心部件,具有高传输精度、高可靠以及长寿命等特点.根据某航天器控制力矩陀螺用导电滑环的技术要求及环境条件,重点论述了该滑环主要关键技术,包括材料选择、可靠性与空间环境适应性设计,提出了单环双槽双刷并联四点式接触的结构,并进行了滑环加速寿命跑和试验,试验结果表明:在进行了2× 106转后滑环的各项性能指标均能满足滑环主要技术指标要求.     

Vibration analysis and control technologies of hydraulic pipeline system in aircraft: A review

Vibrations in aircraft hydraulic pipeline system, due to multi-source excitation of high fluid pressure fluctuation and serious vibration environment of airframe, can cause the pipeline system vibration failures through overload in engineering field. Controlling the vibrations in hydraulic pipeline is a challenging work to ensure the flight safety of aircraft. The common vibration control technologies have been demonstrated to be effective in typical structures such as aerospace structures, shipbuilding structures, marine offshore structures, motor structures, etc. However, there are few research literatures on vibration control strategies of aircraft hydraulic pipeline. Combining with the development trend of aircraft hydraulic pipeline system and the requirement of vibration control technologies, this paper provides a detailed review on the current vibration control technologies in hydraulic pipeline system. A review of the general approaches following the passive and active control technologies are presented, which are including optimal layout technique of pipeline and clamps, constrained layer damping technique, vibration absorber technique, hydraulic hose technique, optimal pump structure technique, and active vibration control technique of pipeline system. Finally, some suggestions for the application of vibration control technologies in engineering field are given.     

基于CST软件仿真的线束隔离研究

在民用飞机电气线路互联系统(EWIS)设计中,通过物理隔离防止电弧和电磁干扰(EMI)是适航审定的重要内容。以隔离距离为研究对象,基于电磁仿真软件CST,构建多种模型,对不同类型线缆间、不同电信号线路进行了仿真,证明了物理隔离不但是防止电弧产生的有效方式,而且能够极大地降低电磁干扰,同时使用屏蔽线缆和多芯扭绞等防护方法,也是降低电磁干扰的有效措施。     

电缆故障在线检测定位装置研究

电缆作为飞机电源系统的重要组成部分,实现电缆故障的在线诊断,可以提高其可靠性。采用扩展频谱时域反射法(SSTDR),基于FPGA技术,设计一种板级速率为500 MHz的飞机电缆故障在线检测和定位装置,并进行实验验证。结果表明:该装置能够实现电缆开路、短路以及间歇性电弧的在线检测和定位,具有定位精度高、实时性好等优点;利用该装置在线监测电缆的健康状态,实现难以复现的间歇性故障的检测,能够提高地面运营、维护效率,节省人力物力,具有较高的工程应用价值。     

民用飞机燃油箱系统闪电防护分析方法研究

民机燃油箱系统的闪电防护是燃油箱安全的重要研究范畴,本文依据FAA的25-146号修正案和咨询通告AC25.954-1,介绍了民用飞机燃油箱系统闪电防护分析方法。在点火源防护分析思路的基础上,针对闪电引起的点火源,在明确飞机闪电分区后,可通过容错类设计或非容错类设计分别开展分析。针对容错类设计,可仅通过证明防护设计特征有效且可靠来表明符合性,无需进一步分析失效概率。针对非容错类设计,通过定性和定量分析法进行评估。在定性分析时,需评估非容错特征失效且引起点火源的概率小于1E-5。在定量分析中,可结合燃油箱可燃性、关键闪电和防护特征失效概率确保闪电引起燃油蒸气点燃的概率为极不可能。同时,根据闪电环境定义的电流振幅和波形对防护设计特征进行有效性验证。     

计入导线故障的民机安全性定量分析方法研究

将导线故障引入安全性定量分析方法中,介绍了安全性分析的现状、存在的问题以及计入导线故障的必要性。通过将导线故障和安全性分析相结合,提出一种计人导线故障的安全性定量分析方法。对影响导线故障的机理进行探究与分析,提出“导线故障率影响因子”概念,阐述了影响导线故障率的主要因素及其类型,建立了一种民用飞机实际导线故障率计算方法与模型,以及在单一状态和多种状态下导线故障率计算方法,并对方法进行案例分析,使安全性定量分析更准确、有效和完善,大大减少了导线故障所引起的不安全事件,为民用飞机安全性和合格审定工作提供了有力的支持。     

Xs-MET-a reduced complexity fabrication process using complementaryheterostructure field effect transistors for analog, low power, spaceapplications

The requirements for space-based integrated circuit applications are defined with an emphasis on being radiation tolerant and low power consuming. Flexible analog signal processors (FASPs) are outlined as a means by which effective circuit designs can be utilized to perform a multitude of tasks. The development of complementary III-V technologies have been proven to meet the demands of the space environment, and have demonstrated the potential for frequency operation beyond 1 GHz using power supply voltages at or below 1.5 Volts. The novel fabrication process known as Xs-MET (pronounced kismet, which uses the Creek letter chi, X, and stands for Complementary Heterostructure Integrated Single Metal Transistor), is introduced as a manufacturing technique to be used in FASP design. The Xs-MET fabrication process is outlined with preliminary device results presented. An example of a FASP circuit design using Xs-MET is provided. Conclusions regarding the utilization of the Xs-MET process for FASPs are outlined with comments focusing on a space-based demonstration     

Digital Computation Makes AFCS More Reliable

In airline service the reliability of a system is more than the confirmed failures for the system; it is the total removal experience of the system. Thus, the reliability of a system lies not only in the piece part failure rates, but also in the capability to verify and isolate failures. The application of digital technology brings several significant reliability improvements to automatic flight control systems (AFCS) when compared to contemporary analog systems. These advantages are demonstrated by the experience of the digital air data computer (DADC) of the DC-10 and the digital AFCS of the JA-37 Viggen. Experience with this equipment is reviewed, and the results are interpreted in terms of projections for airline DAFCS reliability. The digital system built-in test implemented by a stored program and the central processor gives a system integrity and dispatch reliability unequaled by analog systems. This high-integrity self-test reduces removal rates by giving line personnel a trustworthy tool and more complete automatic test processes for verifying maintenance actions. Digital circuit technology is directly suitable to largescale integrated circuits (LSIC) which reduce piece part counts and improve LRU reliability. Digital circuits are less subject to drift and the attendant difficulty to detect failures. These factors, coupled with the inherent high-integrity self-test, provide the basis for a significant improvement in reliability by the use of a digital automatic flight control system.     

航空发动机燃油系统附件抗污染途径及技术对策

燃油污染已成为航空发动机设计不容忽视的重要课题。介绍和分析了航空发动机燃油系统附件污染源、污染物产生的途径和失效模式;从设计、加工和使用维拶方面,采取了相应抗污染措施和技术,有效降低了燃油系统附件的污染程度,确保了发矧机运行安全、可靠。     

一种机载无线电连接器的设计与试验

目前,无线技术发展相对成熟,对于飞机系统有巨大的应用前景,能有效避免有线传输方式带来的重量大、布线难和连接器易故障等问题。文中提出一种无线连接器,基于无线通信技术和无线传能技术,完成信息和能量的无线传输,并完成样机开发和功能与应用场景测试实验。试验结果表明,该无线连接器在10 mm内具备15 W的负载供电能力,且通讯传输波特率可达115 200 bps,可以有效避免有线电连接器对外界因素敏感易失效等问题,为机载系统连接器的设计提供新的解决方案。     

New Data Bus Interface Technique

Data bus systems as defined in MIL-STD-1553B are widely used in aerospace instrumentation systems for digital data transmissions between units on the bus. Although the bus is protected against a short circuit which may occur in the remote unit electronics or transformer, it has no protection against a cable termination failure. Open or short failure along main bus cable results in failure of the entire bus system. A new data bus interface technique is described which is insensitive to cable termination failure. The central feature of this new interface circuit is that communication between main unit and remote units is not affected by the cable termination failure. In applications such as multistage missiles, no provisions need be made for retermination in the cable characteristic impedance after stage separation. The key to this new technique is a directional coupling transformer which is only slightly more complicated than standard interface transformers. Design equations for directional coupling transformer and experimental results of new data bus systems are presented.