多跨加筋板的动态裂纹扩展

提出了一种加筋板数值分析中筋条与板相互作用的计算模型,用有限差分法对多跨加筋板结构进行了动态裂纹扩展分析计算。当筋条位于板的边界时,筋条的作用可以作为边界力处理;当筋条位于板的内部时,其作用可作为局部作用的类似体积力进行分析。按照这种模型对多跨加筋裂纹板进行静态与动态断裂分析。计算结果表明:筋条具有降低裂纹尖端应力强度因子作用,在裂纹动态扩展情形还能降低裂纹扩展速度甚至止裂。     

含销钉孔边裂纹的某压气机轮盘裂纹扩展分析

基于三维裂纹扩展分析软件FRANC3D V6.0,结合有限元软件,采用子模型技术建立断裂力学有限元模型.对带孔平板试样的裂纹扩展进行了数值模拟,分析了裂纹扩展规律,计算结果与手册解误差很小,结果表明了分析方法的可行性和准确性.建立了含销钉孔边裂纹的轮盘断裂力学有限元模型,对其进行了三维动态裂纹扩展分析,计算了应力强度因子和裂纹扩展寿命.结果表明:该分析方法简单可行,几种裂纹形式中销钉孔内表面裂纹对轮盘裂纹扩展寿命危害最大.      

外物损伤压气机叶片损伤容限分析

为研究外物损伤造成的初始裂纹对压气机叶片疲劳寿命的影响,开发了基于ANSYS平台的三维平片裂纹扩展整体参数化自动模拟通用技术。通过应力强度因子计算结果与文献结果对比,证明所开发裂纹扩展模型有较好的精度。利用该模型,研究了外物损伤初始裂纹位置、形态和方向对压气机叶片低周疲劳寿命的影响。研究表明,叶片后缘疲劳裂纹扩展寿命最长;裂纹短/长轴比越大,疲劳裂纹扩展寿命越长;当初始裂纹面垂直于最大主应力方向时,疲劳裂纹扩展寿命最短。     

新增表面等效作用力模拟固体推进剂裂纹动态扩展

固体推进剂作为线粘弹性材料在裂纹扩展过程中,外力和体力对体系作功的同时,材料的粘性内耗散和断裂表面能释放使体系能量降低。将裂纹扩展新增表面上等效作用力的概念引进有限元中,计算裂纹扩展过程中的应力强度因子和断裂表面能释放对体系应力应变场的影响,从而使得有限元可以模拟计算固体推进剂裂纹的动态扩展过程,解决了固体推进剂非定常燃烧扩展模拟中的难题。     

粉末冶金材料裂纹扩展数值分析

主要研究应力强度因子的计算方法,首先对粉末冶金材料FGH95的标准紧凑拉伸试样进行数值模拟,将虚拟裂纹闭合法的计算结果与试验结果进行比较,验证了其计算精度满足工程要求;然后针对拉伸载荷作用下的三维裂纹扩展问题进行模拟分析;最后分析了利用Paris公式计算裂纹扩展寿命的方法。     

一种基于约束因子的超载迟滞模型

在常幅载荷中加入一个超载会明显影响后续一段时间裂纹扩展的速率.要准确预测结构在变幅载荷谱下的疲劳裂纹扩展寿命,必须研究超载对裂纹扩展的影响.现有的变幅疲劳裂纹扩展模型大致可分为屈服区模型、经验的裂纹闭合模型和条带屈服模型.条带屈服模型预测较准确但需要数值迭代求解,计算量大,且程序复杂,不利于工程应用;屈服区模型比较简单...     

三维非平面裂纹扩展参数化模拟方法

发展一种基于有限元方法（FEM）的自动模拟三维非平面裂纹扩展的模拟方法。该方法采用参数化建模的方式建立裂纹体,以镶嵌裂纹体的方式在结构中插入裂纹,然后通过有限元计算得到裂纹扩展参量,自动更新裂纹体从而模拟裂纹的扩展过程。通过模拟三个裂纹扩展算例,计算了裂纹扩展循环数,对比试验结果,误差分别为195%、161%、21%。结果表明:该方法能够模拟三维非平面裂纹的扩展并计算扩展寿命,具有一定的精度和适用性。      

裂纹扩展的无网格数值模拟方法

疲劳断裂是航空材料的重要失效形式 ,由于裂纹尖端应力存在奇异性 ,传统有限元方法模拟裂纹沿任意路径扩展存在很多不足。作为一种新兴的数值模拟方法 ,无网格计算只需将求解问题离散为独立的节点 ,计算过程中可以实时跟踪裂纹尖端区域进行局布细化。将连续的裂纹扩展过程看作多个线性增量 ,每一个增量内裂纹扩展角根据应力强度因子确定 ,通过在裂纹尖端细化节点和引入外部基函数提高了计算精度。本文给出了应用无网格方法模拟裂纹扩展过程的关键技术和计算流程 ,通过对带有中心斜裂纹的 Ti-6 Al-4 V合金平板进行分析 ,预测得到的裂纹扩展路径与实验值吻合的较好。     

2024-T42铝合金疲劳裂纹扩展曲线的拟合方法研究

 提出了一种疲劳裂纹扩展曲线( a-N 曲线) 的新拟合方法,并采用这种新的拟合方法对2024-T42 铝合金CCT 试样的疲劳裂纹扩展数据进行了拟合分析。通过疲劳裂纹扩展寿命计算结果和试验结果的对比分析,证明这种新的裂纹扩展曲线拟合方法具有较高拟合精度。经过实验和计算分析,还给出了2024-T42 铝合金的疲劳裂纹扩展速率材料常数c 和n 值。     

三维钝裂纹的边界元模拟和剩余腐蚀疲劳寿命估算方法

提出了一个三维钝裂纹的计算模型,并建立了适用于这类模型的边界元法程序。还利用现有的疲劳裂纹扩展模型,对含三维钝裂纹构件的剩余疲劳寿命估算方法进行了讨论,并对三维钝裂纹在空气和海水中的扩展进行了计算。研究表明,本方法和边界元程序,既适用于三维尖裂纹的剩余寿命估算,也适用于三维钝裂纹的剩余疲劳寿命估算。     

孔边角裂纹近门槛区疲劳裂纹扩展规律及门槛值研究

 基于三维裂纹特征,本文提出了一种测量孔边角裂纹近门槛区疲劳裂纹扩展速率及门槛值的实验方法。为了得到真实的裂纹形状变化规律,首先针对具体试样用勾线方法建立其“b-a”标定曲线。参照门槛值的标准测试方法,本文仅需测量“a”方向裂纹尺寸,然后用标定曲线换算共相应的“b”方向尺寸。这样我们就可以得到关于“a”和“b”的两组数据,而这两个方向代表孔边角裂纹特征方向。通过分别对30CrMaSiNi2A和2024T3材料的实测研究,证明本文提出的测试方法是可行的。在实验数据基础上,进行了结果的统计对比,得出:1.“a”和“b”方向的近门槛区疲劳裂纹扩展速率及门槛值基本一致;2.孔径大小对实验结果没有影响。;3.同样厚度情况下,孔边角裂纹试样的近门槛区疲劳裂纹扩展速率编高,而门槛值相应较小。     

New approaches to weapon system testing or “back to thefuture”

This paper proposes abandoning the use of multipurpose ATE for “horizontal” support of weapon systems in favor of returning to “vertical” support. An R&D effort is proposed to develop a software “hot mock-up” system for field testing weapon system assemblies     

广义有限元法计算飞机开口裂纹应力强度因子

机身开口圆角损伤可能逐渐形成裂纹从而严重影响飞机使用安全,为此对圆角裂纹进行剩余强度估算显得十分重要。使用Williams位移场广义有限元法进行裂尖单元加强,并对裂尖区域应用放射形网格划分技术,编写广义有限元法的MATLAB程序,研究并计算飞机舱门开口圆角裂纹的应力强度因子。结果表明：在裂纹分析上,广义有限元法较常规有限元法具有更好的适应性和更高的精度。     

“Dakota Sun”-the next generation solar powered racingvehicle

Based on the experience gained from Sunrayce '95, the Solar Motion Team has made many changes to the design of the next generation solar car. These changes have resulted in a vehicle that is very different from the “Solar Rolar”, The Dakota Sun is a three wheeled vehicle with separate cab and solar array. This design allows for improved aerodynamics, decreased weight, lower rolling resistance, and ease of manufacture compared to the four wheeled catamaran used in the last race. However, this design sacrifices total enclosed wheel base area, additional room for components, and added power from side solar panels, The major objectives for the team's redesigned Sunrayce '97 entry are: systems integration; decrease the weight of the car; decrease aerodynamic drag; more efficient use of available energy; and increased driver safety. The team has set a standard to use the latest available technology. Although this increases the complexity of the components, by using a systems engineering approach the “Dakota Sun” has evolved into a more integrated vehicle. This philosophy of integrated design has resulted in great improvements in mechanical design and manufacturing techniques, as well as electrical innovations. The major design changes evident from the original Sunraycen '95 vehicle are the result of an evolutionary design process that has produced the highly competitive Sunraycel '97 design outlined in this article     

On measurement of operational security

Ideally, a measure of the security of a system should capture quantitatively the intuitive notion of “the ability of the system to resist attack.” That is, it should be operational, reflecting the degree to which the system can be expected to remain free of security breaches under particular conditions of operation (including attack). Instead, current security levels at best merely reflect the extensiveness of safeguards introduced during the design and development of a system. Whilst we might expect a system developed to a higher level than another to exhibit “more secure behavior” in operation, this cannot be guaranteed; more particularly, we cannot infer what the actual security behavior will be from knowledge of such a level. In the paper we discuss similarities between reliability and security with the intention of working toward measures of “operational security” similar to those that we have for reliability of systems. Very informally, these measures could involve expressions such as the rate of occurrence of security breaches, or the probability that a specified “mission” can be accomplished without a security breach. This new approach is based on the analogy between system failure and security breach, but it raises several issues which invite empirical investigation. We briefly describe a pilot experiment that we have conducted to judge the feasibility of collecting data to examine these issues     

Censoring sensors: a low-communication-rate scheme for distributeddetection

We consider a new scheme for distributed detection based on a “censoring” or “send/no-send” idea. The sensors are assumed to “censor” their observations so that each sensor sends to the fusion center only “informative” observations, and leaves those deemed “uninformative” untransmitted. The main result of this work is that with conditionally independent sensor data and under a communication rate constraint, in order to minimize the probability of error, transmission should occur if and only if the local likelihood ratio value observed by the sensor does not fall in a certain single interval. Similar results are derived from Neymarr-Pearson and distance-measure viewpoints. We also discuss simplifications for the most interesting case that the fusion center threshold is high and the communication constraint is severe. We compare censoring with the more common binary-transmission framework and observe its considerable decrease in communication needs. Finally, we explore the use of feedback to achieve optimal performance with very little communication     

Letter to Editor-electrolysis heat

The letter refers to the Toby Grotz's paper “Novel Means of Hydrogen Production Using Dual Polarity Control” and Waiter Russell's “Experiments with Zero Point Energy” presented at the 27th IECEC in San Diego in 1992. Commercial air to air heat pumps typically exhibit a COP, coefficient of performance, of 1.5, which means they deliver 1.5 units of thermal energy for each 1.0 units of electrical energy input. It is more likely that these 'Zero Point' effects are the electrical analogue of a mechanically powered vapor compression refrigeration cycle. The electrolyzer phenomenon reported by Grotz and others, if true, is a heat pump. Another commercial example of an all electrical, non-mechanical, refrigeration cycle heat pump are the in-room refrigerators in Japanese hotels, which utilize the reverse thermoelectric effect. Readers are reminded that the so-called “Zero Point Effect” is not producing more energy than is supplied to the systems, just that the COP mechanism is not yet understood in this case. The editor's response to the unexplained heat release during electrolysis is presented. He describes the experiment which was carried out with electrolysis currents ranging up to 75 amperes. For each temperature rise the resistance heating required more power than did the electrolysis process. The electrolysis had even delivered additional power in the fuel value of the released hydrogen, which was dissipated into the air. The authors calculated that making a gallon of such water would release the energy equivalent of 30 gallons of gasoline     

The time delay of a solar grazing photon

Moving clocks and clocks in a gravitational field slow down, not due to the effects of special relativity nor to the space-time curvature of general relativity, but due only to the principle of equivalence and the conservation of energy. However, some might argue that there has been a further “test” of the effect of gravity on time, namely, the measurement of the time-delay of a round-trip, solar-grazing radar beacon performed by Shapiro in the 1960s. In this test, Shapiro bounced a radar pulse off Mars at superior conjunction (a feat in itself for the time), and compared the measured round-trip travel time of this pulse with the expected round-trip time of a signal traveling at c for the entire trip, as determined from highly accurate planetary ephemerides. Shapiro had predicted this time-delay long before being technologically able to make such a measurement. While general relativity can be used to correctly obtain the magnitude of this delay, it is not the only explanation. As earlier with the analysis of clocks in motion and of clocks in a gravitational field, this paper derives the same result without invoking the space-time curvature of general relativity     

Further comments on “Optimal sensor selection strategy fordiscrete-time estimators” [and reply]

The fundamental TPBVP usually underlying true “optimal sensor selection strategy” is revisited to obtain practical real-time mechanizations as a solution to an exclusively initial value problem     

含有层间裂纹的双金属层板复变变分解法及其在胶接件中之应用

 本文根据穆斯海里什维利公式、裂纹表面边界条件与界面连续条件得到了含有层间裂纹的双金属层板应力与位移场的本征展开式。本文进一步利用分区广义变分原理代替边界条件,确定应力强度因子。由于所有方程预先满足,在变分方程中,只有线积分。对胶接件界面裂纹的计算表明,本方法收敛迅速节省机时。