Local Interstellar Medium Summary of Working Group VI

This report summarizes the issues discussed in Working Group VI concerning the accuracy of measurements of D/H and 3He/H in the local interstellar medium, possible systematic errors, and emerging trends in the results.     

Deuterium Fractionation in Interstellar Clouds

This paper reviews the chemical processes responsible for fractionating deuterium in interstellar molecules. I show that this process is intrinsically a low temperature phenomenon and discuss how the degree of enhancement of the deuterium content of molecules is related to the physical conditions, particularly abundances, in molecular clouds. If significant amounts of abundant species, such as CO, are frozen out on to interstellar dust grains, the resulting enhancement in H₂D⁺ can result in its abundance being greater than that of H ₃ ⁺ at 10K. Transfer of the deuteron from H₂D⁺ can then lead to the efficient formation of multiply deuterated species, such as NHD₂ and ND₃. Fractionation can also occur in grain surface reactions and some simple models are discussed. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Composition of anomalous cosmic rays and implications for the heliosphere

We use energy spectra of anomalous cosmic rays (ACRs) measured with the Cosmic Ray instrument on the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft during the period 1994/157-313 to determine several parameters of interest to heliospheric studies. We estimate that the strength of the solar wind termination shock is 2.42 (–0.08, +0.04). We determine the composition of ACRs by estimating their differential energy spectra at the shock and find the following abundance ratios: H/He = 5.6 (–0.5, ⁺0.6), C/He = 0.00048 ± 0.00011, N/He = 0.011 ± 0.001, O/He = 0.075 ± 0.006, and Ne/He = 0.0050 ± 0.0004. We correlate our observations with those of pickup ions to deduce that the long-term ionization rate of neutral nitrogen at 1 AU is 8.3 × 10^–7 s^–1 and that the charge-exchange cross section for neutral N and solar wind protons is 1.0 × 10^–15 cm² at 1.1 keV. We estimate that the neutral C/He ratio in the outer heliosphere is 1.8(–0.7, +0.9) × 10^–5. We also find that heavy ions are preferentially injected into the acceleration process at the termination shock.     

The isotopic composition of anomalous cosmic rays from sampex

Measurements of the anomalous cosmic ray (ACR) isotopic composition have been made in three regions of the magnetosphere accessible from the polar Earth orbit of SAMPEX, including the interplanetary medium at high latitudes and geomagnetically trapped ACRs. At those latitudes where ACRs can penetrate the Earth's magnetic field while fully stripped galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) of similar energies are excluded, a pure ACR sample is observed to have the following composition: ¹⁵N/N < 0.023, ¹⁸O/¹⁶O < 0.0034, and ²²Ne/²⁰Ne = 0.077(+0.085, –0.023). We compare our values with those found by previous investigators and with those measured in other samples of solar and galactic material. In particular, a comparison of ²²Ne/²⁰Ne measurements from various sources implies that GCRs are not simply an accelerated sample of the local interstellar medium.     

D/H and Nearby Interstellar Cloud Structures

Analysis of UV spectra obtained with the HST, FUSE and other satellites provides a new understanding of the deuterium abundance in the local region of the galactic disk. The wide range of gas-phase D/H measurements obtained outside of the Local Bubble can now be explained as due to different amounts of deuterium depletion on carbonaceous grains. The total D/H ratio including deuterium in the gas and dust phases is at least 23 parts per million of hydrogen, which is providing a challenge to models of galactic chemical evolution. Analysis of HST and ground-based spectra of many lines of sight to stars within the Local Bubble have identified interstellar velocity components that are consistent with more than 15 velocity vectors. We have identified the structures of 15 nearby warm interstellar clouds on the basis of these velocity vectors and common temperatures and depletions. We estimate the distances and masses of these clouds and compare their locations with cold interstellar clouds.     

二级轻气炮发射氘丸的研究进展

核燃料（如氘丸）的添加是维持核反应正常运行的关键技术，在核能发电中占重要地位，目前世界上大的ＴＯＫＭＡＫ装置采用二级轻气炮来进行燃料的添加，本文介绍：１．发射氘丸的特殊二级轻气泡；２．发射氘丸的弹托设计；３．利用炮口射流后效作用的弹托分离技术。利用上述技术得到了目前世界上最高的氘丸发射速度－４ｋｍ／ｓ，氘冰完整，在规定距离内弹托分离位置满足设计要求，发射的重复性极好。     

有耗媒质表面阻抗的计算及应用

给出了在不满足阻抗边界条件所需的几个条件下有耗媒质表面阻抗的分析和计算方法。文章采用传输线理论考虑了复折射角,给出了平面多层有耗媒质表面阻抗的具体计算表达式。对于圆柱多层材料表面阻抗的计算进行了讨论,提出了模式表面阻抗及平均表面阻抗的概念。文章还给出了应用实例。数值计算及实验表明,用本文的方法计算的表面阻抗而求出的具有开槽的表面阻抗加载的二维柱劈融合体的RCS与实验结果基本~致。     

电路模拟吸波材料带宽拓展方法探索

电路模拟吸波材料有一定的频率选择特性,电磁波有效损耗的带宽通常比较窄,通过多层电路屏、掺杂电损耗介质、磁损耗介质层组合、磁电损耗组合的方法,对电路模拟结构吸波材料在2~18GHz区间电磁损耗带宽的拓展进行了初步探索。结果证明:四种方法都能够提高电路模拟吸波材料的有效吸波带宽,并能够不同程度地提高材料的吸波效率。多层电路屏、掺杂电损耗介质的多层电路屏、组合磁损耗介质层的多层电路屏、组合磁损耗介质层和电损耗介质的多层电路屏,其反射率≤-5dB的带宽较单层电路屏的1.2GHz分别增加了6.4、10.6、9.6、10.6GHz,最小反射率分别达到-8、-10、-12、-25dB。     

离心力场下多孔层的不同厚度对热驱动换热的影响

以涡轮叶片新型超级冷却技术的研究为背景,在具有冷却通道的新型冷却结构中加入多孔介质,采用实验与数值模拟相结合的方法研究了不同多孔层厚度条件下,新型冷却结构的热驱动换热规律,实验和计算结果基本一致.研究结果表明不同多孔层厚度条件下,该新型冷却结构具有相同的换热规律:随着旋转速度、热流密度和冷气进口速度的增大,该结构的热驱动换热能力逐渐增强.同时实验研究发现,随着多孔层厚度的增大,热驱动换热效果降低.      

模块化多电平逆变器 DC Link 开关纹波电压建模与分析

介绍了一种用于驱动中压电机的模块化多电平逆变器上的直流环节电压。与传统的两电平逆变器不同,即使没有DC Link电容,此驱动器也可正常工作,但是,在直流链路上有大量的、不可忽略、可以预测的开关纹波电压存在。通过对开关纹波电压建模与分析,精确计算出最大开关纹波值,试验结果验证了该模型的有效性。     

低温液体冷却剂换热特性研究

通过建立地面环境下低温液体冷却剂在多孔介质内的流动换热模型,以及对液氮在多孔介质内的换热特性进行的数值模拟研究,表明液氮具有很强的换热效能,它能够大大降低接触面的温度,可以解决某些高热流密度区域的散热问题     

不同腐蚀介质对高锰钢摩擦学性能影响机制的研究

考察了高锰钢在H2SO4、HCl、NaOH、NaCl和FeCl3等不同腐蚀介质条件下的摩擦学性能,并对各种腐蚀介质对摩擦学性能的影响机制进行了讨论.结果表明:腐蚀磨损过程伴随着气泡产生,高锰钢在磨损过程中发生了产生气体的反应,由于腐蚀介质自身的黏性以及反应膜的润滑作用,高锰钢在FeCl3中的摩擦系数最低.在FeCl3中,受Fe3 强氧化性的作用以及Cl-对反应膜的破坏,高锰钢的腐蚀磨损率最高;由于腐蚀介质相对较弱的氧化作用以及自身良好的润滑性,高锰钢在H2SO4和NaOH中的磨损率最低.     

击穿耐压装置容量指标

根据影响介质击穿的主要因素,着重阐述了交流击穿耐压装置的容量指标问题。如被试样件两极间的等效电容值,最大击穿电流值等。     

连续玻璃纤维增强尼龙的介质腐蚀效应

通过重量变化、力学性能测试以及 SEM断口分析对实验室制备的连续玻璃纤维增强尼龙 (GF/PA-66)在酸、碱、汽油、机油、丙酮等介质中的行为进行了探讨 ,发现 GF/PA-66具有良好的耐油性 ,而酸、碱对其性能影响较大 ,极性介质丙酮对其性能也有一定影响     

高低温循环条件下氟橡胶耐油介质老化性能

为了获得高低温循环条件下某种导弹用密封氟橡胶材料的老化机理,对某牌号的弹用密封氟橡胶试样进行了高低温循环油介质加速老化实验。对其在高低温油介质条件下的压缩永久变形、机械性能、微观形貌、分子结构、动态力学性能的变化规律进行了研究,同时计算了氟橡胶分子几个重要的化学键的离解能。结果表明:高低温循环下特种氟橡胶的最大拉伸强度与拉断伸长率随着循环周期数的增加逐渐降低,油介质中贮存的氟橡胶试样压缩永久变形率在老化前期逐渐增大,老化后期略有恢复,随着老化时间增长氟橡胶分子侧基分解,主链柔顺性增强。     

Corotating Interaction Regions at High Latitudes

Ulysses observed a stable strong CIR from early 1992 through 1994 during its first journey into the southern hemisphere. After the rapid latitude scan in early 1995, Ulysses observed a weaker CIR from early 1996 to mid-1997 in the northern hemisphere as it traveled back to the ecliptic at the orbit of Jupiter. These two CIRs are the observational basis of the investigation into the latitudinal structure of CIRs. The first CIR was caused by an extension of the northern coronal hole into the southern hemisphere during declining solar activity, whereas the second CIR near solar minimum activity was caused by small warps in the streamer belt. The latitudinal structure is described through the presentation of three 26-day periods during the southern CIR. The first at ∼24°S shows the full plasma interaction region including fast and slow wind streams, the compressed shocked flows with embedded stream interface and heliospheric current sheet (HCS), and the forward and reverse shocks with associated accelerated ions and electrons. The second at 40°S exhibits only the reverse shock, accelerated particles, and the 26-day modulation of cosmic rays. The third at 60°S shows only the accelerated particles and modulated cosmic rays. The possible mechanisms for the access of the accelerated particles and the CIR-modulated cosmic rays to high latitudes above the plasma interaction region are presented. They include direct magnetic field connection across latitude due to stochastic field line weaving or to systematic weaving caused by solar differential rotation combined with non-radial expansion of the fast wind. Another possible mechanism is particle diffusion across the average magnetic field, which includes stochastic field line weaving. A constraint on connection to a distant portion of the CIR is energy loss in the solar wind, which is substantial for the relatively slow-moving accelerated ions. Finally, the weaker northern CIR is compared with the southern CIR. It is weak because the inclination of the streamer belt and HCS decreased as Ulysses traveled to lower latitudes so that the spacecraft remained at about the maximum latitudinal extent of the HCS. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.