吸气式空天飞行器闭环上升制导研究

闭环上升制导是吸气式空天飞行器达到快速优化、实时规划以及自主制导的必然要求。采用GHAME吸气式空天飞行器作为研究对象,提出了闭环上升制导最优控制方案,重点论证了该方案不存在关于节流阀值的奇异问题,并阐述了最优推力控制的Bang-Bang控制。引入有限差分法求解两点边值问题,并通过终端时刻调节算法求解终端时刻自由问题。仿真结果表明,所提出的闭环制导算法是有效、可行的,具有显著的优越性。     

Finite-time composite guidance law with input constraint and dynamics compensation

Guidance laws are proposed for a near space interceptor with on–off type thrust as output. The target-interceptor engagement kinematics is integrated with the first-order dynamics of thruster to design guidance laws. The bang-bang type guidance law with linear sliding mode is proposed to deal with thruster dynamics, and the sufficient condition for finite time convergence is rigorously proved based on the finite-time convergence theory. According to the sufficient condition, a sliding mode guidance law with hysteresis-band switching is introduced to reduce the switching frequency of thruster. Then two guidance laws are combined into a composite guidance law to improve the guidance performance. Simulation results show that the line-of-sight angular rate can converge to a neighborhood of the equilibrium point before the final time of the guidance process, and the composite guidance law has better performance than typical guidance laws.     

大气层外拦截变结构导引律

讨论了大气层外空间飞行器拦截的变结构导引律问题。从变结构控制理论出发 ,按照最终零控导引拦截的要求 ,确定切换函数 ,利用趋近律控制方法改善控制过程品质的特点 ,导出一种具有强鲁棒性的空间拦截导引律。最后给出了在具体条件下的仿真结果 ,并与比例导引律、最优导引律作了比较     

Generalized guidance law for homing missiles

The concept of a generalized guidance law is presented, and the closed-form solution for a homing missile pursuing a maneuvering target according to generalized guidance laws is given. It is shown that the guidance laws appearing in the literature are merely special cases of the one proposed by the authors. The derived generalized forms of capture area, missile acceleration, and homing time duration that are derived provide insight into the performance of the guidance laws being considered and lead to the discovery of new ones. The problem of finding a nonlinear optimal guidance law for a homing missile with controlled acceleration, applied so as to capture a maneuvering target with a predetermined trajectory while minimizing a weighted linear combination of time of capture and energy expenditures, is solved in closed form. The derived optimal control law is equal to the LOS (line of sight) rate multiplied by a trigonometric function of the aspect angle. Numerical simulation shows that the resulting guidance law appears to yield a significant advantage over true proportional navigation     

The proportional navigation dilemma-pure or true?

Two generic classes of proportional navigation (PN) laws are compared in detail. One class consists of pursuer-velocity-referenced systems, which include pure proportional navigation (PPN) and its variants; the second category consists of line-of-sight- (LOS-) referenced systems such as true proportional navigation (TPN), generalized true proportional navigation (GTPN), and generalized guidance laws. The existing closed-form solutions are discussed in detail, and the classical linear and quasilinear analytical solutions are summarized. A critical comparison is then made with regard to the definition, implementation, and analytical aspects of the guidance laws, including the method, the nature of solution, and an appraisal of the behavior of the pursuer motion resulting from the laws. It is established that, in spite of some restricted advantages in the solvability of the equations of motion, the LOS-referenced PN schemes suffer from serious limitations in terms of implementation and trajectory behavior. Among the major drawbacks are forward velocity variation requirement, relatively large control effort requirement, restrictions on initial engagement conditions to ensure intercept, lack of robustness, and possibility of unbounded acceleration. It is concluded that PPN is a better guidance law in a practical sense than TPN and its generalizations     

Optimal terminal guidance for exoatmospheric interception

In this study, two optimal terminal guidance (OTG) laws, one of which takes into account the final velocity vector constraint, are developed for exoatmospheric interception using optimal control theory. In exoatmospheric interception, because the proposed guidance laws give full consideration to the effect of gravity, they consume much less fuel than the traditional guidance laws while requiring a light computational load. In the development of the guidance laws, a unified optimal guidance problem is put forward, where the final velocity vector constraint can be consid-ered or neglected by properly adjusting a parameter in the cost function. To make this problem ana-lytically solvable, a linear model is used to approximate the gravity difference, the difference of the gravitational accelerations of the target and interceptor. Additionally, an example is provided to show that some achievements of this study can be used to significantly improve the fuel efficiency of the pulsed guidance employed by the interceptor whose divert thrust level is fixed.     

具有二阶环节的导弹最优导引律

本文研究了具有二阶环节的导弹其对目标的最优导引律。利用极小值原理分别研究了1)脱靶量为零、最小控制能量指标的最优导引律;2)终态为零控拦截曲面、最小能量指标的最优导引律。最后得出了与具有一阶延迟环导弹所得结果类似,但计算工作量更大,结果应更准确。     

空间拦截修正比例导引律研究

基于追踪导引律和比例导引律,提出了一种新的空间拦截末制导律。通过调整两种导引法的系数决定其在导引法中的权重。考虑空间末段拦截的具体情况,在相对运动方程进行线性化处理的基础上可以得出运动方程的解析解。将非线性方程得出的数值解和这种导引律的解析解相比,仿真表明这种方法的解析解与数值解一致,且避免了最优制导复杂的解析结果。     

近地小推力转移轨道的加权组合制导策略

 研究了近地小推力转移轨道的制导问题,给出了一种基于局部最优控制律的自主制导算法。推导出了各改进春分点根数对应的局部最优控制律;通过最优推力分配和目标偏差两个策略,对各局部最优控制律进行动态加权组合,从而有效减少了制导律的设计参数。在此基础上,针对燃料最省转移轨道,定义了一种新的发动机开关函数。采用遗传/逐次二次规划混合优化算法计算了最优制导参数。与传统算法相比,该制导算法是一种闭环制导算法,能够实现飞行器的自主制导,并且制导过程中无需对制导参数进行更新。以地球低轨到高轨的小推力转移为例,采用该方法分别求解了时间和燃料最省转移问题,并与传统算法进行了比较分析。数值结果验证了该算法的有效性。     

带有落角约束的一般加权最优制导律

以期望的落角方向为坐标轴定义了落角坐标系,在落角坐标系中建立了线性化的运动关系方程。应用Schwarz不等式,分别研究了控制系统为一阶惯性环节和无惯性环节情况下带落角约束的任意加权最优制导律,得到了制导律的一般表达式。对于无惯性环节控制系统以及加权函数为一般初等函数类型的一阶惯性环节控制系统,当加权函数的逆的一次到三次积分都能求出解析表达式时,均可以得到解析形式的最优制导律。对于不同的制导目的,应用本文结果可以方便地设计相应的制导律。对于某些特定的加权函数,所得制导律推广了现有文献的结论,并给出了指数权函数下满足落角约束的最优制导律的仿真结果。     

Composite impact vector control based on Apollo descent guidance

A new three-dimensional missile guidance law to control the impact vector against a stationary target is proposed. The composite guidance law has two well-known components: Apollo descent guidance and trajectory shaping guidance. These respectively linear and planar guidance laws are combined to achieve a specified impact direction. The main idea is to define an impact plane and to steer the missile onto this plane using Apollo descent guidance while concurrently performing trajectory shaping wi...     

导弹闭路制导最优化控制研究

导弹闭路制导的导引是基于＂燃料最省＂意义下的最优导引,并且在实际应用中,实现过程只是准最优的.提出了一种更优化的导引控制方法--通过控制实际推力方向与理想最优推力方向一致,使导弹的实际速度达到需要速度.该方法不但可以使实际应用过程最优化,而且适用于各种实际需求指标的导引控制.     

Optimal and Suboptimal Guidance for a Short-Range Homing Missile

Optimal and suboptimal guidance laws for short-range homing missiles are developed and compared to the commonly mechanized quidance law of proportional navigation. The optimal controller is derived as an optimal feedback regulator; the suboptimal controller is an approximation of the optimal regulator and consists of timevarying proportional navigation plus a time-varying gain term times a calculated target acceleration. Monte Carlo studies of the three controllers show that the optimal and suboptimal controllers are much superior to proportional navigation for the case of combined constant target acceleration, line-of-sight rate noise, and missile acceleration saturation.     

Design of Time-constrained Guidance Laws via Virtual Leader Approach

Guidance problems with flight time constraints are considered in this article. A new virtual leader scheme is used for design of guidance laws with time constraints. The core idea of this scheme is to adopt a virtual leader for real missiles to convert a guidance problem with time constraints to a nonlinear tracking problem, thereby making it possible to settle the problem with a variety of control methods. A novel time-constrained guidance (TCG) law, which can control the flight time of missiles to a prescribed time, is designed by using the virtual leader scheme and stability method. The TCG law is a combination of the well-known proportional navigation guidance(PNG) law and the feedback of flight time error. What's more, this law is free of singularities and hence yields better performances in comparison with optimal guidance laws with time constraints. Nonlinear simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed law.     

Self-organizing fuzzy learning CLOS guidance law design

A new self-organizing fuzzy logic control (SOFLC) design method is proposed. The proposed method is applied to the command line-of-sight (CLOS) guidance law design. The SOFLC contains two sets of fuzzy inference logic. One is the fuzzy logic controller and the other is the rule modifier. The new learning method of the rule modifier is developed based on a fuzzy learning algorithm. The modification value of each rule is based on the fuzzy firing weight, so that learning of the rule bases is reasonable. Finally, two engagement scenarios are examined, and a comparison between a fuzzy logic control (FLC), an optimal learning FLC, and the proposed SOFLC CLOS guidance laws is made. Simulation results show that the proposed SOFLC guidance law can achieve better guidance performance than the other guidance laws.     

高速再入飞行器的制导与控制系统设计

 针对高速再入飞行器模型的快时变,强耦合,严重非线性的特点,采用反馈线性化方法,设计了自动驾驶仪;同时采用最优制导律设计与理想速度曲线相结合的方法,设计了能同时保证末端制导精度及速度方向、大小的制导律。最后,进行了六自由度仿真,结果表明 :设计的制导律及控制方案是合理、有效的,易于实现。     

一种改进的运载火箭迭代制导方法

为提高运载火箭在大气层外当推力出现故障条件下制导算法的最优性、鲁棒性和适应性,提出了一种改进的迭代制导方法。该方法以基于最优控制理论推导的解析形式作为最优控制解,并推导出以5个轨道根数作为终端约束的横截条件,增强了算法的最优性;迭代过程中采用高斯-勒让德方法计算推力积分,并采用球极坐标系下泰勒多项式逼近方法计算引力积分,提高了故障模式下算法的积分精度;该算法采用降维迭代求解模式,并结合对控制变量的合理限幅,保障了推力故障条件下算法的实时性和收敛性。分别基于蒙特卡洛打靶和推力故障条件下进行仿真验证,结果验证了所提方法具有较强的最优性、鲁棒性和故障适应能力。     

Nonlinear hαMissile Longitudinal Autopilot Design with θ- D Method

In this paper, a new nonlinear H_infin control technique, called thetas-D H_infin method, is employed to design a missile longitudinal autopilot. The thetas-D H_infin design has the same structure as that of linear H_infin, except that the two Riccati equations that are part of the solution process are state dependent. The thetas-D technique yields suboptimal solutions to nonlinear optimal control problems in the sense that it provides an approximate solution to the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation. It is also shown that this method can be used to provide an approximate closed-form solution to the state dependent Riccati equation (SDRE) and consequently reduce the on-line computations associated with the nonlinear H_infin implementation. A missile longitudinal autopilot design demonstrates the capabilities of thetas-D method. This new nonlinear H_infin design also shows favorable results as compared with the linear H design based on the linearized model.     

空空导弹成像制导系统动态仿真技术研究

提出了一种用于空空导弹制导系统动态仿真测试的数字成像导引回路设计与实现方法。通过设计合理的数字模拟接口并将真实的红外成像导引头用数学模型替代,可以实现数字导引头与导弹飞控舱实物的有效连接,完成灵活的制导系统数字/实物多重组合动态仿真。在保证必要的红外目标辐射特性和运动特性建模精度基础上,采用这种方法可以满足导弹制导算法的研制和调试需要。该方法目前已在某型红外数字化空空导弹的制导系统算法研制中获得应用,取得良好的应用效果。     

过虚拟交班点的能量最优制导律

针对固定目标的导弹过虚拟交班点制导问题，在希尔伯特空间下，基于最优化理论设计了有无终端落角约束两种情况下的全局能量最优制导律。通过对模型进行线性化，将提出的最优制导模型转化为线性二次型最优控制问题，在此基础上利用零控脱靶量（ZEM）概念对系统模型进行降阶，并推导出解析解。设计的制导律可以使导弹准确经过虚拟交班点，并实现期望终端落角。仿真结果表明，与经典制导律对比，该制导律可以显著减少全局控制能量消耗。