Design of MTI Radar on the Basis of Detection Probability

A single (quadrature) channel moving target indicator (MTI) radar system employing a tapped delay line filter is analyzed. The point of view taken is that of optimal clutter rejection in conjunction with subsequent receiver decision operations. The random nature of the spread of target Doppler shifts is taken into account. Based on the above, a procedure is presented by means of which the detection probability can be numerically evaluated for an optimized filter frequency response.     

On-board regeneration of uplink signals using a blind multichannelestimator

We propose a restoration method to compensate distortions caused by cross-polarization interference (CPI) and multipath propagation when multichannel transmission is employed in the uplink of an on-board-processing (OBP) satellite. The proposed baseband signal processing architecture is numerically robust and efficient as vector operations are avoided by efficient orthogonal transformations. Since the algorithm is based on higher-than-second-order statistics, the method is very effective in severe distortion conditions where a traditional, perfectly trained Kalman multichannel filter obtains poor performance     

航天器相对运动估计的一种并行推广卡尔曼滤波方法

 从并行的观点出发，研究应用推广卡尔曼滤波估计航天器交会对接寻的期相对位置和速率问题。推导出交会推广卡尔曼滤波公式；提出了基于奇异值分解（ＳＶＤ）和Ｆａｄｄｅｖ算法的并行平方根算法；给出了其脉动阵列（Ｓｙｓｔｏｌｉｃ）实现结构；并对阵列所需的处理单元数目和执行一次迭代所需的时间步进行了分析，说明了其实现的优越性。为航天器相对运动估计提供了一种新的有效方法     

Householder Multistage Wiener Filter for Space-Time Navigation Receivers

Space-time (ST) processing in navigation receivers is attractive technology because it provides a sufficient number of degrees of freedom for cancelling a large number of wideband and narrowband jammers simultaneously. Low complexity reduced-rank receiver structures are particularly appealing because the number of filter coefficients can be much larger than the rank of the ST signal model. This paper proposes a new Householder-based multistage Wiener filter (HMSWF) structure for estimating the coefficients of an ST navigation receiver. Both floating point and fixed point arithmetic implementations are considered. The computational complexity of the HMSWF compares favorably with the other MSWF methods reported in literature. Furthermore, the use of Householder transformations at each stage ensures unitary blocking and numerically robust behavior even in finite-precision implementations. Simulations studies verify that the proposed ST navigation receiver based on the HMSWF outperforms other MSWF methods in the antijamming (A,J) task.     

Active sonar application of a U-D square root PDAF

The probabilistic data association filter (PDAF) is a suboptimal approach to tracking a target in the presence of clutter. In the PDAF implementation, the Kalman measurement update is performed over the set of validated measurements and the Kalman time update is used to propagate the PDAF measurement update. A popular approach to obtaining a numerically stable set of Kalman update equations is to propagate the U-D factors of the covariance in the measurement and time updates. The PDAF measurement update equation is obtained in U-D factored form by applying the modified weighted Gram-Schmidt (MWG-S) algorithm to the three factored terms. The factors of the first two terms are determined from the U-D factors of the a priori and conditional a posteriori covariances. The third term is factored analytically using the Agee-Turner factorization. The resulting U-D square-root PDAF is then applied to the problem of active tracking of a submarine in reverberation using polar coordinates     

A Nonlinear Sub-grid Scale Model for Compressible Turbulent Flow

本文采用直接过滤的Navier-Stokes方程组作为可压缩湍流大涡模拟控制方程组。方程组中因过滤产生的高阶相关项用Taylor级数展开近似,但仅保留级数的一阶导数项。这样产生的误差相当于丢失了模型的部分耗散作用,本文用一种动力学非线性亚格子模型来补偿丢失的耗散影响。本文根据Caylay-Hamilton定理导出了一个非线性亚格子模型,模型中包含的系数由动力学模式确定。与传统的动力学Smagorinsky模式相比,这种动力学非线性模型(DNM)稳定性更好,且不需要在统计均匀方向进行统计平均来计算模型系数,因此减少了计算开销。本文用这种非线性亚格子模型对绕双椭球高超声速湍流进行了模拟,并将所得结果与实验值、计算值及理论值进行了对比。结果表明,本文模型可以有效地模拟可压缩湍流流场。     

Multi-input multi-output random vibration control using Tikhonov filter

Noises always disturb the control effect of an environment test especially in multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems. If the frequency response function matrices are ill-conditioned, the noises in the driving forces will be amplified and the response spectral lines may awfully exceed their tolerances. Most of the major biases between the response spectra and the reference spectra are pro-duced by the amplified noises. However, ordinary control algorithms can hardly reduce the level of noises. The influences of the noises on both the auto-and cross-power spectra are analyzed in this paper. As a conventional frequency domain method on the inverse problem, the Tikhonov filter is adopted in the environment test to suppress the exceeding spectral lines. By altering regularization parameters gradually, the auto-power spectra can be improved in a closed control loop. Instead of using the traditional way of selecting regularization parameters, we observe the coherence change to estimate noise eliminations. Incidentally, the requirement of coherence control can be realized. The errors of the phase are then studied and a phase control algorithm is introduced at the end as a sup-plement of cross-power spectra control. The Tikhonov filter and the proposed phase control algo-rithm are tested numerically and experimentally. The results show that the noises in the vicinity of lightly damped resonant peaks are more stubborn. The response spectra are able to be greatly improved by the combination of these two methods.     

PMHT: problems and some solutions

The probabilistic multihypothesis tracker (PMHT) is a target tracking algorithm of considerable theoretical elegance. In practice, its performance turns out to be at best similar to that of the probabilistic data association filter (PDAF); and since the implementation of the PDAF is less intense numerically the PMHT has been having a hard time finding acceptance. The PMHT's problems of nonadaptivity, narcissism, and over-hospitality to clutter are elicited in this work. The PMHT's main selling-point is its flexible and easily modifiable model, which we use to develop the "homothetic" PMHT; maneuver-based PMHTs, including those with separate and joint homothetic measurement models; a modified PMHT whose measurement/target association model is more similar to that of the PDAF; and PMHTs with eccentric and/or estimated measurement models. Ideally, "bottom line" would be a version of the PMHT with clear advantages over existing trackers. If the goal is of an accurate (in terms of mean square error (MSE)) track, then there are a number of versions for which this is available.     

An Algebraic Solution of the GPS Equations

The global positioning system (GPS) equations are usually solved with an application of Newton's method or a variant thereof: Xn+1 = xn + H-1(t - f(xn)). (1) Here x is a vector comprising the user position coordinates together with clock offset, t is a vector of tour pseudorange measurements, and H is a measurement matrix of partial derivatives H = fx· In fact the first fix of a Kalman filter provides a solution of this type. If more than four pseudoranges are available for extended batch processing, H-1 may be replaced by a generalized inverse (HTWH)-1HTW, where W is a positive definite weighting matrix (usually taken to be the inverse of the measurement covariance matrix). This paper introduces a new method of solution that is algebraic and noniterative in nature, computationally efficient and numerically stable, admits extended batch processing, improves accuracy in bad geometric dilution of precision (GDOP) situations, and allows a "cold start" in deep space applications.     

广义卡尔曼滤波均方误差最小性的研究

卡尔曼滤波方法是一种应用广泛的估值方法，但其在应用时，要求系统数学模型已知。而广义卡尔曼滤波在应用时不需要系统数学模型是已知的，具有广泛的适用性。在广义卡尔曼滤波方法的消息模型和测量模型的基础上，讨论了其滤波模型的均方误差最小性问题，即最优滤波器的选取问题。最后通过广义卡尔曼滤波与经典卡尔曼滤波仿真曲线的比较，验证了广义卡尔曼滤波的有效性。     

Optimum Signal and Filter Design in Underwater Acoustic Echo Ranging Systems

Optimization of the filter, the signal, and the signal and filter jointly are studied in the sonar environment under noise and reverberation limited conditions. The maximization of the receiver output signal-to-interference ratio is used as a performance criterion with unit energy constraint on both signal and filter. In the filter design problem, the optimum filter function is the solution of a linear integral equation. The kernel of the integral equation is a function of the target and medium scattering functions and the reverberation distribution. In the signal design problem, a similar type of integral equation is obtained as in the filter optimization problem. In the joint signal and filter design problem, it is shown that the optimum signal and filter functions are the solutions to a pair of linear integral equations with the largest (SIR)O. Several examples are investigated for different mediums and reverberation distributions with the finite matrix approximation method. An interative technique is used to compute the joint optimization of signal and filter.     

Specification and Performance of Passive Sonar Spectral Estimators

The application of existing estimation theory to the problem of specification and performance of passive sonar spectral estimators is considered. The classification function is addressed, so that the signal is assumed to be present, and so that the energy arrival angle is known. The spatial filter considered is a line array of M equally spaced omnidirectional hydrophones. Signal and ambient noise are both zero-mean, wide-sense, stationary Gaussian random processes that differ in their spatial correlation across the face of the array. The signal is a plane wave that can be made totally spacially corrected between array elements by inserting delays between sensors to invert the signal propagation delay. The noise correlation is a function of frequency, bandwidth, element separation, and the relative time delay between sensors. Under these assumptions, the Cramer-Rao lower bound is derived for the class of unbiased estimates of signal power in a narrow frequency band at the hydrophone in the presence of correlated ambient noise of known power. The bound is examined numerically, resulting in a threshold phenomenon with M that constitutes a new design consideration. In addition, there is a striking insensitivity to realistic values of ambient noise correlation, and there are ranges in signal-to-noise ratio for which one gains more by increasing M than by increasing the bandwidth-time product. Specific processors, including a new unbiased estimator when noise power is unknown, are developed.     

一种数字滤波器组在动态风洞试验中的应用

在动态风洞试验中,由于机械振动、随机扰动等原因,原始试验数据均有较大扰动。为得到其中的有用信息,需利用数字滤波器对其处理。基于MATLAB实现了梳状和频率抽样两种数字滤波器,对其各自特性做了较为深入的研究和比较。最后,利用二者串行组成了滤波器组。该滤波器组已经应用于预研项目中,结果表明,该滤波器组低频和高频特性均能够有效减弱信号中的干扰和噪声,达到预期目标。在不进行降采样率处理的情况下,达到相似的滤波结果,滤波器组的滤波时间仅为频率抽样滤波器的2％左右。     

离散系统LMI滤波技术

给出了一种离散系统最优滤波器的线性矩阵不等式（ＬＭＩ）设计方法。在系统干扰噪声能量有界情况下,将有约束的滤波问题转换为无约束的最优状态估计问题。利用ＬＭＩ方法给出了最优无偏滤波器存在的充分必要条件,所得滤波器的阶数小于系统状态个数。将ＬＭＩ方法应用于飞机飞行试验数据处理中,分析了实际飞行条件下飞机运动的模型,并对该模型进行扩展线性化处理,得到了一个较易实现的ＬＭＩ滤波算法。仿真结果表明,所提出的算     

参数化小波构造研究及其在边缘检测中的应用

为了解决双正交小波构造过程中存在的局限性和不灵活性,以小波滤波器代数构造理论为基础,提出一种支集定长条件下双正交小波滤波器组的参数化构造方法,推导出高通分解滤波器支集长度为奇数或偶数情况下双正交小波滤波器组的构造限定条件,给出具体的参数化构造实例,并分析了参数变化对构造小波特性的影响。从小波特性出发分析了用于图像边缘检测的双正交小波的构造必要条件,结合参数化小波构造方法构建了用于图像边缘检测的小波滤波器组。仿真实例验证了双正交小波滤波器参数化构造方法的灵活性和可行性以及构造小波对图像边缘检测的有效性。     

卡尔曼/粒子组合滤波在GPS/INS组合导航中的应用研究

在非线性模型和非高斯噪声条件下,粒子滤波在GPS/INS组合导航系统的观测精度较低时能取得较好的滤波结果,但在高观测精度情况下会导致滤波发散。针对这一问题,在分析了基本粒子滤波器算法原理的基础上提出一种卡尔曼/粒子组合滤波方法,将状态向量分为线性部分和非线性部分,分别用卡尔曼滤波和粒子滤波估计,既保证了简化后滤波算法的结果不会变差,又将运算量大大降低,仿真试验表明,组合滤波器能够获得较高的滤波精度,满足实际的导航要求。     

Unscented粒子滤波在静基座捷联惯导系统大方位失准角初始对准中的应用研究

 静基座大方位失准角的捷联惯导系统误差方程是非线性的,Unscented粒子滤波从非线性系统状态向量概率分布出发,结合Unscented卡尔曼滤波和粒子滤波的特点,无需对非线性系统模型进行处理而能达到较高的滤波精度。本文对Unscented粒子滤波进行了研究,并结合重采样算法,运用于捷联惯导系统静基座大方位失准角初始对准中,计算结果验证了该方法的有效性与优越性。     

Optimal FIR filters for time-varying state-space models

An optimal FIR (finite impulse response) filter and smoother is introduced for the time-varying state-space model. The suggested filter has an FIR structure and utilizes finite observation. It is shown that the impulse response of the optimal FIR filter can be obtained by a simple Riccati-type matrix differential equation. Especially for time-invariant systems, this FIR filter reduces to previously known simple forms. For implementation, a recursive form of the optimal FIR filter and smoother is derived by using adjoint variables, and computational algorithms are suggested. It is also shown by sensitivity analysis that the proposed optimal FIR filter alleviates potential divergence characteristics of the standard Kalman filter     

广义卡尔曼滤波递推公式的证明

卡尔曼滤波方法是一种应用广泛的估值方法,但其要求系统数学模型已知。而广义卡尔曼滤波与卡尔曼滤波相比并不需要系统数学模型已知,具有更强的现实意义。在广义卡尔曼滤波方法的状态模型和测量模型的基础上讨论了其递推公式的证明问题。最后通过广义卡尔曼滤波与经典卡尔曼滤波仿真曲线的比较,验证了广义卡尔曼滤波的有效性。     

基于FPGA的自适应陷波器研究和设计

对基于FPGA的自适应滤波器进行了研究.首先,分析了最小均方根(LMS)算法原理,并介绍了陷波器的稳定性问题.然后,提出了一种基于FPGA的自适应滤波器的实现方法,并进行了仿真验证.最后搭建了试验平台验证了陷波器的功能.仿真和试验结果表明,该自适应陷波器有良好的滤波功能.