“钻石”军事航天站计划始末（四）

《“钻石”军事航天站计划始末》本刊于2003年已连载3期，本期载完。该文全面系统介绍了苏联“钻石”航天站从方案提出到计划结束所经历的曲折过程。“钻石”航天站发展的最终结果正如文中所述：“人在太空的存在对军事侦察活动来说没有任何显著的优越性可言。”“载人航天侦察比无人自动侦察代价更昂贵，效果又不那么好，而且也不及时”。苏联从而放弃了载人航天侦察，而转向依赖于无人卫星系统。但“钻石”航天站的技术为发展其民用航天站和国际空间站奠定了基础。     

“飞航杯”全国首届未来飞行器设计大赛揭晓

4月19日,历时近一年的“飞航杯”全国首届未来飞行器设计大赛在北京圆满落幕。本次大赛由中国宇航学会和中国航天科工集团第三研究院第三总体设计部（以下简称“三部”）主办,西北工业大学、北京航空航天大学、南京航空航天大学、哈尔滨工业大学和上海交通大学协办。经专家组现场评审,评出一等奖一项、二等奖四项、三等奖七项,来自西北工业大学的“穿梭者”无人概念飞行器从参赛队伍中脱颖而出,     

美国将研制“近太空”侦察飞行器

美国空军希望将未来作战空域扩展到大气层上的“近太空”空域。“近太空”高度在20～100km之间。 这一高度处于一般飞机的最高飞行高度和轨道卫星的最低运行高度之间。 美国空军参谋长约翰·江珀说,空军正在制定一项计划,准备让侦察飞行器在近太空空域飞行。这种 飞行器可在空中停留数月,以密切关注某些热点地区的情况。由于对持续侦察要求不断增加,现有距地面 300km范围内的绕地球飞行的轨道卫星难以满足要求,而近太空飞行器可以做到这一点。 近太空飞行器可能使用轻于空气的浮空器作为通信链路和传感器平台。与价值数千万美元的无人机…     

中国宇航学会无人飞行器学会简介

中国宇航学会无人飞行器学会是学术群众团体，是联系广大科技工作者的纽带和桥梁，是中国宇航学会的组成部分。无人飞行器学会的活动范围是面向整个无人飞行器领域，重点突出大系统优化设计，突出发展战略研究，突出战场环境和战术运用分析，突出新概念、新技术、新途径的研究和推广应用。学会为从事无人飞行器领域的广大科技和管理工作者提供一个学术交流和科技活动的场所；为提高和发展我国无人飞行器技术提供一个研讨和咨询的窗口；为促进无人飞行器的研制、加强国防建设作出贡献。无人飞行器学会的前身是战术导弹系统工程专业委员会，成立于1986年。主要挂靠二院、三院和上海航天局。由于挂靠单位是研究院，专业范围也比较广，所以每次学术活动参加的都在百人以上。而且，战术导弹系统工程专业委员本身已不能适应无人飞行器领域的学术交流，为了丌展无人飞行器领域的学术活动，交流各国无人飞行器的发展动态，促进我国无人飞行器技术的发展，1990年6月经中国宇航学会批准成立了无人飞行器学会，2004年为了和科协的名称统一改为无人飞行器分会。无人飞行器学会成立十五年来，已逐渐形成为国内无人飞行器领域学术活动的主要场所。通过一年一次的理事会与学术研讨会和其下属各专业委员会活...     

LARK侦察／攻击型无人飞行器

ＬＡＲＫ侦察／攻击型无人飞行器ＬＡＲＫ是由南非两家公司研制的，主要用于发现和攻击正在工作的雷达，首先是地空导弹的制导雷达和炮瞄雷达。飞行器长２．４ｍ，尚０．５５ｍ，有动甘直径０．２７ｍｊ翼展２．ｌｉｎ，起飞质量１２０ｋｇ，巡航速度２４０ｋｍ／ｈ，俯冲...     

基于无人直升机平台的轨道飞行器落点测量方法

轨道飞行器的海上落点测量对于飞行器落点精度评估及打捞等工作具有十分重要的意义。针对飞行器海上预定落点的安全区半径较大,光学交汇方法及基于舰船、无人艇等平台的声学和被动雷达体制的TDOA测量方法工程实现代价较大这一问题,提出基于无人直升机平台的被动雷达体制轨道飞行器落点测量方法。利用单站无源定位技术对飞行器进行轨迹测量。仿真计算结果表明,落水点测量精度优于50m。     

仿生变构型飞行器智能控制技术:进展与展望

仿生变构型飞行器是一种为适应环境和任务的变化而具备动物外部构型变化能力的新型飞行器，变构型的动态飞行特征给控制系统设计带来了一系列挑战。飞行器仿生变构型的过程是一种飞行器“眼、耳、脑、体、翼”等多器官协调的智能行为，控制系统设计的主要目标是在“感知—决策—反馈—执行”全控制回路的框架下解决“为何变”“如何变”等智能行为的设计问题，赋予飞行器(特别是无人飞行器)在复杂干扰和不确定环境下强自主、强适应、强生存等智能能力。结合近年来智能控制和仿生技术的发展，从仿生智能的视角梳理变构型飞行器控制技术的研究现状和存在问题，指出仿生变构型飞行器设计需要完成从“方法论”“系统论”设计到“环境/任务/系统一体化”设计亦即“行为论”设计的跨越;进一步提出了机理与数据混合驱动建模、多维信息仿生感知、智能自适应变形决策、变形与飞行一体化控制、全回路安全控制等前沿科学问题，并给出了可能的解决思路。     

一枚全新火箭的诞生——改进型长二F火箭总设计师荆木春谈火箭的新特点

2011年，随着载人航天工程首次空间交会对接任务大幕的开启，有着“神箭”之称的长征二号F火箭又承担起了新的历史使命——助力天宫一号目标飞行器和神舟八号无人飞船的“太空相会”。     

“天宫一号”目标飞行器信息管理策略

“天宫一号”目标飞行器信息系统作为目标飞行器的重要功能系统,主要完成目标飞行器内部信息管理以及与地面和载人飞船的通信管理,确保目标飞行器的健康和稳定运行,支持目标飞行器各项任务的完成。文章对"天宫一号"目标飞行器信息系统的信息管理策略进行了概述,包括信息管理需求、设计原则、系统组成、主要技术特点以及可靠性安全性设计。“天宫一号”目标飞行器信息系统的信息管理策略经过首次无人和有人交会对接任务验证,满足任务要求,为后续空间站信息系统详细设计奠定了基础。     

灾难警报从天上发出

国际空间站作为近地轨道空间唯一在轨运行的大型综合实验平台，部署了许多先进的对地观测和遥感设备。使用手持或自动装置，航天员可以灵活开展对地观测活动，尤其是在监测突发自然灾害时，较无人飞行器而言，更具灵活性。作为一个“全球观测与监测站”，国际空间站在收集全球气候、环境变化及自然灾害信息，推动探究和解决地球环境问题以及推动全球对地观测活动的国际合作方面发挥了重要作用。     

On the stability of the track of the space elevator

A string moving with geostationary angular velocity in its radial relative equilibrium configuration around the Earth, reaching from the surface of the Earth far beyond the geostationary height, could be used as track for an Earth to space elevator. This is an old dream of mankind, originating about 100 years ago in Russia. Besides the question of feasibility from a technological point of view also the question concerning the stability of such a configuration has not yet been completely solved. Under the assumption that a proper material (carbon nanotubes) is available, making the connection possible technologically, we address the question of existence and stability of the radial relative equilibrium of a tapered string on a circular geosynchronous trajectory around the Earth, reaching from the surface of the Earth far beyond the geostationary height.     

On the Possibility of the Existence of Volatile Compounds in the Region of the Scott Crater on the Moon

In this paper, we analyze the illumination conditions, the thermal regime, and the possibility of deposits of volatile compounds existing in the vicinity region (NSR S5 region) near the southern pole of the Moon. It has been found that there are no permanently shadowed zones near the Scott crater and the NSR S5 region, though the temperature conditions allow the of compounds such as CH₃OH, SO₂, NH₃, CO₂, H₂S, C₂H₄, and water to remain stable relative to evaporation for a long time (≥1 Gyr). It has been also shown that compounds like CO and CH₄ cannot stably exist in these regions.     

Estimation of the current density and analysis of the geometry of the current system surrounding the Earth

The results of an investigation of the distribution of plasma pressure, pressure gradients, and magnetic field near the equatorial plane in the plasma ring surrounding the Earth under magneto-quiet conditions are presented. Observational data obtained during the international THEMIS mission are used. The picture of the distribution of transverse-current density near the equatorial plane was obtained under assumption of observing the magnetostatic balance condition at geocentric distances from 6 to 12R _E. In estimating the integral transverse current it was accepted that in daytime sector the magnetic-field minima on magnetic field lines are not localized in the equatorial plane. Estimates of the integral transverse current were obtained, which demonstrate the possibility of closing nighttime transverse currents at geocentric distances of up to ～12R _E inside the magnetosphere, which form a high-latitudinal continuation of the ring current.     

对老年人体育锻炼负荷量监控方法的探讨

通过对老年人体育锻炼活动的情况进行相关调查，发现目前老年人体育锻炼中存在一些误区。因此本文针对这些现实情况提出，应根据实际情况运用一些简单易行的方法来对老年人体育锻炼实施医务监督，达到提高老年人体育锻炼的科学性。     

Estimating the accuracy of the technique of reconstructing the rotational motion of a satellite based on the measurements of its angular velocity and the magnetic field of the Earth

The paper has studied the accuracy of the technique that allows the rotational motion of the Earth artificial satellites (AES) to be reconstructed based on the data of onboard measurements of angular velocity vectors and the strength of the Earth magnetic field (EMF). The technique is based on kinematic equations of the rotational motion of a rigid body. Both types of measurement data collected over some time interval have been processed jointly. The angular velocity measurements have been approximated using convenient formulas, which are substituted into the kinematic differential equations for the quaternion that specifies the transition from the body-fixed coordinate system of a satellite to the inertial coordinate system. Thus obtained equations represent a kinematic model of the rotational motion of a satellite. The solution of these equations, which approximate real motion, has been found by the least-square method from the condition of best fitting between the data of measurements of the EMF strength vector and its calculated values. The accuracy of the technique has been estimated by processing the data obtained from the board of the service module of the International Space Station (ISS). The reconstruction of station motion using the aforementioned technique has been compared with the telemetry data on the actual motion of the station. The technique has allowed us to reconstruct the station motion in the orbital orientation mode with a maximum error less than 0.6° and the turns with a maximal error of less than 1.2°.     

实施“三位一体”教育模式 提高学生的综合素质

本文介绍了“三位一体”教育模式的内容,描述亍我们实施该模式所采取的措施及取得的成效。实践表明,“三位一体”教育模式能够提高学生的综合素质,为学生毕业后的发展打下坚实基础,对教育模式的改革具有一定的指导意义。     

从应变计现状看电阻式传感器的前景

电阻式传感器的核心部件——电阻应变计是目前最常用的应力分析的敏感元件。也常用于测量力、压力、扭矩和加速度等物理量。作者简要回顾了电阻应变计的发展历史，介绍了电阻应变计的结构、分类及现状，展望了电阻式传感器的前景。     

System of works on numerical modeling of the dynamics of the structure of the Space Radiotelescope in the RadioAstron project

The results of modeling the dynamics of the Space Radiotelescope are presented. The results of ground-based vibration-dynamic tests are used to validate the calculation models and estimate the damping levels. The dynamic distortions of the reflecting surface caused by the operation of the pointing mechanism of the high-gain antenna are estimated.     

Optimization of the trajectory of the spacecraft insertion into the system of heliocentric orbits

The possibility of the spacecraft insertion into the system of operational heliocentric orbits has been analyzed. It has been proposed to use a system of several operational heliocentric orbits. On each orbit, the spacecraft makes one or more revolutions around the Sun. These orbits are characterized by a relatively small perihelion radius and relatively high inclination, which allows one to investigate the polar regions of the Sun. The transition of the spacecraft from one orbit to another has been performed using an unpowered gravity assist maneuver near Venus and does not require the cruise propulsion operation. Each maneuver transfers the spacecraft into the sequence of operational heliocentric orbits. We have analyzed several systems of operational heliocentric orbits into which the spacecraft can be inserted by means of the considered transportation system with electric propulsion (EP). The mass of the spacecraft delivered to these systems of operational orbits has been estimated.     

火箭推进剂液体晃动关机响应的数值仿真

本文采用VOF方法对火箭发动机关机阶段所引起的液体晃动进行了数值仿真，以氧化剂贮箱为例，得到了贮箱无阻尼环和带阻尼环时的晃动仿真图和液体质心变化曲线，检验了VOF方法处理碎波的能力。