民机的一种新型布局形式——翼身融合体飞机

 讨论了一种区别于机翼与圆柱机身的传统民机外形——翼身融合体（BWB）外形。从给定容积下减少浸润面积和摩擦阻力的考虑发展出了翼身融合体的概念。在满足系列设计约束条件下讨论了适于大型（800座）客机的翼身融合体的技术和商业上的可能性。概念设计研究表明,翼身融合体外形可获得比常规外形更好的性能。巡航升阻比可从传统外形的19提高至23。480座的BWB外形与同量级的传统外形（A380-700）相比,最大起飞重量可减少18%,每座位燃油消耗可减少32%,具有良好的环保性。通过气动载荷分布规律的反设计,翼型修型和三维优化设计等气动设计方法可以有效减阻和提高BWB的气动性能。由于BWB的高度融合性,讨论了多学科优化设计方法的重要性和有效性。BWB概念能够发展成BWB系列机,进一步提高巡航马赫数也是可能的。     

基于单学科可行法的多学科可靠性设计优化

 近年来对多学科系统中不确定性的研究逐渐增多。针对该问题的计算复杂性,利用序列优化及可靠性评估（SORA）框架,提出用单学科可行（IDF）方法来求解多学科可靠性设计优化（RBMDO）问题。此方法将可靠性分析和多学科设计优化分离开来,分为确定性多学科设计优化和可靠性分析两个问题顺序执行,以提高计算效率。可靠性分析和优化的过程都采用多学科设计优化中高效的方法——IDF方法。最后通过例子验证此方法的有效性,算例结果表明,采用基于IDF的方法,学科1和学科2所用的函数计算次数分别减少了28.9%和25.0%。     

基于非概率模型的结构稳健可靠性设计方法

 基于非概率可靠性理论,将稳健设计和稳健可靠性的思想和方法用于结构设计,提出了结构的稳健可靠性设计方法。把结构设计归结为满足可靠性要求的多目标优化。其中,以非概率可靠性指标为约束,以极小化结构重量 (或造价)和极大化对不确定因素的稳健性为目标。目的在于使结构在满足可靠性要求的前提下,其重量 (或造价)和对不确定因素的稳健性达到协调最优。在不确定参量的已知数据很少的情况下,本方法为结构的可靠性设计提供了一种可能的选择。数值算例说明了文中方法的应用。     

涡轮叶片多学科可靠性及稳健设计优化

为了得到一种适用于涡轮叶片复杂结构并同时考虑可靠性及稳健性的多学科设计优化方法,将6sig-ma可靠性及稳健设计优化方法与多学科可行方法(MDF)相结合,采用二阶Taylor展开法进行可靠性及稳健性分析,实现了涡轮叶片多学科6sigma可靠性及稳健设计优化。使用Kriging近似模型并不断提高模型精度,解决了多学科可行方法计算量较大的问题。实例分析表明,与确定性多学科设计优化相比,采用该方法得到的涡轮叶片可靠性及稳健性均有大幅度提高,同时设计目标最优,满足工程应用的要求,验证了该方法在工程应用中的可行性。     

多控制面飞行器结构与配平鲁棒气动弹性优化方法

基于遗传算法,提出了一种考虑多控制面飞行器结构参数和配平关系中的不确定性的鲁棒气动弹性优化方法,并在一个带有主动气动弹性机翼(AAW)的复杂小展弦比飞机的结构和控制面传动比的鲁棒设计中得到了应用.以非概率形式来衡量设计变量的不确定性变化,采用单目标函数形式,并引入一个反映目标函数相对变化的额外约束来描述鲁棒优化问题.在...     

超临界翼型稳健型优化设计研究

基于标准遗传算法、RBF神经网络以及类函数/型函数变形技术建立了翼型气动优化设计系统,在选取3次CST方法即分别对翼型上下表面采用4个设计变量进行参数化,对某型客机基本翼型在给定设计指标下进行优化设计,分别研究了巡航状态下的气动优化,以及结合蒙特卡洛分析方法马赫数随机平均分布下的翼型稳健型优化设计。结果显示,优化后的翼型的气动特性有着显著提高。     

翼身融合背撑发动机布局的动力短舱设计

为了解决翼身融合（BWB）背撑发动机布局的飞机-发动机流动干扰问题,依据BWB流场特征,提出背撑式动力短舱设计思想：采用轴对称短舱,结合可以减小短舱外部流动对机体影响的外罩型面和满足进气效率要求的进气道型面设计。基于本文构建的动力短舱参数化建模方法和多点优化设计方法,开展兼顾内外流的短舱综合优化设计研究,最后对设计方案安装状态流场进行分析。结果表明：提出的设计方法可以给出具有不同内外流气动特性、满足BWB背撑式发动机动力短舱多点设计要求的设计方案,巡航状态短舱外表面和全推力状态进气道最大马赫数最大可减小8.35%和11.81%,优化结果在最大推力和侧风起飞状态也具有良好的进气道性能;动力短舱安装状态消除了高速巡航飞行状态下短舱和机体之间的强激波和后体流动分离,低速大迎角状态机体外流能够为发动机提供均匀稳定的进气,进气道总压恢复系数满足设计要求。     

Aerodynamic optimization and mechanism design of flexible variable camber trailing-edge flap

Trailing-edge flap is traditionally used to improve the takeoff and landing aerodynamic performance of aircraft.In order to improve flight efficiency during takeoff,cruise and landing states,the flexible variable camber trailing-edge flap is introduced,capable of changing its shape smoothly from 50% flap chord to the rear of the flap.Using a numerical simulation method for the case of the GA(W)-2 airfoil,the multi-objective optimization of the overlap,gap,deflection angle,and bending angle of the flap under takeoff and landing configurations is studied.The optimization results show that under takeoff configuration,the variable camber trailing-edge flap can increase lift coefficient by about 8% and lift-to-drag ratio by about 7% compared with the traditional flap at a takeoff angle of 8°.Under landing configuration,the flap can improve the lift coefficient at a stall angle of attack about 1.3%.Under cruise state,the flap helps to improve the lift-todrag ratio over a wide range of lift coefficients,and the maximum increment is about 30%.Finally,a corrugated structure–eccentric beam combination bending mechanism is introduced in this paper to bend the flap by rotating the eccentric beam.     

Adjoint-based robust optimization design of laminar flow wing under flight condition uncertainties

It is an inherent uncertainty problem that the application of laminar flow technology to the wing of large passenger aircraft is affected by flight conditions. In order to seek a more robust natural laminar flow control effect, it is necessary to develop an effective optimization design method. Meanwhile, attention must be given to the impact of crossflow(CF) instability brought on by the sweep angle. This paper constructs a robust optimization design framework based on discrete adjoint methods ...     

飞机总体优化设计的新进展

回顾飞机总体优化设计的传统方法 ,介绍多学科优化方法在飞机设计中的应用状况和最新发展。重点讨论为解决设计变量过多和计算耗费太大问题提出的试验设计和响应面近似法以及带不确定性多学科优化的鲁棒设计方法。提出飞机总体优化设计的一些关键研究领域 :气动—结构、气动—隐身、结构—主动控制等 ,最后展望多学科优化在飞机总体设计中的应用前景     

Integrated optimization on aerodynamics-structure coupling and flight stability of a large airplane in preliminary design

The preliminary phase is significant during the whole design process of a large airplane because of its enormous potential in enhancing the overall performance. However, classical sequential designs can hardly adapt to modern airplanes, due to their repeated iterations, long periods, and massive computational burdens. Multidisciplinary analysis and optimization demonstrates the capability to tackle such complex design issues. In this paper, an integrated optimization method for the preliminary design of a large airplane is proposed, accounting for aerodynamics, structure, and stability. Aeroelastic responses are computed by a rapid three-dimensional flight load analysis method combining the high-order panel method and the structural elasticity correction. The flow field is determined by the viscous/inviscid iteration method, and the cruise stability is evaluated by the linear small-disturbance theory. Parametric optimization is carried out using genetic algorithm to seek the minimal weight of a simplified plate-beam wing structure in the cruise trim condition subject to aeroelastic, aerodynamic, and stability constraints, and the optimal wing geometry shape, front/rear spar positions, and structural sizes are obtained simultaneously. To reduce the computational burden of the static aeroelasticity analysis in the optimization process, the Kriging method is employed to predict aerodynamic influence coefficient matrices of different aerodynamic shapes. The multidisciplinary analyses guarantee computational accuracy and efficiency, and the integrated optimization considers the coupling effect sufficiently between different disciplines to improve the overall performance, avoiding the limitations of sequential approaches utilized currently.     

吸气式空空导弹外形多学科一体化优化设计

针对采用整体式固冲发动机的吸气式空空导弹外形气动与推进耦合的推阻匹配设计难题,引入多学科优化设计方法提出了一种综合考虑气动/推进/质量/弹道的导弹外形多学科一体化优化设计技术。其中,气动性能预测采用代理模型技术,主要基于外形参数化建模、非结构网格技术和流场精细数值计算来自动构建气动数据库,据此建立了包含外形几何信息的气动预测代理模型,并对其预测精度进行了验证;推进性能预测采用推进求解模型,该模型根据固冲发动机理论建立,精度满足工程要求。对所建立的学科预测模型完成一体化集成后,以质点弹道仿真评估的战技指标为优化目标,对一款吸气式空空导弹进气道和翼面外形进行了优化设计,取得了推阻匹配的优化外形,优化后导弹动力射程提高10%。所提出的一体化优化设计技术,有助于吸气式空空导弹外形气动与推进耦合推阻匹配设计和提高导弹动力射程。     

Effect of Variable Selection on Multidisciplinary Design Optimization： a Flight Vehicle Example

Different multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) problems are formulated and compared. Two MDO formulations are applied to a sounding rocket in order to optimize the performance of the rocket. In the MDO of the referred vehicle, three disciplines have been considered,which are trajectory, propulsion and aerodynamics. A special design structure matrix is developed to assist data exchange between disciplines. This design process uses response surface method (RSM) for multidisciplinary optimization of the rocket. The RSM is applied to the design in two categories: the propulsion model and the system level. In the propulsion model, RSM deter-mines an approximate mathematical model of the engine output parameters as a function of design variables. In the system level, RSM fits a surface of objective function versus design variables. In the first MDO problem formulation, two design variables are selected to form propulsion discipline. In the second one, three new design variables from geometry are added and finally, an optimization method is applied to the response surface in the system level in order to find the best result. Application of the first developed multidisciplinary design optimization procedure increased accessible altitude (performance index) of the referred sounding rocket by twenty five percents and the second one twenty nine.     

基于双循环的离心叶轮多学科可靠性优化设计

 针对传统多学科设计优化方法中未能考虑不确定因素的问题,开展基于可靠性的多学科设计优化(RBMDO)方法的研究。以离心式压气机叶轮为对象,综合考虑工作状况和材料参数等随机性因素的影响,利用改进的一次二阶矩(AFOSM)法进行可靠性分析,通过双循环策略将多学科可行优化方法与可靠性分析相结合,合理引入近似技术,建立了基于可靠性的多学科设计优化系统。对某离心叶轮进行多学科可靠性优化设计的算例表明,在满足所有可靠性指标的前提下,该方法可实现离心叶轮综合性能的提高,并有效地缩减设计周期。     

Whole-process design and experimental validation of landing gear lower drag stay with global/local linked driven optimization strategy

Landing gear lower drag stay is a key component which connects fuselage and landing gear and directly effects the safety and performance of aircraft takeoff and landing. To effectively design the lower drag stay and reduce the weight of landing gear, Global/local Linked Driven Optimization Strategy (GLDOS) was developed to conduct the overall process design of lower drag stay in respect of optimization thought. The whole-process optimization involves two stages of structural conceptual design and detailed design. In the structural conceptual design, the landing gear lower drag stay was globally topologically optimized by adopting multiple starting points algorithm. In the detailed design, the local size and shape of landing gear lower drag stay were globally optimized by the gradient optimization strategy. The GLDOS method adopts different optimization strategies for different optimization stages to acquire the optimum design effect. Through the experimental validation, the weight of the optimized lower dray stay with the developed GLDOS is reduced by 16.79% while keeping enough strength and stiffness, which satisfies the requirements of engineering design under the typical loading conditions. The proposed GLDOS is validated to be accurate and efficient in optimization scheme and design cycles. The efforts of this paper provide a whole-process optimization approach regarding different optimization technologies in different design phases, which is significant in reducing structural weight and enhance design precision for complex structures in aircrafts.     

基于响应面法的可靠性稳健设计优化

针对极限状态函数和结构性能函数为隐式的结构可靠性稳健设计优化问题,将结构性能稳健性、可靠性灵敏度稳健性与6σ稳健设计思想相结合,建立了一种基于响应面法的可靠性稳健设计优化模型并给出了具体算法.采用多项式拟合结构性能函数和极限状态函数,推导了基于响应面函数的1阶可靠度指标以及性能函数均值和均方差的计算方程;将结构可靠度作为基本约束条件,采用序列二次规划法得到稳健设计优化结果.运用该方法对某涡轮叶片型线进行设计优化,经过优化后,静、动叶的动能效率均值分别提高1.5%和6.4%,动叶片最大应力均值下降7.9%,动叶叶身最大变形均值下降5.6%,动叶片结构强度可靠度由初始的91.3%提高到了99.9%.      

一种螺旋桨的气动声学设计与实验验证

就螺桨而言,其性能优劣的主要标志是高效率与低噪声,而以螺桨推进的飞机,螺桨为主要噪声源,为满足CAAR36及FAA36等国内外有关航空声学适航条例,要求在设计阶段就能准确地预测远场噪声特性,另一方面,从旅客舒适性角度考虑,以及从结构完整性和安全性角度考虑(即防止声疲劳),则要求能准确地预测近场噪声。这样,在当代螺旋桨设计体系中包括螺旋桨声学设计子系统是完全必要的。      

大型飞机增升装置气动机构一体化设计技术进展

增升装置设计作为大型客机设计的关键技术之一,其设计水平的提升将极大提高飞机的整体性能。虽然先进增升装置方案朝着简单形式发展,但其设计目标将结合气动、机构、结构、噪声等复杂考虑因素,以达到最优的综合性能和提高飞行的安全性、经济性和舒适性,是个高难度多学科多约束耦合的设计问题。结合气动优化、机构设计、一体化研究等多方面增升装置设计难点进行论述,并提出相应解决方案,最终完成气动/机构一体化设计。分别回顾了干净构型到巡航构型的外形设计方法;起降构型的气动评估、优化方法;增升装置位置表达方法和机构设计研究现状。最后阐述了气动/机构一体化设计方法的思想,总结了国内外在该方向所进行的研究和取得的成果。     

航空发动机初步设计阶段涡轮流道多学科优化设计分析方法

针对航空发动机涡轮初步设计阶段,在完成气动流道初步设计的前提下,综合考虑气动流道与叶片轮盘关键结构特征的制约和平衡关系,建立了关于高压涡轮气动流道和转子强度分析的多学科优化模型,进行了以气动流道效率和转子结构质量为目标函数的涡轮流道多学科多目标优化,优化后涡轮转子最大径向应力和最大周向应力分别下降4.62%和10.63%,同时危险截面处的平均径向应力和周向应力也分别下降了42.99%和3%,使涡轮部件气动和结构强度的多学科综合性能提高3.41%.     

基于伴随理论的大型客机气动优化设计研究进展

大型民用客机的气动设计具有巡航马赫数高、部件间流动干扰复杂、外形精细化修形难度大等特点,完全依靠人工试凑法进行气动设计工作量巨大。基于高可信度数值模拟的优化设计技术可以对该类问题进行自动寻优设计,给设计师提供有力参考,因此在大型民用客机气动设计中发挥着越来越显著的作用。首先,以大型民用客机为背景,总结了民机气动设计中的关键科学问题,指出了梯度优化设计方法在民用客机不同优化设计问题中的适用性,并进一步对梯度求解中的伴随方法理论进行了详细介绍。然后,分析了基于伴随理论的气动优化设计方法以及气动结构多学科优化设计方法在民用客机设计中的研究进展,其中气动优化设计方面着重突出了复杂全机多部件气动外形优化设计方法以及飞机/发动机一体化优化设计方法。最后,对基于伴随理论的气动优化设计方法在大型民机中的应用进展进行了提炼,对未来发展趋势进行了展望与建议。