Detection Performance of Logarithmic Receivers Employing Video Integrators

The detection performance of logarithmic receivers in Rayleigh and non-Gaussian clutter is investigated. In Rayleigh clutter the performance is determined for steady, Swerling case 1, and Swerling case 2 targets. The detection loss of logarithmic receivers is generally less than the ? log n loss conjectured by Green, but consistent with the 1.08-dB asymptotic loss established by Hansen. The Swerling case 2 loss, important in frequency- agility applications, canbe severe for a small number of integrated pulses and high Pd, and apparently approaches the 1.08-dB asymptotic loss as a lower bound. Graphs of GramCharlier series cumulants are provided to allow determination of logarithmic-receiver performance. Curves are presented to allow the detection performance of logarithmic receivers in log-normal and Weibull clutter to be determineds.     

Performance Analysis of Monopulse Receivers for Secondary Surveillance Radar

In modern secondary surveillance radar (SSR) the monopulse technique is currently introduced for the measurement of the azimuth of the targets. The monopulse technique is based on a suitable processing of signals received by a multiple antenna. In SSR the signals are generated by a transponder on the aircraft as replies to interrogations from ground equipment, and consist of trains of pulses. The monopulse measurements can be carried out on the basis of a single pulse from each train, so that it provides a great number of azimuth estimates. Many monopulse measurement devices exist, corresponding to different processing techniques. From the point of view of accuracy and precision, their behaviors differ with respect to the sources of errors, both internal (noise and imperfect calibrations) and external (interference and propagation effects). The four main types of monopulse receivers are analyzed here with respect to the effects of the internal error sources on the resulting measurement accuracy. After an introductory discussion of the performances of the receivers, a detailed analysis is carried out on the basis of a general mathematical model. The results are given in an analytical form and in some comprehensive diagrams.     

Detection Performance of a Mean-Level Threshold

The problem of detecting signals in nonstationary clutter is met by presenting a mean-level or adaptive threshold which adjusts to the changing background level. Such a threshold performs better than a fixed threshold that must be set for the highest amplitude clutter. However, the mean-level threshold does not perform as well for stationary noise as a fixed threshold set at the proper value. One measure of effectiveness of an adaptive threshold is its performance in stationary noise (compared to the optimum fixed threshold) for a specified speed of response. For the mean-level threshold, a simple mathematical solution is found for the detection probability when the noise is stationary and the signal scintillates rapidly. The performance is evaluated for a wide range of mean-level-threshold time constants and for several false-alarm probabilities. The results are presented graphically. As an example, the mean-level threshold suffers 3 dB in detectability (equivalent signal-to-noise ratio) in the presence of stationary noise as compared to the optimum fixed threshold for 50-percent probability of detection, false-alarm probability of 10-8, and an adjustment time of 15 times the signal duration.     

Comment on "Performance Analysis of Monopulse Receivers for Secondary Surveillance Radar"

The increase in estimation error near boresight with a sum and difference amplitude comparison monopulse receiver can be prevented by using an adequate maximum likelihood estimator.     

FM Threshold Performance of the Frequency Demodulator with Feedback

The FM threshold performance of the frequency demodulator with feedback (FMFB) is experimentally optimized. Rules of thumb for the practical design of the FMFB with limiter in the loop are proposed. Such design rules provide for optimum FMFB threshold performance given specifications of the received signal. Equivalences among the FMFB, phase-locked loop, and limiter- discriminator offer some additional physical insight into the threshold-extending mechanism of the FMFB not presented by previous investigators.     

A Suboptimum Rank Test for Nonparametric Radar Detection

The optimum rank detector structure, in the Neyman-Pearson sense and under Gaussian noise conditions, is approximated by a suboptimum structure that depends on an adjustable parameter. This new rank detector, which operates on radar video signal, includes other well-known detectors as particular cases. The asymptotic relative efficiency (ARE) of the proposed rank detector is computed, with its maximum value the ARE of the locally optimum rank detector (LORD). The detection probability versus signal-to-noise ratio, and the effects of interfering targets are also calculated by Monte-Carlo simulations for different parameter values.     

Statistical Measurements of Phase-Locked Receivers

Test instrumentation is described for use in the measurement of threshold sensitivities and noise bandwidths of narrow-band phase-locked receivers. The method is statistical in nature with the data being recorded digitally by a counter and printer. Scale factors can be selected for convenient relation of the data to the standard deviations, 1,2, or 3 sigma. Curves are included showing the results of a typical experiment.     

Sensitivity Analysis of Finite-Lag Receivers

This paper presents the sensitivity analysis of a class of receivers called finite-lag receivers, introduced by the authors in [1] through [3]. Since these receivers are based on the use of fixed-lag smoothing techniques, algorithms for the calculation of large-scale and small-scale sensitivities of fixed-lag smoothing are derived using a state augmentation approach. Steady-state analysis of these algorithms shows that an explicit relation can be obtained between sensitivity coefficients of fixed-lag smoothing and filtering. The specific case of sensitivity to variations in the measurement (channel) noise is considered as an example. These results are applied to study the sensitivity performance of the finite-lag receivers for analog communication. It is shown, for example, that finite-lag receivers for AM signals, besides being superior in performance [1]-[3], [11], in terms of output SNR or error variance, are also much less sensitive to the additive noise power level, compared to zero-lag receivers.     

Optimum and Suboptimum Synchronizer for Binary FSK Communication Systems

This paper considers a binary frequency-shift-keying (FSK) communication system with an adaptive receiver. Partially coherent detection is accomplished exploiting phase and bit synchronization directly extracted from the information-bearing waveform. The optimum (maximum a posteriori probability criterion) estimators of the relevant channel parameters are found along with some suboptimum realizations. It turns out that these schemes are decision-directed tracking systems that may be implemented using standard circuitry.     

On Finite-Lag Receivers for Fading Channels

This paper reports some results on the development of finite-lag receivers for reception via fading channels. The receivers are given in discrete form and clearly show the additional complexity due to introduction of delay between the instants of reception and estimation of the signal. The channel noise has been assumed to have a multiplicative component due to fading. This results in the optimal demodulators being nonlinear and unrealizable. However, the receivers proposed are suboptimal, but realizable. Simulation studies evaluating the performance of the various receivers are also discussed.     

改进的卫星导航接收机抗干扰算法

在分析多级维纳滤波器实现算法的基础上,通过对相关相减算法中的阻塞矩阵进行改进,并利用其前向递推多级分解特性构造出空-时二维干扰子空间,然后结合子空间投影方法,进一步求出空-时抗干扰最优权值。与传统的相关相减结构多级维纳滤波方法(CSS-MSWF)相比,该方法在有限数据精度下,抗干扰性能要优于CSS-MSWF方法,具有更好的可行性和实用性。仿真结果验证了该方法的有效     

The DFTSD: A Sequential Suboptimum Processor for Multiple-Range-Bin Radar Systems

A class of simple and efficient digital sequential detectors is presented, which are particularly suitable for application to radar systems where the antenna dwell time is easily varied. A methematical method, based on the random walk model, is developed to evaluate the DFTSD (digital fixed-thresholds sequential detector) performance. The DFTSD has a loss of 0.2 to 0.3 dB with respect to the digital SPRT (sequential probability ratio test) in the case of a single-range-bin system. Finally, results for the multiple-range-bin case are presented and compared with the performance of a moving-window detector.     

Frequency Tracking Characteristics of Split-Loop Phase-Locked Receivers

The excess time delay introduced by the incorporation of the intermediate frequency (IF) stage within the phase-locked loop (PLL) causes serious deterioration in the acquisition and tracking performance of the loop. The split-loop phase-locked system suggested by McGeehan and Sladen considerably reduces the effect of time delay on the acquisition and tracking performance of the loop. The frequency acquisition characteristics of the split-loop phase-locked receiver is investigated, and the effect of possible asymmetry in the arms of the loop on the acquisition range is examined. Closed-form approximate formulas are derived, and a comparison between split-, long-, and short-loop acquisition performance is presented.     

Filter Selection for Receivers Using Square-Law Detection

A numerical method is described for predicting the detection probability performance of a pulse receiver which uses square-law detection. The method is useful for receivers where the ratio of RF bandwidth to video bandwidth is in the range from 2 to 40; a range where numerical results have previously been hard to obtain. A key feature of the approach is that it takes into account the actual filter transfer functions, pulse envelope shape, and pulse frequency.     

全数字宽带接收机的并行结构

介绍了一种FFT并行结构的全数字宽带接收机,接收机中包括载波恢复,定时恢复和匹配滤波器三个主要功能部分。其特点是信号处理速率比输入Nyquist采样速率低得多,而且其中的匹配滤波器和定时校正恢复可以在频域上有效地实现,这种结构特别适合于卫星通信中每秒几百兆比特速率的高速数据传输应用。     

Phase Detector Data Distortion in Phase-Lock Loop Receivers

The nonlinear characteristic of a sinusoidal phase detector can create an additional loop suppression factor and cause distortion of any phase-modulated data that is to be extracted in a phase-lock loop receiver. The distortion caused by the phase detector's sinusoidal characteristic will degrade the phase-lock loop parameters and decrease the amplitude of the phase-modulated data.     

Phase Analysis in Multiple-Sensor Receivers with High Signal-to-Noise Ratio

The ideal phase detector characteristic is analyzed for estimating the phase difference between two stochastic input signals. This can essentially be described as a correlation process formed by multiplying the two input signals and extracting the phase. High signal-to-noise ratio conditions are assumed to linearize the system with respect to the noise. The effects of the nonlinearity on the signal are handled in terms of a series expansion and by using low-pass filtering on the receiver output. The mean square error of the system is calculated for some typical parameters.     

通信接收机中数字自动增益放大器模块的设计

设计了一种通用结构的数字自动增益放大器(AGC)模型,用Matlab工具搭建该自动增益放大器算法模型并仿真,随后用硬件描述语言(HDL)描述了AGC模块的硬件模型,并用Modelsim工具对其进行仿真与验证。通过对Matlab算法模型和HDL硬件模型的仿真结果分析,可以看出该通用结构的AGC能在短时间内调节输出信号的动态范围,为后续的电路提供稳定的数据输入。