轴对称结构RBCC发动机超燃模态性能分析

为了改善RBCC发动机超燃模态的性能,设计了轴对称结构燃烧室结合小支板组进行燃料喷注的发动机构型.通过煤油的3步简化动力学模型,对不同燃料喷注方式下的发动机性能进行计算分析.结果表明,基于本设计的发动机,让支板火箭工作于小流量富燃状态,可实现超燃模态的可靠点火和稳定燃烧；采用一级支板结合二级壁喷的燃料喷注方式,可获得相...     

基于凹腔火焰稳定器的亚燃冲压发动机点火性能研究

通过碳氢燃料亚燃冲压发动机直连式试验,对凹腔火焰稳定器的点火性能进行了初步研究.试验分别在高能火花塞及氰气引导火焰两种情况下成功实现了可靠点火.结果表明,基于凹腔火焰稳定技术的亚燃冲压发动机的点火性能与燃料喷注压降及喷注方式密切相关.在壁面喷注燃料的方式下,发动机容易实现可靠点火,而在中心喷注燃料的情况下,发动机很难被点燃.此外,试验还发现,发动机的喉部尺寸对采用这类结构的哑燃冲压发动机凹腔内的压力影响较小,因此,喉部尺寸的变化对其点火性能的影响也较小.     

燃料喷注位置对于RBCC超燃模态性能的影响

为实现二元结构火箭基组合循环(RBCC)发动机在超燃模态下较优的工作性能,开展了数值模拟研究。使用二阶TVD格式差分算法,结合十二步乙烯简化动力学模型,分析了RBCC超燃模态下的冷热态流场,评定燃料喷注位置对发动机性能的影响。数值模拟结果表明,支板火箭关闭情况下,乙烯燃料RBCC发动机可在流道内组织燃烧、建立室压;将燃料在支板与凹腔中间靠上游位置喷注,可获得较好的发动机总体性能,此时发动机内推力增益可达9%以上;支板火箭底部的高温低速回流区有助于维持燃料高效燃烧释热。     

RBCC燃烧室冲压模态数值模拟及试验验证

为了探究煤油燃料火箭基组合循环(RBCC)发动机燃烧室在冲压模态下的燃烧特性,构建了一套仿真计算方法用于预测、分析燃烧室内流动及燃烧过程。以带支板喷注器、单凹腔火焰稳定器RBCC燃烧室为例,开展了冲压模态下的内流场三维数值模拟,计算得到的壁面压力曲线与地面试验及飞行试验结果符合良好。分析燃烧室压力、马赫数、燃气组分等参数可以发现：当前燃烧室结构能够实现冲压模态下液体煤油燃料的稳定、高效燃烧;与冷流相比,压升可达5倍以上;支板能够有效提高煤油燃料的掺混能力;火箭安装台阶下游存在利于燃烧和火焰稳定的回流区;通过调整凹腔、支板等喷注器供油规律,可提高来流氧气的利用率,实现更为充分的燃烧。     

RBCC亚燃模态点火及火焰稳定研究(英文)

在直联式燃烧试验台上进行了基于机械壅塞的RBCC亚燃模态点火及火焰稳定研究,试验模拟飞行马赫数为2.5,采用扩张型双模态燃烧室和多级JP-10喷注方式。在主火箭工作的情况下,借助发动机出口机械壅塞的方式实现了点火和火焰稳定。同时发现火焰稳定与乙烯引导火焰无关,出口堵塞比是燃烧室压力提升的一个重要影响因素。研究工作为实现基于热力喉道的RBCC亚燃模态稳定高效燃烧提供了良好的基础。     

圆形燃烧室支板火箭超燃冲压发动机数值模拟

为了提高大尺寸超燃冲压发动机的掺混燃烧和火焰稳定能力,提出了以中心主支板和支板火箭进行点火和火焰稳定的超燃冲压发动机基本结构,采用轴对称的圆形燃烧室以及小支板和凹腔等混合增强方式,通过包含多步简化动力学的数值模拟方法,研究了支板、凹腔结构与圆形燃烧室的不同匹配关系.结果表明,隔离段中心主支板能有效提高燃料与空气的掺混度...     

RBCC直扩燃烧室煤油喷雾燃烧火焰稳定与放热规律的数值模拟

扩张构型燃烧室的燃烧流动细节与放热规律是RBCC发动机设计中的核心技 术。采用湍流流动的分离涡（DES）计算方法,数值计算了RBCC燃烧室以凹腔作为火焰 稳定器的液态煤油喷雾燃烧三维两相流动。针对逐级扩张的RBCC燃烧室构型,详细研究了不 同来流状态下的喷雾燃烧流动特征以及液态煤油分级喷注的放热规律。研究表明,高来流总 温条件下,凹腔火焰稳定器可起到驻留火焰的作用,在相对较低来流总温条件下,凹腔并非 是实现火焰稳定的充分条件,必须采用其他方式补偿液态燃料蒸发吸热所损失的热量。考虑 到扩张构型的几何通道承受的压力提升范围有限,燃料喷注位置不宜安置在燃烧室上游流场 ;为了实现最大的燃烧效率以及发动机推力,采用前后级辅助喷注的方式是目前可行的解决 措施。     

RBCC混合燃烧模式下燃料喷注位置对燃烧性能影响研究

通过数值模拟发现,喷注位置前移有利于改善燃烧性能。为了更加细化探讨,在直连式实验台上进行了进一步的实验研究,研究了RBCC混合燃烧模式中燃料喷注位置对燃烧性能的影响。实验中,详细比较了相同实验条件、不同喷注位置条件下燃烧室压强及燃烧性能。实验发现,在燃烧室前端进行燃料喷注,有利于提高燃烧室压强,提高发动机比冲。可见,燃料提前喷注加强了燃料与火箭羽焰剪切层的掺混,且火箭羽焰对燃料的雾化蒸发效果更佳,使得燃料的燃烧性能得到更大提升,从而提高发动机性能。     

宽范围变流量空气/液氧/酒精燃烧加热器试验

为了突破空气/液氧/酒精三组元宽范围变流量燃烧加热器可靠点火和稳定燃烧等关键技术,采用一种经过优化的直流喷嘴来组织燃烧,研制了宽范围变流量燃烧加热器并进行了点火试验,研究了其在10倍流量变化范围内的点火特性和燃烧性能。试验结果表明该燃烧加热器在10倍多的流量变化范围内实现了高效稳定燃烧,其中设计点的燃烧效率达到97%。加热器采用新型组织燃烧方式实现了宽范围变工况和低喷注压力下的可靠点火和稳定燃烧,其中加热器点火成功率100%,稳定工作过程中室压波动小于1%。加热器采用等离子点火火焰先进入燃烧室,随后氧化剂、燃料依次进入燃烧室的点火程序合理。     

基于DMSJ发动机流道的RBCC发动机设计

首先完成了一种典型DMSJ发动机流道型面和燃烧组织设计,该发动机在M_∞=4.0和6.0时的比冲分别为1 029.6 s和899.9 s。以此DMSJ发动机流道为基础,在隔离段一侧布置火箭发动机,形成RBCC发动机流道。数值模拟研究表明,低马赫数时,火箭台阶及下游流道型面变化对发动机性能影响有限;保持DMSJ发动机燃料喷注方案不变,RBCC发动机在M_∞=4.0时,冲压模态比冲可达到1 052.8 s。高马赫数时,由于燃烧组织位置靠前,必须对DMSJ发动机原有的燃料喷注方案进行调整,才能确保RBCC发动机达到与前者相当的比冲水平,经过调整本文RBCC发动机M_∞=6.0时冲压比冲达到了887.8 s。因此,基于目前较成熟的DMSJ发动机进行高马赫数RBCC发动机设计,是一条快速可行的技术途径。     

壁面孔型对超声速气流中喷注特性的影响

超声速气流中,燃料与来流空气的高效混合是燃烧室实现点火、稳焰及高效燃烧组织的前提。国内外研究者已对比研究了不同壁面孔型对超声速气流中喷注、混合特性的影响,相比于最常见的圆形喷孔,菱形、楔形-半圆、箭形及针形等喷孔用于超声速气流燃料喷注时,不仅有利于降低喷孔前缘边界层的分离,而且也有利于提升射流穿透深度;相比于单孔喷注,组合型喷孔能进一步增强燃料与来流空气在射流远场的混合效果。通过综述各型喷孔的喷注特性,分析提出了适用于超声速燃烧组织的壁面喷注孔型及其工程应用条件。     

新型高密度燃料性能研究

研究了新型高密度碳氢化合物HD-2与航空煤油的复配。通过对不同配比的燃料的密度、黏度、闪点、燃烧热值的测定比较,研究了复配燃料的基本性能;通过火箭一冲压组合发动机（RBCC）航空煤油点火燃烧性能实验,研究了不同HD-2添加含量的复配燃料的燃烧性能。基本性能测试实验和点火燃烧性能实验的结果表明：添加HD-2高密度碳氢化合...     

燃气喷射角度对含硼固体火箭超燃冲压发动机补燃室燃烧效率的影响

固体火箭燃气超燃冲压发动机具有高比冲、结构简单、流量易调节等优点,然而在超音速空气流的补燃室中,如何让燃料更好地与空气掺混,增加颗粒停留时间,在较短时间内释放出更多的燃烧焓成为目前研究的重点。采用Realiazble k-ε湍流模型,单步涡团耗散模型,在King的硼颗粒点火燃烧模型的基础上考虑了硼颗粒在高速气流当中的气动剥离效应,利用龙格-库塔算法迭代计算硼颗粒点火燃烧过程,对燃气进气方向与轴向夹角从45°~180°的10种进气方式下的补燃室进行了三维两相燃烧流动计算,分析了各种进气角下的燃气燃烧效率、硼颗粒燃烧效率以及总燃烧效率。结果表明:当一次燃气喷射角度与轴向夹角逐渐增加时,燃气与颗粒燃烧效率逐渐增加,并在180°时燃烧效率和比冲为最高。     

Ignition of fuel sprays by shock wave mathematical modeling and numerical simulation

The paper presents the results of developing of physical and mathematical model making it possible to take into account the effect of droplets non-uniformity in space and size distribution on ignition conditions for fuel sprays. The influence of condensed phase volume fraction on ignition and combustion of sprays was studied, physical and mathematical models for multi-phase flows, mixture formation and combustion of liquid fuels based on solving Navier–Stokes equations for gas phase accounting for thermal and mechanical interaction with poly-dispersed droplets array. The problems of particulate phase dynamics are regarded accounting for the interaction with gas phase atomization, evaporation and combustion.It was shown that depending on droplet size distribution and aerosol cloud density different flow scenarios were possible.Several ignition zones could be formed behind incident shock wave depending on mixture properties and initiation parameters. The possibility of numerical simulation permitting variation of definite parameters only made it possible to explain this fact.     

Two-phase flow effect on hybrid rocket combustion

This study numerically explores the aerodynamic and combustion processes in a hybrid rocket combustor, under a two-phase turbulent flow environment, considering the evaporation, combustion and drag of droplet and droplet ignition criterion. The predictions of temperature, reaction mode, reactant mass fraction, velocity, oxidizer consumption, fuel regression and droplet number distribution enhance understanding of the two-phase combustion aerodynamics inside the combustor. A parametric study of the inlet spray pattern, including spray cone angle, spray injection velocity and droplet size, is performed to improve the operation of reactant mixing and higher fuel regression rate. Analytical results indicate that both the oxidizer consumption and the fuel regression increase with increasing spray cone angle and spray injection velocity in the practical range of operation. However, for stoichiometric operation, the superior spray cone angle is within 20–60°, and spray injection velocity within 20–40 m/s, under a volume-mean droplet radius of 50 μm. The power dependence of solid-fuel regression on total mass flux is found to decrease with rising of droplet mean size.     

硼颗粒点火燃烧特性研究进展

硼的质量热值和体积热值极高,作为金属燃料使用具有显著的能量优势。如何充分释放硼氧化的高热量成为其应用推广的关键问题。基于半个世纪以来国内外的相关研究成果,论述了硼颗粒点火燃烧的主要过程与机理,分析了硼点火燃烧特性的影响因素与促进方法,评述了硼点火燃烧模型和数值计算的研究进展。对目前研究中存在的问题与不足进行了归纳总结,并对未来研究的重点及改进方向进行展望。     

Evaporation and ignition of droplets in combustion chambers modeling and simulation

Computer simulation of liquid fuel jet injection into heated atmosphere of combustion chamber, mixture formation, ignition and combustion need adequate modeling of evaporation, which is extremely important for the curved surfaces in the presence of strong heat and mass diffusion fluxes. Combustion of most widely spread hydrocarbon fuels takes place in a gas-phase regime. Thus, evaporation of fuel from the surface of droplets turns to be one of the limiting factors of the process as well. The problems of fuel droplets atomization, evaporation being the key factors for heterogeneous reacting mixtures, the non-equilibrium effects in droplets atomization and phase transitions will be taken into account in describing thermal and mechanical interaction of droplets with streaming flows. In the present paper processes of non-equilibrium evaporation of small droplets will be discussed. As it was shown before, accounting for non-equilibrium effects in evaporation for many types of widely used liquids is crucial for droplet diameters less than 100 μm, while the surface tension effects essentially manifest only for droplets below 0.1 μm. Investigating the behavior of individual droplets in a heated air flow allowed to distinguish two scenarios for droplet heating and evaporation. Small droplets undergo successively heating, then cooling due to heat losses for evaporation, and then rapid heating till the end of their lifetime. Larger droplets could directly be heated up to a critical temperature and then evaporate rapidly. Droplet atomization interferes the heating, evaporation and combustion scenario. The scenario of fuel spray injection and self-ignition in a heated air inside combustion chamber has three characteristic stages. At first stage of jet injection droplets evaporate very rapidly thus cooling the gas at injection point, the liquid jet is very short and changes for a vapor jet. At second stage liquid jet is becoming longer, because evaporation rate decreases due to decrease of temperature. But combustion of fuel vapor begins which brings to increase of heat flux to droplets and accelerates evaporation. The length of the liquid jet decreases again and remains constant slightly oscillating.     

下颌式进气道固冲发动机二次燃烧性能研究

针对采用下颌式进气道的固体火箭冲压发动机,建立了二次燃烧性能计算模型,对掺混燃烧性能进行了仿真研究。研究表明,采用掺混装置可大幅提升下颌式进气道的固冲发动机补燃室一次燃气和空气的掺混均匀度,并通过数值仿真对掺混装置进行了优化。结合数值仿真优化结果,通过地面直连试验,验证了不采用与采用掺混装置的补燃室二次燃烧性能。试验结果表明,合理设计掺混装置,可显著提高补燃室二次燃烧性能,特征速度燃烧效率均在93%以上;空燃比在6~20之间的发动机高空比冲提升了55%以上,空燃比在20~30之间的发动机高空比冲提升了75%以上。     

Experimental study of a flush wall scramjet combustor equipped with strut/wall fuel injection

In this study a flush wall scramjet combustor is tested in a supersonic incoming air flow with the Mach number of 3 which is generated by an air vitiation heater producing the stagnation temperature of 1505 K. Using liquid kerosene as the fuel, the flame is stabilized by means of a centrally mounted O₂ pilot strut after being ignited by a plasma torch. During experimental measurements, the fuel is injected with a constant equivalence ratio of 0.8 according to specified strut/wall injection ratios, i.e., a portion of the fuel amount is injected from the strut while the rest is injected from the wall. The strut and wall injectors are arranged at the same axial position. The combustion performance and wall temperature gradients are evaluated with various fuel feeding ratios between the wall and the strut. Experimental results show, when the equivalence ratio is constant and the axial injection position is fixed, the combustion characteristics vary significantly with the strut/wall fuel feeding ratio, especially when this ratio is close to its lowest and highest limits. Among the four fuel feeding ratios examined, the strut only injection mode and the average distributed strut/wall injection mode show the best combustion performance. However, the strut/wall injection mode produces a smaller wall temperature gradient compared to the strut only injection mode, which is due to the significant film cooling effect caused by the wall injected liquid kerosene.     

超临界环境下煤油和UDMH单滴燃烧现象

采用重活塞实验系统,对煤油和UDMH在超临界环境下的蒸发和燃烧现象进行了初步研究,结果表明:无论液态或者凝胶燃料,在超临界环境下均存在蒸发现象。在空气超临界环境下,煤油和UDMH均产生自燃现象。自燃呈现多点着火现象,类似于"森林火灾"模式,且持续时间较长。燃烧大致可分为蒸发、点火、燃烧前期和燃烧后期4个阶段。