我国海上救援直升机现状和分析

直升机由于其得天独厚的飞行特点,将能在国家应急救援体系工程建设中发挥主导作用。在我国的救援体系中,救援直升机将承担搜索营救遇险人员、救护伤员、运送人员、紧急撤离、吊挂运输等任务。本文对我国目前海上救援直升机的现状进行了初步分析,并提出了加快国家海上应急救援体系建设的若干看法。     

民用飞机固定式应急定位发射系统设计

如何在民用飞机遇险迫降或失事后尽快定位搜救,提高机上遇险人员的生存率,是当前民用飞机设计过程中必须考虑的问题。作为民用飞机应急搜救系统,固定式应急定位发射系统(ELT)可以在飞机遇险时通过自动和人工方式触发,在固定的频率上发射搜救信号,以便搜救组织对遇险人员进行救援。首先提出了固定式ELT系统的设计方案及功能,分析了系统部件的构成,进而提出了固定式ELT系统的性能要求,最后重点阐述了固定式ELT系统的机上设计要求和功能验证过程。     

中联航开航三周年喜迎三个突破

10月14日．中国交通运输部（MOT）救助打捞局与美国西科斯基飞机公司签署购买协议．订购4架S-76C＋＋直升机．用于加强其海上搜索救援能力。中国交通运输部曾经于2000年从西科斯基公司引进了中国最早的两架搜救直升机。这也标志着中国海上搜救能力的建立。投入使用后，两架直升机向中国充分展示了其在拯救人民生命过程中的重要作用。鉴于前两架直升机的出色表现．交通运输部于2004年再次购买两架S-76C＋搜救直升机．用于在渤海湾执行任务。     

空中搜索救援空域规划配置方法分析

战斗搜救行动对作战遇险飞行员来说十分重要,由于时效性要求较高,预先规划空中搜索救援空域可为战斗搜救行动提供参考,节约计划制定以及任务准备时间,提高搜救效率和成功率。通过分析空中搜索救援力量典型运用场景,提出将空中搜索救援空域分为三类空域,即为战斗机规划的跳伞区、为救援直升机规划的搜索救援等待区和搜索救援通道。分析三类空域规划的关键问题,将跳伞区和搜索救援等待区规划与选址问题关联研究,将搜索救援通道规划与直升机航路规划问题关联研究,结合选址理论和直升机航路规划研究现状,提出了空中搜索救援空域规划配置的建模思路。     

直升机海上应急救援能力评估研究

将直升机海上应急救援过程中“事前预防—事中响应—事后恢复”3 个阶段的安全问题考虑到应急救援体系中,可有效评估直升机海上应急救援能力,提高其应急救援效率。基于“5W1H”分析法设计研究框架,通过文献分析、问卷调查、专家咨询等方法对直升机海上应急救援能力评估指标进行筛选,确定出21 项评价指标并构建直升机海上应急救援能力评估指标体系;利用基于D-S 证据理论的层次分析法确定指标权重,运用模糊综合评估法构建直升机海上应急救援能力综合评估模型;将该评估模型应用到以海上风机维护人员受伤为例的救援演练中,得分为86.89,判定救援能力为“较强”。结果表明：该评价指标体系和评估模型有一定的实用性,能够有效评价直升机海上应急救援的能力。     

民用航空

交通部采购两架Ｓ－７６Ｃ＋搜救直升机２０００年１２月１２日，交通部在北京同西科斯基飞机公司签署正式协议，采购两架Ｓ－７６Ｃ＋搜救直升机。这是我国大陆首次引进国外搜救专用直升机用于海上搜救工作，也是交通部建立国家海上立体搜救体系的重大部署。交通部在此次选购直升机机型的过程中，经过反复选型，公开招标，专家评估，最终确定了Ｓ－７６Ｃ＋搜救直升机。这两架直升机将部署在交通部救捞局下辖的上海救捞局在浦东新建的搜救直升机机场。此次引进的Ｓ－７６Ｃ＋直升机是目前世界上最先进的搜救直升机之一，机上装备有救援绞车…     

AW189：阿古斯特韦斯特兰直升机家族的新成员

阿古斯特韦斯特兰公司为了角逐中型直升机市场，推出了全新的AW189直升机。该机的设计要求是载重大、航程远、可靠性高，适用于海上油气平台的运输和搜救任务。     

空间站工程海上应急救援保障新模式研究

载人空间站工程阶段,载人飞船发射任务呈现出高频度、常态化的特点,对上升段海上应急救援提出了新的要求。通过对国内外载人飞船海上应急搜救的现状分析,设计并提出了我国空间站工程海上应急救援保障新模式：在组织实施上,将交通运输部救捞系统纳入载人航天任务指挥系统,实现快速的应急响应和平战转换;在装备保障上,返回舱打捞、搜索定位、医疗救护系统、通信系统与船舶平台一体化设计,核心装备随船使用,尽量做到不拆不卸。最后,对现有模式和新模式进行了综合效益比较。     

一起直升机事故分析

2006年12月17日晚,一架"海豚"直升机执行为海上钻井平台运输职工的任务.事发当地有薄雾、小雨及近地风向130度、风速7.72米/秒.当直升机起飞并爬升到150米时,机组起动自动驾驶功能,几分钟后,在机组准备着陆下降过程中,直升机低头并右滚.     

海上搜救航空器的未来发展

在马航MH370搜救行动中,各国出动了巡逻机、运输机、直升机和空中预警机进行搜索,但依然无功而返。这就说明现有的航空器存在不足,难以满足现实搜救行动的需求,而各国发展新型海上搜救航空器或许可以破解这一难题。     

Evaluation method for helicopter maritime search and rescue response plan with uncertainty

Helicopter plays an increasingly significant role in Maritime Search and Rescue (MSAR), and it will perform MSAR mission based on response plans when an accident occurs. Thus the rationality of response plan determines the success of MSAR mission to a large extent. However, with the impact of many uncertainty factors, it is difficult to evaluate response plans comprehensively before performing them. Aiming at these problems, an evaluation framework of helicopter MSAR response plan named UMAD is proposed in this paper, which reveals the influence mechanism of uncertainty factors based on Multi-Agent method and analyzes the mission flow based on Discrete Event System (DEVS) method. Furthermore, the evaluation criterion and indicators of response plan are extracted from the aspects of safety and effectiveness. Meanwhile, the Monte Carlo method is adapted to calculate the probability distribution and robustness of response plan comprehensive result. Finally, in order to illustrate the validity of this method, it is discussed and verified by an application example of evaluating multiple response plans to the same MSAR scenario. The results show that this method can analyze the influence of uncertainty more systematically and optimize response plans more comprehensively.     

Mission-driven autonomous perception and fusion based on UAV swarm

Distributed autonomous situational awareness is one of the most important foundation for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) swarm to implement various missions. Considering the application environment being usually characterized by strong confrontation, high dynamics, and deep uncertainty, the distributed situational awareness system based on UAV swarm needs to be driven by the mission requirements, while each node in the network can autonomously avoid collisions and perform detection mission through limited resource sharing as well as complementarity of respective advantages. By efficiently solving the problems of self-avoidance, autonomous flocking and splitting, joint estimation and control, etc., perception data from multi-platform multi-source should be extracted and fused reasonably, to generate refined, tailored target information and provide reliable support for decision-making.     

Unmanned aerial vehicle swarm mission reliability modeling and evaluation method oriented to systematic and networked mission

With the development of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) system autonomy, network communication technology and group intelligence theory, mission execution in the form of a UAV swarm will be an important realization of future applications. Traditional single-UAV mission reliability modeling methods have been unable to meet the requirements of UAV swarm mission reliability modeling. Therefore, the UAV swarm mission reliability modeling and evaluation method is proposed. First, aimed at the interdependence among the multiple layers, a multi-layer network model of a UAV swarm is established. At the same time, based on the system having the following characteristics—using a mission chain to complete the mission and applying the connectivity of the mission network—the mission network model of a UAV swarm is established. Second, vulnerability and connectivity are selected as two indicators to reflect the reliability of the mission, and aimed at random attack and deliberate attack, vulnerability and connectivity evaluation methods are proposed. Finally, the validity and accuracy of the constructed model are verified through simulations, and the model and selected indicators can meet the reliability requirements of the UAV swarm mission. In this way, this study provides quantitative reference for UAV-swarm-related decision-making work and supports the development of UAV-swarm-related work.     

Mission decision-making method of multi-aircraft cooperatively attacking multi-target based on game theoretic framework

Coordinated mission decision-making is one of the core steps to effectively exploit the capabilities of cooperative attack of multiple aircrafts. However, the situational assessment is an essential base to realize the mission decision-making. Therefore, in this paper, we develop a mission decision-making method of multi-aircraft cooperatively attacking multi-target based on situational assessment. We have studied the situational assessment mathematical model based on the Dempster-Shafer (D-S) evidence theory and the mission decision-making mathematical model based on the game theory. The proposed mission decision-making method of antagonized airfight is validated by some simulation examples of a swarm of unmanned combat aerial vehicles (UCAVs) that carry out the mission of the suppressing of enemy air defenses (SEAD).     

Leasecraft: An Innovative Space Vehicle

The Leasecraft system is an innovative means to provide a permanent mobile platform in low Earth orbit and the related launch, integration, test, operation, and in-orbit servicing for payloads of industrial and government users. The Leasecraft system is being funded and developed by Fairchild Industries and furthers the industrialization of space with its significant business potential. The technology and techniques underlying this venture are derived from the shuttle compatible multimission modular spacecraft (presently used for the NASA solar maximum mission and Landsat-D/D' mission) and the upcoming demonstration of shuttle repair to be performed on the solar maximum satellite in the first quarter of 1984. Leasecraft can be identified as a system, comprising a low orbit space platform, an operations control center, user accommodations, and services such as payload interfaces, documentation, and ground support equipment and procedures. The combination of these elements facilitates the use of the space environment by both the space and nonspace oriented user. Early potential applications of Leasecraft include the processing of pharmaceuticals and materials, satellite-aided search and rescue, data collection, and support of NASA's astrophysics programs. Initial assessments made concerning the benefits to users and the cost of providing these benefits indicates that Leasecraft can provide needed services at very competitive rates. The leasing arrangement is cost effective as compared with present spacecraft platform development and cost assessment techniques.     

任务可靠度的估算分析

飞机设计工作中一项十分重要的任务是产品可靠性设计，本文回顾了任务可靠性的基本概念，给出了能够确定飞机完成任务可能性的任务可靠度的估算方法。在此基础上，为说明任务可靠度估算的实际过程，本文最后对某型飞机电传控制系统任务可靠度进行了分析，并给出了分析结论。     

STEREO Ground Segment, Science Operations, and Data Archive

Vitally important to the success of any mission is the ground support system used for commanding the spacecraft, receiving the telemetry, and processing the results. We describe the ground system used for the STEREO mission, consisting of the Mission Operations Center, the individual Payload Operations Centers for each instrument, and the STEREO Science Center, together with mission support from the Flight Dynamics Facility, Deep Space Mission System, and the Space Environment Center. The mission planning process is described, as is the data flow from spacecraft telemetry to processed science data to long-term archive. We describe the online resources that researchers will be able to use to access STEREO planning resources, science data, and analysis software. The STEREO Joint Observations Program system is described, with instructions on how observers can participate. Finally, we describe the near-real-time processing of the “space weather beacon” telemetry, which is a low telemetry rate quicklook product available close to 24 hours a day, with the intended use of space weather forecasting.     

Satellite-Aided Search and Rescue (SAR) System

To carry out search and rescue of people in distress on the distressed aircrafts/vessels on land, at sea, or in a remote mountainous region, there are a number of different search and rescue systems and methods that are being used by the different national search and rescue organizations worldwide. Herein, the main terrestrial search and rescue (SAR) systems that are in use are discussed in brief and a satellite-aided search and rescue (SAR) system - COSPAS - SARSAT is discussed in detail highlighting its benefits over other SAR systems.     

Modular Stores Management System

Advanced Military aircraft operational requirements demand an ever increasing variety and quantity of Stores, coupled with continuous improvement in mission success, safety of operation, aircrew and groundcrew workload, interoperability and ground support facilities. Until now these ever more demanding requirements have been met by costly customized stores management system designs. GEC Avionics has surveyed the potential SMS requirements of a comprehensive range of aircraft and weapon types, in order to define a universal SMS design concept based on system availability, integrity and reliability, operational functions, peripheral interfaces and maintenance/human factors. This advanced concept not only includes provision for all existing weapon types but also has growth potential for the evolving MIL-STD-1760 weapon interfaces. System interface requirements have been rationalized in order to achieve a Modular Stores Management System (MSMS) design based on major factors such as cost, mission requirements and customer specifications. The key work for a successful MSMS design is flexibility and GEC Avionics has evolved a set of standard modules which can be packaged to satisfy specific customer needs. Typically, the standard modules provide over 80% of the hardware in every Stores Management application. The MSM concept features much reduced development costs and timescales, commonality between aircraft types minimizing parts inventory, VLSI technology providing high reliability and a common product support and maintenance philosophy. The MSM design offers a highly cost effective low risk concept for meeting the needs of modernization and new aircraft programs.