智能材料和结构在变体飞行器上的应用现状与前景展望简

 变体飞行器可以根据不同的飞行条件改变自身形状以获得最优的气动性能,大大提高飞行器的综合性能,是未来飞行器发展的重要方向之一。新型智能材料和结构具有驱动、变形、承载、传感等特点,为变体飞行器的设计提供了新的技术途径。本文根据不同可变形机翼结构分类,详细阐述了智能材料和结构在自适应结构、智能驱动器和变形蒙皮等方面的研究现状。变体飞行器的实现亟需解决变形/承载一体化蒙皮技术、轻质大输出力驱动器技术和自适应结构技术等关键技术,本文还对智能材料和结构未来在变体飞行器上的应用前景进行了展望。     

智能材料和结构在变体飞行器上的应用现状与前景展望

变体飞行器可以根据不同的飞行条件改变自身形状以获得最优的气动性能,大大提高飞行器的综合性能,是未来飞行器发展的重要方向之一。新型智能材料和结构具有驱动、变形、承载、传感等特点,为变体飞行器的设计提供了新的技术途径。本文根据不同可变形机翼结构分类,详细阐述了智能材料和结构在自适应结构、智能驱动器和变形蒙皮等方面的研究现状。变体飞行器的实现亟需解决变形/承载一体化蒙皮技术、轻质大输出力驱动器技术和自适应结构技术等关键技术,本文还对智能材料和结构未来在变体飞行器上的应用前景进行了展望。     

变体飞机智能结构技术进展

具有可变外形特征的变体飞机能始终保持最佳飞行状态,满足多种任务需求,是未来飞行器的重大技术方向。本文从变体飞机的背景出发,论述了变体飞机的结构组成和能力需求,阐述了变体飞机结构的关键技术（如柔性结构技术、驱动/控制技术和状态感知技术)的研究现状与发展方向,提出智能材料柔性结构、分布式驱动/控制系统与微小传感器一体化是未来变体结构的主方向。同时指出,4D打印技术在设计和制造智能材料柔性结构方面具有很大的应用潜力。本文的研究为变体飞机智能结构设计和关键技术研究提供了参考,对于未来变体飞机的发展具有指导意义。     

一种柔性蒙皮设计技术及其在后缘变弯度机翼结构中的应用

变体飞机可在飞行包线内的不同飞行状态下获得最优气动效能,增强执行多种任务目标的能力,实现变体飞机结构的关键技术之一是柔性蒙皮的设计。本文介绍一种基于可变形蜂窝的柔性蒙皮结构,并研究了这种柔性蒙皮在后缘变弯度机翼结构上的应用,通过仿真分析和全尺寸原理样件地面试验验证,该结构满足真实飞行载荷条件下对变形能力和承载能力的要求。     

变体飞行器蒙皮材料与结构研究综述

变体飞行器最为重要的技术特征就是结构在变形过程中翼面保持光滑、连续和无缝,而变形蒙皮技术是保证该技术特征的关键。以变形方式和年代为主线详细地总结了变形蒙皮材料与结构的发展现状和未来趋势。从早期的"鱼鳞叠片"式传统滑动变形蒙皮到现在的复合式柔性变形蒙皮,可以看出复合化是变形蒙皮未来发展的必然趋势。     

基于累积线性法的一种柔性蒙皮设计

变体飞机的机翼需要能够光滑连续变形的柔性蒙皮,借鉴自然界蜜蜂筑巢的蜂窝,针对柔性蜂窝力学特性,采用CAD与CAE相结合的策略,以累积线性法为建模与计算手段,开展柔性结构几何大变形的非线性分析。对凯夫拉29、凯夫拉49两种柔性蜂窝和硅橡胶在不同组合的柔性蒙皮以及在不同蜂窝厚度的情况下,分别进行了数值计算对比工作。结果表明:单纯的硅橡胶,以及单纯的蜂窝式结构都不能满足变体飞机中柔性蒙皮的高承载、大变形和轻重量的需求;分别采用凯夫拉29和凯夫拉49与硅橡胶结合时,凯夫拉49材料的柔性蜂窝结构的法向承载能力要高于凯夫拉29蜂窝;另外,柔性蜂窝高度5 mm和壁厚1 mm时,法向承载能力很弱,增加高度的柔性蜂窝法向刚度有所改善。可以推知,在变体飞机特殊部位,用柔性蜂窝蒙皮代替传统硬蒙皮具有一定的可行性。     

柔性机翼后缘结构变形重构研究

<正>随着航空技术日新月异的发展,传统飞行器的开缝式后缘襟翼已不能满足军用及民用领域的更高要求。现代变体飞行器主要通过变面积、变后掠角和变弯度等方式实现飞行器结构连续变化。柔性机翼后缘是一种重要的柔性变体结构,它将传统开缝式后缘襟翼结构替换为可连续偏转的柔性材料,实现机翼后缘的连续变形,实现机翼减重、降油耗和提高气动性能等目标。在可连续偏转柔性机翼后缘,使用过程中相对于传统的机翼,会产生较大的弹性变形,因此必须对其变形进行实时的监测和重构,在     

面向飞行器结构健康监测智能蒙皮的柔性传感器网络综述

飞行器智能蒙皮技术是一项改变未来先进飞行器设计的革命性新技术,结构健康监测是其功能的重要体现之一。为了实现飞行器结构健康监测智能蒙皮,需要在飞行器结构中一体化集成大规模的柔性传感器网络,针对飞行器智能蒙皮应用的实际需求和限制,结合不同的结构健康监测方法,综述了相应的柔性传感器网络的设计、制造工艺和功能实现。最后总结和展望未来飞行器智能蒙皮技术发展面临的关键挑战。     

智能结构在微型飞行器中的应用与研究

与传统的飞行器相比微型飞行器具有体积小、重量轻、成本低等优点,在军事及民用等方面都有着广泛的应用,但由于微型飞行器本身存在着较低的升阻比、机翼展弦比小以及受扰动不稳定性等缺点,限制了它的实际应用,为了更好地改善其气动性能,本文介绍了设计制作依靠智能材料驱动变形的柔性机翼,通过模型的气动计算研究微型飞行器的气动性能变化,并通过柔性机翼的主动形状改变使得微型飞行器的气动性能得到改善。     

变体飞行器控制系统综述

介绍了变体飞行器控制系统和涉及的控制理论问题。分析了变体飞行器的控制系统,指出变体飞行器的控制系统由变形控制层和飞行控制层组成。对变体飞行器的硬件结构和变体飞行器控制方法的研究现状进行了阐述。分析了集中式和分布式两种变形机械结构以及控制系统体系结构,提出采用总线网络连接变形结构的分布式元件。总结了变体飞行器需深入研究的变形控制和飞行控制问题,包括大尺度变体飞行器的飞行控制问题,通信受约束的大数目的驱动器的协调控制问题。     

Optimum alternate material selection methodology for an aircraft skin

Weight penalty has been a challenge for design engineers of aerospace vehicles. Today’s high-efficiency combat aircraft undergoes intense stress and strain during flying missions, which require stronger and stiffer materials to retain structural integrity. Though metallic materials have been successfully used for the construction of aircraft structures and components, metals still have a low strength-to-weight ratio. This paper aims to develop an alternate optimised material selection methodolog...     

Proportional fuzzy feed-forward architecture control validation by wind tunnel tests of a morphing wing

In aircraft wing design, engineers aim to provide the best possible aerodynamic performance under cruise flight conditions in terms of lift-to-drag ratio. Conventional control sur-faces such as flaps, ailerons, variable wing sweep and spoilers are used to trim the aircraft for other flight conditions. The appearance of the morphing wing concept launched a new challenge in the area of overall wing and aircraft performance improvement during different flight segments by locally altering the flow over the aircraft's wings. This paper describes the development and appli-cation of a control system for an actuation mechanism integrated in a new morphing wing structure. The controlled actuation system includes four similar miniature electromechanical actuators dis-posed in two parallel actuation lines. The experimental model of the morphing wing is based on a full-scale portion of an aircraft wing, which is equipped with an aileron. The upper surface of the wing is a flexible one, being closed to the wing tip; the flexible skin is made of light composite materials. The four actuators are controlled in unison to change the flexible upper surface to improve the flow quality on the upper surface by delaying or advancing the transition point from laminar to turbulent regime. The actuators transform the torque into vertical forces. Their bases are fixed on the wing ribs and their top link arms are attached to supporting plates fixed onto the flex-ible skin with screws. The actuators push or pull the flexible skin using the necessary torque until the desired vertical displacement of each actuator is achieved. The four vertical displacements of the actuators, correlated with the new shape of the wing, are provided by a database obtained through a preliminary aerodynamic optimization for specific flight conditions. The control system is designed to control the positions of the actuators in real time in order to obtain and to maintain the desired shape of the wing for a specified flight condition. The feasibility and effectiveness of the developed control system by use of a proportional fuzzy feed-forward methodology are demon-strated experimentally through bench and wind tunnel tests of the morphing wing model.     

飞机整体瞬态热状况的数值仿真研究

 在分析飞机内外热环境的耦合传热机制基础上,建立了描述飞机整体瞬态热状况的物理数学模型。引入壁面热流函数,将飞机蒙皮外的气动对流与辐射换热作用转化为舱内热分析的浮动热边界条件,实现了飞机内外耦合热作用的解耦计算,避免了难以实现的直接耦合求解。采用区域分解技术,将飞机整体分解为特性不同的多个求解区域。采用蒙特卡罗法求解舱内设备之间的辐射换热,采用热网络法求解设备内部及各设备之间的辐射-导热-对流耦合换热。利用该方法对某型飞机飞行过程中的瞬态热状况进行了数值模拟,获得了飞机舱内的瞬态温度场,分析了相关因素的影响,为飞机设计及相关研究提供了重要依据。     

压电驱动器的气动弹性应用

 随着压电智能材料与结构的发展,压电驱动器在气动弹性控制领域占据重要地位。使用压电驱动器控制翼面变形,利用而不是抵抗气动弹性效应可以控制升力、力矩以及它们的分布。采用基本相同的智能结构翼面控制系统,根据不同的控制目标需求,使用压电智能材料驱动器可以达到多种目的,包括静态的形状控制与动态的颤振抑制、抖振控制与阵风响应控制。静态控制方面例如改变翼面形状获得附加空气动力以增加升力、提供横滚力矩、改变升力分布以减小诱导阻力或减小翼根弯矩等;动态控制例如利用改变翼面形状产生的附加空气动力作为控制载荷,改变气动弹性系统的耦合程度,根据控制效果要求可作为气动阻尼、气动刚度或气动质量。这种控制方法可以减轻结构重量,提高操纵效率,扩大飞行包线,提高材料利用率,已成为可变形飞行器的重要研究内容。本文主要阐述压电驱动器气动弹性应用的动机与机理、发展与成就以及问题与展望。     

螺旋桨推进式柔性翼飞机操稳特性研究与试飞

采用柔性翼面的小型飞行器在通用航空器和特种飞行器领域得到了较广泛的应用.由于此类飞行器往往采用蒙皮为可变形柔性织物的高置上单翼以及推进式螺旋桨,其特殊的升阻特性、总体布局和动力影响使得其飞行动力学具有很大特殊性.结合气动力估算、风洞实验和飞行实验结果,在此类飞机的纵、横航向操纵性与稳定性方面得出了有别于传统飞机的一些结论,并给出了有关物理解释;提供了适合此类飞机的飞行动力学建模方法和一系列有别于传统飞机的设计参数取值范围.     

准静弹性飞机升力分布及气动导数计算

本文介绍一种准静弹性飞机气动特性的数值计算方法。可以用它来计算亚音速时弹性飞机的升力分布及11个主要的纵向气动导数。 文中附有算例,并对准静弹性飞机动态特性方面的一些问题进行了分析和讨论。 本文所得的导数可直接用于弹性飞机操纵性与稳定性的分析。     

Continuous morphing trailing-edge wing concept based on multi-stable nanomaterial

Morphing technology is one of the most effective methods to improve the flight efficiency of aircraft. Traditional control surfaces based morphing method is mature and widely used on current civil and military aircraft, but insufficiently effective for the entire flight envelope. Recent research on morphing wing still faces the challenge that the skin material for morphing should be both deformable and stiff. In this study, a continuous morphing trailing-edge wing with a new multi-stable nano skin material fabricated using surface mechanical attrition treatment technology was proposed and designed. Computational fluid dynamics simulation was used to study the aerodynamic performance of the continuous morphing trailing-edge wing. Results show that the lift coefficient increases with the increase of deflection angle and so does the lift-drag ratio at a small angle of attack. More importantly, compared with the wing using flaps, the continuous morphing trailing-edge wing can reduce drag during the morphing process and its overall aerodynamic performance is improved at a large angle of attack range. Flow field analysis reveals that the continuous morphing method can delay flow separation in some situations.     

弧翼飞行器柔性飞行动力学研究

以一种弧翼布局飞行器为背景,介绍了飞行器的特性;建立了线性分布式气动力模型,添加到全机的三维有限元柔性模型上,进行飞行动力学的仿真分析。研究了分布式气动力模型对弧翼布局飞行器的柔性飞行动力学特性造成的影响。通过对不同响应情况下的飞行状态的仿真计算与分析,总结出了采用分布式气动力建模的大展弦比弧翼飞行器的柔性飞行动力学的变化规律。     

Effect of heating on the dynamic behavior of a shell with partially damaged thermal insulation

The influence of aerodynamic heating of the aircraft skin with a partially damaged thermal insulation on its dynamic behavior is studied numerically. The study is carried out in two steps: the first step is to determine the temperature field in the shell; the second step is to measure the values of structure material characteristics depending on its temperature, to correct the stiffness matrix of the skin, and to solve the dynamics problem. The examples are considered.     

Delaying stall of morphing wing by periodic trailing-edge deflection

Morphing wings can improve aircraft performance during different flight phases. Recently research has focused on steady aerodynamic characteristics of the morphing wing with a flexible trailing-edge, and the unsteady aerodynamic and stall characteristics in the deflection process of the morphing wing are worthy further investigation. The effects of the angle of attack and deflection rate on aerodynamic characteristics were examined, and based on the aerodynamic characteristics of the morphing wing, a method was developed to delay stall by using the flexible periodic trailing-edge deflection. The numerical results show that the lift coefficients in the deflection process are smaller than those in the static situation at small angles of attack, and that the higher the deflection rate is, the smaller the lift coefficients will be. On the contrary, at large angles of attack, the lift coefficients are higher than those in the static case, and they become larger with the increase of the deflection rate. Further, the periodic deflection of the flexible trailing-edge with a small deflection amplitude and high deflection rate can increase lift coefficients at the critical stall angle.